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AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 


APPLES. 


BY 

DOCT.   JOHN   A.    WARDER, 

PRESIDENT  OHIO  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY;    VICE-PRESIDENT  AMERICAN 
POMOLOGICAL   SOCIETY,   ETC. 


290     ILLUSTRATIONS. 


NEW    YORK: 
ORANGE    JUDD    AND    COMPANY. 

245      BROADWAY. 


s!  <-> 

AGRIC. 
LIBRARY 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1867,  by 
ORANGE  JUDD  &  CO., 

AA  *he  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Southern 
District  of  New  York. 


LOVEJOY  A  SON, 

Klectrotypers  and  Stereotypers, 

i5  Vandewater  St.,  N.Y. 


PREFACE. 


All  patriots  may  realize  a  sense  of  pride,  when  they 
consider  the  capabilities  of  the  glorious  country  in  which 
we  are  favored  to  live ;  and  while  fostering  no  sectional 
feelings,  nor  pleading  any  local  interests,  yet,  as  Americans 
and  as  men,  we  may  be  allowed  to  love  our  own  homes, 
our  own  neighborhoods,  our  States1  and  regions;  and  we 
may  be  permitted  to  think  them  the  brightest  and  best 
portions  of  the  great  Republic  to  which  we  all  belong. 
Therefore  the  writer  asks  to  be  excused  for  expressing  a 
preference  for  his  own  favored  Northwest,  and  while  claim- 
ing all  praise  for  this  noble  expanse,  he  wishes  still  to  be 
acknowledged  as  most  devotedly  an  AMERICAN  CITIZEN, 
who  feels  the  deepest  interest  in  the  prosperity  of  the 
whole  country. 

His  fellow-laborers  in  the  extensive  field  of  Horticul- 
ture, who  are  scattered  over  the  great  Northwest,  having 
called  upon  him  for  a  work  on  fruits  which  should  be 
adapted  to  their  wants,  the  author  has  for  several  years 
devoted  himself  to  the  task  of  collecting  materials  from 
w^hich  he  is  preparing  a  work  upon  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY^ 
of  which  this  is  to  be  the  first  volume. 

The  title  has  been  adopted  as  the  most  appropriate,  be- 
cause the  book  is  intended  to  be  truly  American  in  its 
character,  and,  though  it  may  be  especially  adapted  to  the 
wants  of  the  Western  States,  great  pains  have  been  taken 


IV  PREFACE. 

to  make  It  a  useful  companion  to  the  orchardists  of  all 
portions  of  our  country. 

When  examining  this  volume,  his  friends  are  asked  to 
look  gently  upon  the  many  faults  they  may  find,  and  they 
are  requested  also  to  observe  the  peculiarities  by  which 
this  fruit  book  is  characterized.  Much  to  his  regret,  the 
author  found  that  it  was  considered  necessary  to  the  com- 
pleteness of  the  volume,  that  the  general  subject  of  fruit- 
growing should  be  treated  in  detail,  and,  therefore,  intro- 
ductory chapters  were  prepared;  whereas,  he  had  set  out 
simply  to  describe  the  fruits  of  our  country.  To  this 
necessity,  as  it  was  considered  by  his  friends,  the  author 
yielded  reluctantly,  because  he  felt  that  this  labor  had  al- 
ready been  thoroughly  done  by  his  predecessors,  whose 
volumes  were  to  be  seen  in  the  houses  of  all  intelligent 
fruit-growers.  From  them  he  did  not  wish  to  borrow 
other  men's  ideas  and  language,  and  therefore  undertook 
to  write  the  whole  anew,  without  any  reference  to  printed 
books.  But,  of  course,  it  is  impossible  to  be  original  in 
treating  such  familiar  and  hackneyed  topics  as  those  which 
are  discussed  at  every  meeting  of  horticulturists  all  over 
the  country,  and  which  form  the  subject  of  the  familiar 
discourse  of  the  green-house  and  nursery,  the  potting-shed 
and  the  grafting-room,  the  garden  and  the  orchard. 

After  the  introductory  chapters  upon  the  general  or 
leading  topics  connected  with  fruit-culture  and  orcharding, 
the  reader  will  find  that  especial  attention  has  been  paid 
to  the  classification  of  the  fruits  under  consideration  in 
this  volume.  Classification  is  the  great  need  of  our  po- 
mology, and,  indeed,  it  is  almost  a  new  idea  to  many 
American  readers.  The  author  has  fully  realized  the  dif- 


PREFACE.  V 

ficulties  attendant  upon  the  undertaking,  but  its  impor- 
tance, and  its  growing  necessity,  were  considered  sufficient 
to  warrant  the  attempted  innovation.  It  is  hoped  that 
American  students  of  pomology  will  appreciate  the  efforts 
which  have  been  made  in  their  behalf.  The  formulae  which 
have  been  adopted  may  not  prove  to  be  the  best,  but  it  is 
believed  that  they  will  render  great  assistance  to  those 
who  desire  to  identify  fruits ;  and  that,  at  least,  they  may 
lead  to  a  more  perfect  classification  in  the  future. 

On  the  contrary,  with  these  simple  formulae,  under 
which  the  fruits  are  arranged,  the  student  has  only  to  de- 
cide as  to  which  of  the  sub-divisions  his  specimen  must 
be  referred,  and  then  seek  among  a  limited  number  for  the 
description  that  shall  correspond  to  his  fruit,  and  the  iden- 
tification is  made  out. 

In  the  systematic  descriptions  of  fruits,  the  alphabetical 
succession  of  the  names  is  used  in  each  sub-division.  An 
earnest  endeavor  has  been  made  to  be  minute  in  the  de- 
tails without  becoming  prolix.  A  regular  order  is  adopt- 
ed for  considering  the  several  parts,  and  some  new  or  un- 
usual characters  are  brought  into  requisition  to  aid  in  the 
identification.  Some  of  these  characters  appear  to  have 
been  strangely  overlooked  by  previous  pomologists, 
though  they  are  believed  to  be  permanent  and  of  consid- 
erable value  in  the  diagnosis. 

In  deciding  upon  the  selection  of  the  names  of  fruits,  the 
generally  received  rules  of  our  Pomological  Societies  have 
been  departed  from  in  a  few  instances,  where  good  reasons 
were  thought  to  justify  differing  from  the  authorities. 
Thus,  when  a  given  name  has  been  generally  adopted  over 
a  large  extent  of  country,  though  different  from  that  used 


Y!  PKEFACE. 

by  a  previous  writer,  it  has  been  selected  as  the  title  of 
the  fruit  in  this  work. 

To  avoid  incumbering  the  pages,  authorities  for  the 
nomenclature  have  not  been  cited,  except  in  a  few  in- 
stances, nor  have  numerous  synonyms  been  introduced. 
Such  only  as  are  in  common  use  have  been  given,  and 
those  of  foreign  origin  have  been  dropped. 

The  attention  of  the  reader  is  particularly  directed  to 
the  catalogue  of  fruits  near  the  close  of  the  volume,  which 
also  answers  as  the  index  to  those  which  are  described  in 
detail.  This  portion  of  the  work  has  cost  an  immense 
amount  of  labor  and  time,  and,  though  making  little  dis- 
play, will,  it  is  hoped,  prove  very  useful  to  the  orchardist. 
In  it  the  names  of  fruits  are  presented  in  their  alphabeti- 
cal order,  followed  by  information  as  to  the  average  size, 
the  origin  of  the  variety,  its  classification,  from  which  are 
deduced  its  shape,  flavor  and  modes  of  coloring ;  next  is 
noted  its  season,  and  then  its  quality.  This  last  character 
is,  of  course,  but  the  result  of  private  judgment,  and  the 
estimate  may  differ  widely  from  that  of  others ;  the  qual- 
ity, too,  it  should  be  remembered,  is  here  intended  to  be 
the  result  of  a  consideration  of  many  properties  besides 
that  of  mere  flavor. 

This  catalogue  will  furnish  a  great  deal  of  information 
respecting  the  fruits  it  embraces.  Unfortunately,  it  is  not 
so  full  nor  so  complete  as  it  should  be,  but  it  is  offered  as 
the  result  of  many  years'  observations,  and  is  submitted 
for  what  it  is  worth. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.— -It  is  but  an  act  of  common  jus- 
tice for  an  author  to  acknowledge  his  indebtedness  to  those 
who  have  aided  him  in  his  labors,  especially  where,  from 


PREFACE.  VII 

the  nature  of  the  investigations,  so  much  material  has  to 
be  drawn  from  extrinsic  sources.  Upon  the  present  occa- 
sion, instead  of  an  extended  parade  of  references  to  the 
productions  of  other  writers,  which  might  be  looked  upon 
as  rather  pedantic,  it  is  preferred  to  make  a  general 
acknowledgment  of  the  important  assistance  derived  from 
many  pomological  authors  of  our  own  country  and  of 
Europe.  Quotations  are  credited  on  the  pages  where  they 
occur. 

But  the  writer  is  also  under  great  obligations  to  a  host 
of  co-laborers  for  the  assistance  they  have  kindly  rendered 
him  in  the  collecting,  and  in  the  examination  and  identifi- 
cation of  fruits.  Such  friends  he  has  happily  found  wher- 
ever he  has  turned  in  the  pursuit  of  these  investigations, 
and  there  are  others  whom  it  has  never  been  his  good  for- 
tune to  meet  face  to  face.  To  name  them  all  would  be 
impossible.  The  contemplation  of  their  favors  sadly  re- 
calls memories  of  the  departed,  but  it  also  revives  pleasant 
associations  of  the  bright  spirits  that  are  still  usefully  en- 
gaged in  the  numerous  pomological  and  horticultural  asso- 
ciations of  our  country,  which  have  become  important 
agencies  in  the  diffusion  of  valuable  information  in  this 
branch  of  study. 

To  all  of  his  kind  friends  the  author  returns  his  sincere 
thanks. 

With  a  feeling  of  hesitation  in  coming  before  the  pub- 
lic, but  satisfied  that  he  has  made  a  contribution  to  the 
fund  of  human  knowledge,  this  volume  is  presented  to  the 
Horticulturists  of  our  country,  for  whom  it  was  prepared 
by  their  friend  and  fellow-laborer, 

ASTON,  January  1,  1867.  JNO.  A.  WARDER. 


INTRODUCTION. 


IMPORTANCE  OP  ORCHARD  PRODUCTS  —  GOVERNMENT  STATISTICS  — 
GREAT  VALUE  OF  ORCHARD  AND  GARDEN  PRODUCTS — DELIGHTS 
OP  FRUIT  CULTURE  —  TEMPERATE  REGIONS  THE  PROPER  FIELD  FOR 
FRUIT  CULTURE,  AS  FOR  MENTAL  DEVELOPMENT  —  PLANTS  OF  CUL- 
TURE, PLANTS  OF  NATURE  —  NOMADIC  CONDITION  UNFAVORABLE 
FOR  TERRA-CULTURE  —  NECESSITIES  OF  AN  INCREASING  POPULA- 
TION A  SPUR  —  HIGH  CIVILIZATION  DEMANDS  HIGH  CULTURE  — 
HORTICULTURE  A  FINE  ART,  THE  POETRY  OF  THE  FARMER'S  LIFE 
—  MORAL  INFLUENCES  OF  FRUIT-CULTURE  —  SINGULAR  LEGISLATION 
RESPECTING  PROPERTY  IN  FRUIT  —  INFLUENCE  UPON  HEALTH  — 

APPLES  IN  BREAD-MAKING;  AS  FOOD  FOR  STOCK  —  SOURCES  AND 
ROUTES  OF  INTRODUCTION — AGENCY  OF  NURSERYMEN — INDIAN 
ORCHARDS  —  FRENCH  SETTLERS  —  JOHNNY  APPLE-SEED  —  VARIETIES 
OF  FRUITS,  LIKE  MAN,  FOLLOW  PARALLELS  OF  LATITUDE  —  LOCAL 
VARIETIES  OF  MERIT  TO  BE  CHERISHED  —  OHIO  PURCHASE  —  SILAS 
WHARTON  —  THE  PUTNAM  LIST. 

FEW  persons  have  any  idea  of  the  great  value  and  im- 
portance of  the  products  of  our  orchards  and  fruit-gardens. 
These  are  generally  considered  the  small  things  of  agri- 
culture, and  are  overlooked  by  all  but  the  statist,  whose 
business  it  is  to  deal  with  these  minutiae,  to  hunt  them  up, 
to  collocate  them,  and  when  he  combines  these  various  de- 
tails and  produces  the  sum  total,  we  are  all  astonished  at 
the  result. 
1* 


10  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

Our  government  wisely  provides  for  the  gathering  of 
statistics  at  intervals  of  ten  years,  and  some  of  the  States 
also  take  an  account  of  stock  and  production  at  interme- 
diate periods,  some  of  them,  like  Ohio,  have  a  permanent 
statician  who  reports  annually  to  the  Governor  of  the 
State. 

Our  Boards  of  Trade  publish  the  amounts  of  the  lead- 
ing articles  that  arrive  at  and  depart  from  the  principal 
cities,  and  thus  they  furnish  us  much  additional  informa- 
tion of  value.  Besides  this,  the  county  assessors  are 
sometimes  directed  to  collect  statistics  upon  certain  points 
of  interest,  and  now  that  we  all  contribute  toward  the  ex- 
tinction of  the  national  debt,  the  United  States  Assessors 
in  the  several  districts  are  put  in  possession  of  data,  which 
should  be  very  correct,  in  regard  to  certain  productions 
that  are  specified  by  act  of  Congress  as  liable  to  taxation. 
By  these  several  means  we  may  have  an  opportunity  of 
learning  from  time  to  time  what  are  the  productions  of 
the  country,  and  their  aggregate  amounts  are  surprising 
to  most  of  us.  When  they  relate  to  our  special  interests, 
they  are  often  very  encouraging.  This  is  particularly  the 
case  with  those  persons  who  have  yielded  to  the  popular 
prejudice  that  cotton  was  the  main  "agricultural  production 
of  the  United  States ;  to  such  it  will  be  satisfactory  to 
learn  that  the  crop  of  corn,  as  reported  in  the  last  census, 
is  of  nearly  equal  value,  at  the  usual  market  prices  of  each 
article.  Fruit-growers  will  be  encouraged  to  find  that  the 
value  of  orchard  products,  according  to  the  same  returns, 
was  nearly  twenty  millions,  that  of  Ohio  being  nearly  one 
million ;  of  New  York,  nearly  three  and  three-quarters 
millions ;  that  the  wine  crop  of  the  United  States,  an  in- 


INTRODUCTION.  11 

terest  that  is  still  in  its  infancy,  amounted  to  nearly  three 
and  one-quarter  millions ;  and  that  the  valuation  of  mar- 
ket-garden products  sums  up  to  more  than  sixteen  millions 
of  dollars'  worth.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  for  our  present 
purpose,  the  data  are  not  sufficiently  distinct  to  enable  us 
to  ascertain  the  relative  value  of  the  productions  of  our 
orchards  of  apples,  pears,  peaches,  quinces,  and  the  amount 
and  value  of  the  small  fruits,  as  they  are  termed,  since 
these  are  variously  grouped  in  the  returns  of  the  census 
takers,  and  cannot  now  be  separated.  Of  their  great 
value,  however,  we  may  draw  our  conclusions  from  sep-" 
arate  records  that  have  been  kept  and  reported  by  indi- 
viduals, who  assert  the  products  of  vineyards  in  some 
cases  to  have  been  as  high  as  three  thousand  dollars  per 
acre ;  of  strawberries,  at  one  thousand  dollars ;  of  pears, 
at  one  hundred  dollars  per  tree,  which  would  be  four 
thousand  dollars  per  acre ;  of  apples,  at  twenty-five  bush- 
els per  tree,  or  one  thousand  bushels  per  acre,  which,  at 
fifty  cents  per  bushel,  would  produce  five  hundred  dollars. 
But,  leaving  this  matter  of  dollars  and  cents,  who  will 
portray  for  us  the  delights  incident  to  fruit-culture  ?  They 
are  of  a  quiet  nature,  though  solid  and  enduring.  They 
carry  us  back  to  the  early  days  of  the  history  of  our  race, 
when  "  the  Lord  God  planted  a  garden  eastward  in  Eden 

and  out  of  the  ground  made  the  Lord  God  to  grow 

every  tree  that  is  pleasant  to  the  sight,  and  good  for 

food and  the  Lord  God  took  the  man  and  put  him 

into  the  garden  of  Eden,  to  dress  it  and  to  keep  it."  We 
are  left  to  infer  that  this  dressing  and  keeping  of  the  gar- 
den was  but  a  light  and  pleasant  occupation,  unattended 
with  toil  and  trouble,  and  that  in  their  natural  condition 


12  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

the  trees  and  plants,  unaided  by  culture,  yielded  food  for 
man.  Those  were  paradisean  times,  the  days  of  early  in- 
nocence, when  man,  created  in  the  image  of  his  Maker, 
was  still  obedient  to  the  divine  commands ;  but,  after  the 
great  transgression,  everything  was  altered,  the  very 
ground  was  cursed,  "thorns  and  thistles  shall  it  bring 
forth  to  thee,  and  thou  shalt  eat  of  the  herb  of  the  field. 

In  the  sweat  of  thy  face  shalt  thou  eat  bread." From 

that  day  to  the  present  hour  it  has  been  the  lot  of  man  to 
struggle  with  difficulties  in  the  cultivation  of  the  soil,  and 
he  has  been  driven  to  the  necessity  of  constant  watchful- 
ness and  care  to  preserve  and  to  improve  the  various 
fruits  of  the  earth  upon  whicli  he  subsists.  In  the  tropics, 
it  is  true,  there  are  many  vegetable  productions  which 
are  adapted  for  human  food,  even  in  a  state  of  nature,  and 
there  we  find  less  necessity  for  the  effort  of  ingenuity  and 
the  application  of  thought  and  labor  to  produce  a  subsist- 
ence. Amid  these  productive  plants  of  nature,  the  na- 
tives of  such  regions  lead  an  idle  life,  and  seldom  rise 
above  a  low  scale  of  advancement ;  but  in  the  temperate 
regions  of  the  globe,  where  the  unceasing  effort  of  the 
inhabitants  is  required  to  procure  their  daily  food,  we  find 
the  greatest  development  of  human  energies  and  ingenui- 
ty— there  man  thinks,  and  works;  there,  indeed,  he  is 
forced  to  improve  the  natural  productions  of  the  earth — 
and  there  we  shall  find  him  progressing.  .  As  with  every- 
thing else,  so  *t  is  with  fruits,  some  of  which  were  natur- 
ally indifferent  or  even  inedible,  until  subjected  to  the 
meliorating  influences  of  high  culture,  of  selection,  and 
of  improvement.  Here  we  find  our  plants  of  culture, 
which  so  well  repay  the  labor  and  skill  bestowed  upon  them. 


INTRODUCTION'.  13 

In  the  early  periods  of  the  history  of  our  race,  while 
men  were  nomadic  and  wandered  from  place  to  place, 
little  attention  was  paid  to  any  department  of  agricultural 
improvement,  and  still  less  care  was  bestowed  upon  hor- 
ticulture. Indeed,  it  can  scarcely  be  supposed  that,  un- 
der such  conditions,  either  branch  of  the  art  could  have 
existed,  any  more  than  they  are  now  found  among  the 
wandering  hordes  of  Tartars  on  the  steppes  of  Asia.  So 
soon,  however,  as  men  began  to  take  possession  of  the 
soil  by  a  more  permanent  tenure,  agriculture  and  horticul- 
ture also,  attracted  their  chief  attention,  and  were  soon 
developed  into  arts  of  life.  With  advancing  civilization, 
this  has  been  successively  more  and  more  the  case;  the 
producing  art  being  obliged  to  keep  pace  with  the  in- 
creased number  of  consumers,  greater  ingenuity  was  re- 
quired and  was  applied  to  the  production  of  food  for  the 
teeming  millions  of  human  beings  that  covered  the  earth, 
and,  as  we  find,  in  China,  at  the  present  time,  the  greatest 
pains  were  taken  to  make  the  earth  yield  her  increase. 

High  civilization  demands  high  culture  of  the  soil,  and 
agriculture  becomes  an  honored  pursuit,  with  every  de-  • 
partment  of  art  and  science  coming  to  its  assistance.  At 
the  same  time,  and  impelled  by  the  same  necessities,  sup- 
ported and  aided  by  the  same  co-adjutors,  horti6ulture 
also  advances  in  a  similar  ratio,  and,  from  its  very  nature, 
assumes  the  rank  of  a  fine  art,  being  less  essential  than 
pure  agriculture,  and  in  some  of  its  branches  being  rather 
an  ornamental  than  simply  a  useful  art.  It  is  not  admit- 
ted, however,  that  any  department  of  horticulture  is  to  be 
considered  useless,  and  many  of  its  applications  are  emi- 
nently practical,  and  result  in  the  production  of  vast  quan- 


'14  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

tities  of  human  food  of  the  most  valuable  kind.  This 
pursuit  always  marks  the  advancement  of  a  community. 
— As  our  western  pioneers  progress  in  their  improvements 
from  the  primitive  log  cabins  to  the  more  elegant  and  sub- 
stantial dwelling  houses,  we  ever  find  the  garden  and  the 
orchard,  the  vine-arbor  and  the  berry-patch  taking  their 
piaces  beside  the  other  evidences  of  progress.  These 
constitute  to  them  the  poetry  of  common  life,  of  the 
farmer's  life. 

The  culture  of  fruits,  and  gardens  also,  contributes  in 
no  small  degree  to  the  improvement  of  a  people  by  the 
excellent  moral  influence  it  exercises  upon  them.  Every- 
thing that  makes  home  attractive  must  contribute  to  this 
desirable  end.  Beyond  the  sacred  confines  of  the  happy 
hearthstone,  with  its  dear  familiar  circle,  there  can  be  no 
more  pleasant  associations  than  those  of  the  garden, 
where,  in  our  tender  years,  we  have  aided  loved  parents, 
from  them  taking  the  first  lessons  in  plant-culture,  gather- 
ing the  luscious  fruits  of  their  pfanting  or  of  our  own ; 
nor  of  the  rustic  arbor,  in  whose  refreshing  shade  we  have 
reclined  to  rest  and  meditate  amid  its  sheltering  canopy 
of  verdure,  and  where  we  have  gathered  the  purple  ber- 
ries of  the  noble  vine  at  a  later  period  of  the  rolling  year ; 
nor  of  the  orchard,  with  its  bounteous  supplies  of  golden 
and  ruddy  apples,  blushing  peaches,  and  melting  pears. 
With  such  attractions  about  our  homes,  with  such  ties  to 
be  sundered,  it  is  wonderful,  and  scarcely  credible,  that 
youth  should  ever  be  induced  to  wander  from  them,  and  to 
stray  into  paths  of  evil.  Such  happy  influences  must  have 
a  good  moral  effect  upon  the  young.  If  it  be  argued  that 
such  luxuries  will  tend  to  degrade  our  morals  by  making 


INTRODUCTION.  15 

us  effeminate  and  sybaritic,  or  that  such  enjoyments  may 
become  causes  of  envy  and  consequent  crime  on  the  part  of 
those  who  are  less  highly  favored,  it  may  be  safely  assert- 
ed that  there  is  no  better  cure  for  fruit-stealing,  than  to 
give  presents  of  fruit,  and  especially  of  fruit-trees,  to  your 
neighbors,  particularly  to  the  boys — encourage  each  to 
plant  and  to  cherish  his  own  tree,  and  he  will  soon  learn 
the  meaning  of  meum  and  tuum,  and  will  appreciate  the 
beauties  of  the  moral  code,  which  he  will  be  all  the  more 
likely  to  respect  in  every  other  particular. 

Some  of  the  legislation  of  our  country  is  a  very  curious 
relic  of  barbarism.  According  to  common  law,  that 
which  is  attached  to  the  soil,  may  be  removed  without  a 
breach  of  propriety,  by  one  who  is  not  an  owner  of  the 
fee  simple ;  thus,  such  removal  of  a  vegetable  product 
does  not  constitute  theft  or-  larceny,  but  simply  amounts 
to  a  trespass :  whereas  the  taking  of  fruit  from  the  ground 
beneath  the  tree,  even  though  it  be  defective  or  decaying, 
is  considered  a  theft.  An  unwelcome  intruder,  or  an  un- 
bidden guest,  may  enter  our  orchard,  garden,  or  vineyard, 
and  help  himself  at  his  pleasure  to  any  of  our  fruits, 
which  we  have  been  most  carefully  watching  and  nursing 
for  months  upon  trees,  for  the  fruitage  of  which  we  may 
have  been  laboring  and  waiting  for  years,  and,  forsooth, 
our  only  recourse  is  to  sue  him  at  the  law,  and  our  only 
satisfaction,  after  all  the  attendant  annoyance  and  expense, 
is  a  paltry  fine  for  trespass  upon  our  freehold,  which,  of 
course,  is  not  commensurate  with  our  estimate  of  the  value 
of  the  articles  taken :  fruits  often  possess,  in  the  eyes  of 
the  devoted  orchardist,  a  real  value  much  beyond  their 
market  price. 


16  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

Were  I  asked  to  describe  the  location  of  the  fabled 
fountain  of  Hygeia,  I  should  decide  that  it  was  certainly 
situated  in  an  orchard ;  it  must  have  come  bubbling  from 
earth  that  sustained  the  roots  of  tree  and  vine ;  it  must 
have  been  shaded  by  the  umbrageous  branches  of  the 
wide-spreading  apple  and  pear,  and  it  was  doubtless  ap- 
proached by  alleys  that  were  lined  by  peach  trees  laden 
with  their  downy  fruit,  and  over-arched  by  vines  bearing 
rich  clusters  of  the  luscious  grape,  and  they  were  gar- 
nished at  their  sides  by  the  crimson  strawberry.  Such  at 
least  would  have  been  an  appropriate  setting  for  so  valued 
a  jewel  as  the  fountain  of  health,  and  it  is  certain  that  the 
pursuit  of  fruit-growing  is  itself  conducive  to  the  posses- 
sion of  that  priceless  blessing.  The  physical  as  well  as 
the  moral  qualities  of  our  nature  are  wonderfully  pro- 
moted by  these  cares.  The  vigorous  exercise  they  afford 
us  in  the  open  air,  the  pleasant  excitement,  the  expecta- 
tion of  the  results  of  the  first  fruits  of  our  plants,  tend- 
ing, training  and  cultivating  them  the  while,  are  all  so 
many  elements  conducive  to  the  highest  enjoyment  of 
full  health. 

The  very  character  of  the  food  furnished  by  our  or- 
chards should  be  taken  into  the  account,  in  making  up  our 
estimate  of  their  contributions  to  the  health  of  a  commu- 
nity. From  them  we  procure  aliment  of  the  most  refined 
character,  and  it  has  been  urged  that  the  elements  of 
which  they  are  composed  are  perfected  or  refined  to 
the  highest  degree  of  organization  that  is  possible  to  occur 
in  vegetable  tissues.  Such  pabulum  is  not  only  gratefully 
refreshing,  but  it  is  satisfying — without  being  gross,  it  is 
nutritious.  The  antiscorbutic  effects  of  ripe  fruits,  espe- 


INTRODUCTION.  17 

cially  those  that  are  acid,  are  proverbial,  and  every  fever 
patient  has  appreciated  the  relief  derived  from  those  that 
are  acidulous.  Then  as  a  preventive  of  the  febrile  affec- 
tions peculiar  to  a  miasmatic  region,  the  free  use  of  acid 
fruits,  or  even  of  good  sound  vinegar  made  from  grapes 
or  apples,  is  an  established  fact  in  medical  practice — of 
which,  by  the  by,  prevention  is  always  the  better  part. 

Apples  were  esteemed  an  important  and  valuable  ar- 
ticle of  food  in  the  days  of  the  Romans,  for  all  school 
boys  have  read  in  the  ore  rotundo  of  his  own  flowing 
measures,  what  Virgil  has  said,  so  much  better  than  his 
tame  translator : 

"  New  cheese  and  chestnuts  are  our  country  fare, 
With  mellow  apples  for  your  welcome  cheer."  , 

But  in  more  modern  times,  beside  their  wonted  use  as  des- 
sert fruit,  or  evening  feast,  or  cooked  in  various  modes,  a 
French  economist  "  has  invented  and  practiced  with  great 
success  a  method  of  making  bread  with  common  apples, 
which  is  said  to  be  very  far  superior  to  potato-bread. 
After  having  boiled  one-third  part  of  peeled  apples,  he 
bruised  them  while  quite  warm  into  two-thirds  parts  of 
flour,  including  the  proper  quantity  of  yeast,  and  kneaded 
the  whole  without  water,  the  juice  of  the  fruit  being  quite 
sufficient ;  he  put  the  mass  into  a  vessel  in  which  he  al- 
lowed it  to  rise  for  about  twelve  hours.  By  this  process 
ho  obtained  a  very  excellent  bread,  full  of  eyes,  and  ex- 
tremely light  and  palatable."  * 

Nor  is   this  class   of  food   desirable   for   man   alone. 
Fruits  of  all  kinds,  but  particularly  what  may  be  called 

*  Companion  for  the  Orchard.— Phillips. 


18  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

the  large  fruits,  such  as  are  grown  in  our  orchards,  may 
be  profitably  cultivated  for  feeding  our  domestic  animals. 
Sweet  apples  have  been  especially  recommended  for  fat- 
tening swine,  and  when  fed  to  cows  they  increase  the  flow 
of  milk,  or  produce  fat  according  to  the  condition  of  these 
animals.  Think  of  the  luxury  of  eating  apple-fed  pork  ! 
Why,  even  the  strict  Rabbi  might  overcome  his  preju- 
dices against  such  swine  flesh  !  And  then  dream  of  enjoy- 
ing the  luxury  of  fresh  rich  milk,  yellow  cream,  and  golden 
butter,  from  your  winter  dairy,  instead  of  the  sky-blue 
fluid,  and  the  pallid,  or  anotto-tinted,  but  insipid  butter, 
resulting  from  the  meager  supplies  of  nutriment  contained 
in  dry  hay  and  fibrous,  woody  cornstalks.  Now  this  is 
not  unreasonable  nor  ridiculous.  Orchards  have  been 
planted  with  a  succession  of  sweet  apples  that  will  sus- 
tain swine  in  a  state  of  most  perfect  health,  growing  and 
flattening  simultaneously  from  June  to  November ;  and 
the  later  varieties  may  be  cheaply  preserved  for  feeding 
stock  of  all  kinds  during  the  winter,  when  they  will  be 
best  prepared  by  steaming,  and  may  be  fed  with  the  great- 
est advantage.  Our  farmers  do  not  appreciate  the  benefits 
of  having  green  food  for  their  animals  during  the  winter 
season.  Being  blessed  with  that  royal  grain,  the  Indian 
corn,  they  do  not  realize  the  importance  of  the  provision 
of  roots  which  is  so  great  a  feature  in  British  husbandry ; 
but  they  have  yet  to  learn,  and  they  will  learn,  that  for  us, 
and  under  our  conditions  of  labor  and  climate,  they  can 
do  still  better,  and  produce  still  greater  results  with  a 
combination  of  hay  or  straw,  corn  meal  and  apples,  all 
properly  prepared  by  means  of  steam  or  hot  water.  Be- 
sides, such  orchards  may  be  advantageously  planted  in 


INTRODUCTION.  19 

many  places  where  the  soil  is  not  adapted  to  the  produc- 
tion of  grain. — The  reader  is  referred  to  the  chapter  on 
select  lists  in  another  part  of  this  volume,  in  which  an  at- 
tempt will  be  made  to  present  the  reader  with  the  opinions 
of  the  best  pomologists  of  various  parts  of  the  country. 

It  were  an  interesting  and  not  unprofitable  study  to 
trace  the  various  sources  and  routes  by  which  fruits  have 
been  introduced  into  different  parts  of  our  extended  coun- 
try. In  some  cases  we  should  find  that  we  were  indebted 
for  these  luxuries  to  the  efforts  of  very  humble  individu- 
als, while  in  other  regions  the  high  character  of  the  or- 
chards is  owing  to  the  forethought,  knowledge,  enterprise, 
and  liberality  of  some  prominent  citizen  of  the  infant  com- 
munity, who  has  freely  spent  his  means  and  bestowed  his 
cares  in  providing  for  others  as  well  as  for  his  own  neces- 
sities or  pleasures.  But  it  is  to  the  intelligent  nurserymen 
of  our  country  that  we  are  especially  indebted  for  the  uni- 
versal diffusion  of  fruits,  and  for  the  selection  of  the  best 
varieties  in  each  different  section.  While  acting  separate- 
ly, these  men  were  laboring  under  great  disadvantages, 
and  frequently  cultivated  certain  varieties  under  a  diver- 
sity of  names,  as  they  had  received  them  from  various 
sources.  This  was  a  difficulty  incident  to  their  isolation, 
but  the  organization  of  Pomological  Societies  in  various 
parts  of  the  country,  has  enabled  them  in  a  great  measure 
to  unravel  the  confusion  of  an  extended  synonymy,  and 
also  by  comparison  and  consultation  with  the  most  intel- 
ligent fruit-growers,  they  have  been  prepared  to  advise 
the  planter  as  to  the  best  and  most  profitable  varieties  to 
be  set  out  in  different  soils  and  situations. 

Most  of  our  first  orchards  were  planted  with  imported 


20  AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 

trees.  The  polonists  brought  plants  and  seeds.  Even 
now,  in  many  parts  of  the  country,  we  hear  many  good 
fruits  designated  as  English,  to  indicate  that  they  are  con- 
sidered superior  to  the  native ;  and  we  are  still  importing 
choice  varieties  from  Europe  and  other  quarters  of  the 
globe. 

The  roving  tribes  of  Indians  who  inhabited  this  coun- 
try when  discovered  and  settled  by  the  whites,  had  no  or- 
chards— they  lived  by  the  chase,  and  only  gathered  such 
fruits  as  were  native  to  the  soil.  Among  the  earliest  at- 
tempts to  civilize  them,  however,  those  that  exerted  the 
greatest  influence,  were  efforts  to  make  them  an  agricul- 
tural people,  and  of  these  the  planting  of  fruit-trees  was 
one  of  the  most  successful.  In  many  parts  of  the  coun- 
try we  find  relics  of  these  old  Indian  orchards  still  remain- 
ing, and  it  is  probable  that  from  the  apple  seeds  sent  by 
the  general  government  for  distribution  among  the  Cher- 
okees  in  Georgia,  we  are  now  reaping  some  of  the  most 
valuable  fruits  of  this  species.  The  early  French  settlers 
were  famous  tree-planters,  and  we  find  their  traces  across 
the  continent,  from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico. These  consist  in  noble  pear  and  apple  trees,  grown 
from  seeds  planted  by  them,  at  their  early  and  scattered 
posts  or  settlements.  These  were  made  far  in  advance  of 
the  pioneers,  who  have,  at  a  later  period,  formed  the  van 
of  civilization,  that  soon  spread  into  a  solid  phalanx  in  its 
march  throughout  the  great  interior  valley  of  the  continent. 

On  the  borders  of  civilization  we  sometimes  meet  with 
a  singular  being,  more  savage  than  polished,  and  yet  use- 
ful in  his  way.  Such  an  one  in  the  early  settlement  of 
the  northwestern  territory  was  Johnny  Apple-seed — a  sim- 


INTRODUCTION.  21 

pie-hearted  being,  who  loved  to  roam  through  the  forests 
in  advance  of  his  fellows,  consorting,  now  with  the  red 
man,  now  with  the  white,  a  sort  of  connecting  link — by 
his  white  brethren  he  was,  no  doubt,  considered  rather  a 
vagabond,  for  we  do  not  learn  that  he  had  the  industry  to 
open  farms  in  the  wilderness,  the  energy  to  be  a  great 
hunter,  nor  the  knowledge  and  devotion  to  have  made 
him  a  useful  missionary  among  the  red  men.  But  Johnny 
had  his  use  in  the  world.  It  was  his  universal  custom, 
when  among  the  whites,  to  save  the  seeds  of  all  the  best 
apples  he  met  with.  These  he  carefully  preserved  and 
carried  with  him,  and  when  far  away  from  his  white 
friends,  he  would  select  an  open  spot  of  ground,  prepare 
the  soil,  and  plant  these  seeds,  upon  the  principle  of  the 
old  Spanish  custom,  that  he  owed  so  much  to  posterity, 
so  that  some  >day,  the  future  traveler  or  inhabitant  of 
those  fertile  valleys,  might  enjoy  the  fruits  of  his  early 
efforts.  Such  was  Johnny  Apple-seed — did  he  not  erect 
for  himself  monuments  more  worthy,  if  not  more  endur- 
ing, than  piles  of  marble  or  statues  of  brass  ? 

In  tracing  the  progress  of  fruits  through  different  por- 
tions of  our  country,  we  should  very  naturally  expect  to 
find  the  law  that  governs  the  movements  of  men,  apply- 
ing with  equal  force  to  the  fruits  they  carry  with  them. 
The  former  have  been  observed  to  migrate  very  nearly  on 
parallels  of  latitude,  so  have,  in  a  great  degree,  the  latter ; 
and  whenever  we  find  a  departure  from  this  order,  we 
may  expect  to  discover  a  change,  and  sometimes  a  deteri- 
oration in  the  characters  of  the  fruits  thus  removed  to  a 
new  locality.  It  is  true,  much  of  this  alteration,  whether  im- 
provement or  otherwise,  may  be  owing  to  the  difference  of 


22  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY 

soil.  Western  New  York  received  her  early  fruits  from 
Connecticut,  and  Massachusetts ;  Michigan,  Northern  Illi- 
nois, and  later,  Wisconsin  and  Iowa  received  theirs  in  a 
great  degree  from  New  York.  Ohio  and  Indiana  received 
their  fruits  mainly  from  New  Jersy,  and  Pennsylvania,  and 
we  may  yet  trace  this  in  the  prevalence  of  certain  leading 
varieties  that  are  scarcely  known,  and  very  little  grown  on 
different  parallels.  The  early  settlement  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Muskingum  river,  was  made  by  New  England-men, 
and  into  the  "  Ohio-purchase/'  they  introduced  the  lead- 
ing varieties  of  the  apples  of  Massachusetts.  Among 
these,  the  Boston  or  Roxbury  Russet  was  a  prominent 
favorite,  but  it  was  so  changed  in  its  appearance  as 
scarcely  to  be  recognized  by  its  old  admirers,  and  it  was 
christened  with  a  new  name,  the  Putnam  Russet,  under 
the  impression  that  it  was  a  different  variety.  Most  of 
the  original  Putnam  varieties  have  disappeared  from  the 
orchards.  Kentucky  received  her  fruits  in  great  measure 
from  Virginia  ;  Tennessee  from  the  same  source  and  from 
North  Carolina,  and  these  younger  States  sent  them  for- 
ward on  the  great  western  march  with  their  hardy  sons 
to  southern  Indiana,  southern  Illinois,  to  Missouri,  and  to 
Arkansas,  in  all  which  regions  we  find  evident  traces  in 
the  orchards,  of  the  origin  of  the  people  who  planted  them. 
Of  course,  we  shall  find  many  deflections  from  the  pre- 
cise parellel  of  latitude,  some  inclining  to  the  south,  and 
many  turning  to  the  northward.  To  the  latter  we  of  the 
West  are  looking  with  the  greatest  interest,  since  we  so 
often  find  that  the  northern  fruits  do  not  maintain  their 
high  characters  in  their  southern  or  southwestern  migra- 
tions, and  all  winter  kinds  are  apt  to  become  autumnal  in 


INTRODUCTION.  23 

their  period  of  ripening,  which  makes  them  less  valuable ; 
and  because,  among  those  from  a  southern  origin,  we 
have  discovered  many  of  high  merit  as  to  beauty,  flavor, 
and  productiveness — and,  especially  where  they  are  able 
to  mature  sufficiently,  they  prove  to  be  .long  keepers,  thus 
supplying  a  want  which  was  not  filled  by  fruits  of  a  north- 
ern origin.  There  may  be  limits  beyond  which  we  can- 
not transport  some  sorts  to  advantage  in  either  direction, 
but  this  too  will  depend  very  much  upon  the  adaptability 
of  our  soils  to  particular  varieties. 

In  every  region  where  fruit  has  been  cultivated  we  find 
local  varieties  grown  from  seed,  many  of  these  are  of  suf- 
ficient merit  to  warrant  their  propagation,  and  it  behooves 
us  to  be  constantly  on  the  look  out  for  them ;  for  though 
our  lists  are  already  sufficiently  large  to  puzzle  the  young 
orchardist  in  making  his  selections,  \ve  may  well  reduce 
the  number  by  weeding  out  more  of  the  indifferent  fruit, 
at  the  same  time  that  we  are  introducing  those  of  a  supe- 
rior character.  It  has  been  estimated  that  there  may  be 
as  many  as  one  in  ten  of  our  seedling  orchard  trees  that 
would  be  ranked  as  "  good,"  but  not  one  in  a  hundred 
that  could  be  styled  "  best."  *  Certain  individuals  have 
devoted  themselves  to  the  troublesome  though  thankless 
office  of  collecting  these  scattered  varieties  of  decided 
merit,  and  from  their  collections  our  pomological  societies 
will,  from  time  to  time,  select  and  recommend  the  best 
for  more  extended  cultivation.  Such  devoted  men  as 
H.  N.  Gillett,  Lewis  Jones,  Reuben  Ragan,  A.  H.  Ernst;, 
who  have  been  industriously  engaged  in  this  good  work 
for  a  quarter  of  a  century,  are  entitled  to  the  highest  com- 

*  Elliott— Western  Fruits. 


24  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

mendation;  but  there  are  many  others  who  have  con- 
tributed their  full  share  of  benefits  by  their  labors  in  the 
same  field,  to  whom  also  we  owe  a  debt  of  gratitude.  Two 
of  the  chief  foci  in  the  Ohio  valley  from  which  valuable 
fruits  have  been  distributed  most  largely,  were  the  settle- 
ment at  the  mouth  of  the  Muskingurn,  with  its  Putnam 
list  given  below ;  and  a  later,  but  very  important  intro- 
duction of  choice  fruits,  brought  into  the  Miami  country 
by  Silas  Wharton,  a  nurseryman  from  Pennsylvania,  who 
settled  among  a  large  body  of  the  religious  Society  of 
Friends,  in  Warren  Co.,  Ohio.  The  impress  of  this  im- 
portation is  very  manifest  in  all  the  country,  within  a 
radius  of  one  hundred  miles,  and  some  of  his  fruits  are 
found  doing  well  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State  of 
Ohio,  in  northern  Indiana,  and  in  an  extended  region 
westward. 

There  are,  no  doubt,  many  other  local  foci,  whence 
good  fruits  have  radiated  to  bless  regions  more  or  less  ex- 
tensive, and  in  every  neighborhood  we  find  the  name  of 
some  early  pomologist  attached  to  the  good  fruits  that  he 
had  introduced,  thus  adding  another  synonym  to  the  nu- 
merous list  of  those  belonging  to  so  many  of  our  good 
varieties. 

A.  W.  Putnam  commenced  an  apple  nursery  in  1794,  a 
few  years  after  the  first  white  settlement  at  Marietta,  Ohio, 
the  first  grafts  were  set  in  the  spring  of  1796 ;  they  were 
obtained  from  Connecticut  by  Israel  Putnam,  and  were  the 
first  set  in  the  State,  and  grafted  by  W.  Rufus  Putnam. 
Most  of  the  early  orchards  of  the  region  were  planted 
from  this  nursery.  These  grafts  were  taken  from  the  or- 


INTRODUCTION. 


chard  of  Israel  Putnam  (of  wolf-killing  memory)  in  Pom- 
fret,  Connecticut.  In  the  Ohio  Cultivator  for  August  1st, 
1846,  may  be  found  the  following  authentic  list  of  the  va- 
rieties propagated :  — 


"  1.  Putnam  Russet,  (RoxburyX 

2.  Seek-no-further,  (Westfield.) 

3.  Early  Chandler. 

4.  Gilliflower: 

5.  Pound  Royal,  (Lowell). 

6.  Natural,  (a  seedling). 

7.  Rhode  Island  Greening. 

8.  Yellow  Greening. 

9.  Golden  Pippin. 

10.  Long  Island  Pippin. 

11.  Tallraan  Sweeting. 


12.  Striped  Sweeting. 
13^  Honey  Greening. 

14.  Kent  Pippin. 

15.  Cooper. 

16.  Striped  Gilliflower. 

17.  Black,          do. 

18.  Prolific  Beauty. 

19.  Queening,  (Summer  Queen?) 

20.  English  Pearmain. 

21.  Green  Pippin. 

22.  Spitzenberg,  (Esopus  ?) 


Many  of  these  have  disappeared  from  the  orchards  and 
from  the  nurseryrhen's  catalogues," 


CHAPTER  IT. 

HISTORY    OF    THE    APPLE. 


DIFFICULTIES  IN  THE  OUTSET  —  APPLE  A  GENERIC  TERM,  AS  CORN  IS 
FOB  DIFFERENT  GRAINS  J  BIBLE  AND  HISTORIC  USE  OF  THE  WORD 
THEREFORE  UNCERTAIN  —  ETYMOLOGY  OF  THE  WORD  —  BOTANICAL 
CHARACTERS  —  IMPROVABILITY  OF  THE  APPLE  —  NATIVE  COUNTRY 

—  CRUDE    NOTIONS    OF   EARLY  VARIETIES  —  PLINY' S  ACCOUNT  EX- 
PLAINED —  CHARLATAN  GRAFTING —  INTRODUCTION  INTO  BRITAIN  — 
ORIGINAL  SORTS  THERE  —  GERARD'S  LIST    OF  SEVEN  —  HE   URGES 
ORCHARD  PLANTING  —  RECIPE  FOR  POMATUM  —  DERIVATION  OF  THE 
WORD  —  VIRGIL'S  ADVICE  AS  TO  GRAFTING  —  PLINY'S   EULOGY   OF 
THE   APPLE;    WILL   OURS  SURVIVE  AS  LONG?  —  PLINY'S  LIST   OF 
29  —  ACCIDENTAL  ORIGIN  OF  OUR  FRUITS  —  CROSSING — LORD  BA- 
CON'S    GUESS  —  BKADLEY'S   ACCOUNT  —  SUCCESS    IN    THE   NETHER- 
LANDS—  MR.     KNIGHT'S     EXPERIMENTS  —  HYBRIDS    INFERTILE  — 
LIMITS,   NONE  NATURAL  —  LIMITS  OF  SPECIES  —  HERBERT'S  VIEWS 

—  DIFFICULTIES  ATTEND  CROSSING  ALSO  —  NO  MULES  — KIRTLAND's 

EXPERIMENTS    AND    RESULTS    OF  —  VAN    MONS'     THEORY  —  ILLINOIS 
RESULTS  —  RUNNING    OUT    OF    VARIETIES. 

IN  attempting  to  trace  out  the  history  of  any  plant  that 
has  long  been  subjected  to  the  dominion  of  man,  we  are 
beset  with  difficulties  growing  out  of  the  uncertainty  of 
language,  and  arising  also  from  the  absence  of  precise  terms 
of  science  in  the  descriptions  or  allusions  which-  we  meet 
26 


HISTORY    OF    THE    APPLE.  27 

respecting  them.  As  he  who  would  investigate  the  history 
of  our  great  national  grain  crop,  the  noble  Indian  maize, 
which,  in  our  language,  claims  the  generic  term  corn,  will 
at  once  meet  with  terms  apt  to  mislead  him  in  the  English 
translation  of  the  Bible,  and  in  the  writings  of  Europeans, 
who  use  the  word  corn  in  a  generic  sense,  as  applying  to 
all  the  edible  grains,  and  especially  to  wheat — so  in  this 
investigation  we  may  easily  be  misled  by  meeting  the 
word  apple  in  the  Bible  and  in  the  translations  of  Latin 
and  Greek  authors,  and  we  may  be  permitted  to  question 
whether  the  original  words  translated  apple  may  not  have 
been  applied  to  quite  different  fruits,  or  perhaps  we  may 
ask  whether  our  word  may  not  originally  have  had  a  more 
general  sense,  meaning  as  it  does,  according  to  its  deriva- 
tion, any  round  body. 

The  etymology  of  the  word  apple  is  referred  by  the 
lexicographers  to  abhall,  Celtic ;  avail,  Welch ;  afall  or 
avail,  Armoric ;  aval  or  avel,  Cornish ;  and  these  are  all 
traceable  to  the  Celtic  word  ball*  meaning  simply  a  round 
body. 

Worcester  traces  the  origin  of  apple  directly  to  the 
German  apfel,  which  he  derives  from  cepl,  apel,  or  appel. 

Webster  cites  the  Saxon  appl  or  appel  /  Dutch,  appel  ; 
German,  apfel ;  Danish,  ceble;  Swedish,  aple ;  Welsh, 
aval ;  Irish,  abhal  or  ubhal /  Armoric,  aval /  Russian, 
yabloko. 

Its  meaning  being  fruit  in  general,  with  a  round  form. 
Thus  the  Persian  word  ubhul  means  Juniper  berries,  and 
in  Welsh  the  word  used  means  other  fruits,  and  needs  a 
qualifying  term  to  specify  the  variety  or  kind. 


28  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

Hogg,  in  his  British  Pomology,  quoting  Owen,  says, 
the  ancient  Glastonbury  was  called  by  the  Britons  Ynya 
avallao  or  avallon,  meaning  an  apple'  orchard,  and  from 
this  came  the  Roman  word  avaUonia,  from  this  he  infers 
that  the  apple  was  known  to  the  Britons  before  the  ad- 
vent of  the  Romans.  We  are  told,  that  in  973,  King 
Edgar,  when  -fatigued  with  the  labors  of  the  chase,  laid 
himself  down  under  a  wild  apple  tree,  so  that  it  becomes 
a  question  whether  this  plant  was  not  a  native  of  England 
as  of  other  parts  of  Europe,  where  in  many  places  it  is 
found  growing  wild  and  apparently  indigenous.  Thorn- 
ton informs  us  in  his  history  of  Turkey,  that  apples  are 
common  in  Wallachia,  and  he  cites  among  the  varieties 
one,  the  domniasca,  "  which  is  perhaps  the  finest  in  Eu- 
rope, bo.th  for  its  size,  color,  and  flavor."  It  were  hard 
to  say  what  variety  this  is,  and  whether  it  be  known  to  us. 

The  introduction  of  this  word  apple  in  the  Bible  is  at- 
tributable to  the  translators,  and  some  commentators  sug- 
gest that  they  have  used  it  in  its  general  sense,  and  that 
in  the  following  passages  where  it  occurs,  it  refers  to  the 
citron,  orange,  or  some  other  subtropical  fruit. 

"  Stay  me  with  flagons,  comfort  me  with  apples."  — 
Songs  of  Solomon  ii,  5. 

"As  the  apple-tree  (citron)  among  the  trees  of  the 
wood,  *  *  *  I  sat  me  down  under  his  shadow  with  great 
delight,  and  his  fruit  was  sweet  to  my  taste." — Sol.  ii,  2. 

*  *  *  "I  raised  thee  up  under  the  apple-tree." — Solo- 
mon viii,  5. 

"  A  word  fitly  spoken,  is  like  apples  of  gold  in  pictures 
of  silver." — Prov.  xxv,  11. 


HISTORY    OF   THE   APPLE.  29 

The  botanical  position  of  the  cultivated  apple  may  be 
stated  as  follows :  —  Order,  Hosaceoe  •  sub-order,  Pomece  ; 
or  the  apple  family  and  genus,  Pyrus.  The  species  under 
our  consideration  is  the  Pyrus  Malus,  or  apple.  It  has 
been  introduced  into  this  country  from  Europe,  and  is 
now  found  in  a  half- wild  state,  springing  up  in  old  fields, 
hedge-rows,  and  .roadsides ;  but,  even  in  such  situations, 
by  their  eatable  fruit  and  broad  foliage,  and  by  the  ab- 
sence of  spiny  or  thorny  twigs,  the  trees  generally  give 
evidence  of  a  civilized  origin.  It  is  not  that  the  plant 
has  changed  any  of  its  true  specific  characters,  but  that 
it  has  been  affected  by  the  meliorating  influences  of  cul- 
ture, which  it  has  not  been  able  entirely  to  shake  off  in  its 
neglected  condition.  Sometimes,  indeed,  trees  are  found 
in  these  neglected  and  out-of-the-way  situations,  which 
produce  fruits  of  superior  quality — and  the  sorts  have 
been  gladly  introduced  into  our  nurseries  and  orchards. 

Very  early  in  the  history  of  horticulture  the  apple  at- 
tracted attention  by  its  improvability,  showing  that  it 
belonged  to  the  class  of  culture-plants.  Indeed  it  is  a 
very  remarkable  fact  in  the  study  of  botany,  and  the  pivot 
upon  which  the  science  and  art  of  horticulture  turns,  that 
while  there  are  plants  which  show  no  tendency  to  change 
from  their  normal  type,  even  when  brought  under  the  high- 
est culture,  and  subjected  to  every  treatment  which  human 
ingenuity  can  suggest,  there  are  others  which  are  prone 
to  variations  or  sports,  even  in  their  natural  condition, 
but  more  so  when  they  are  carefully  nursed  by  the  prudent 
farmer  or  gardener.  These  may  be  called  respectively  the 
plants  of  nature  and  the  plants  of  culture.  Some  of  the 
former  furnish  human  food,  and  are  otherwise  useful  to 


30  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

man  ;  but  the  latter  class  embraces  by  far  the  larger  num- 
ber pf  food-plants,  and  we  are  indebted  to  this  pliancy, 
aided  by  human  skill,  for  our  varieties  of  fruits,  our  escu- 
lent vegetables,  and  the  floral  ornaments  of  our  gardens. 

The  native  country  of  the  apple,  though  not  definitively 
settled,  is  generally  conceded  to  be  Europe,  particularly 
its  southern  portions,  and  perhaps  Western  Asia :  that  is, 
the  plant  known  and  designated  by  botanists  as  Pi/rus 
Malus,  for  there  are  other  and  distinct  species  in  America 
and  Asia  which  have  no  claims  to  having  been  the  source 
of  our  favorite  orchard  fruits.  Our  own  native  crab  is 
the  Pyrus  coronaria,  which,  though  showing  some  slight 
tendency  to  variation,  has  never  departed  from  the 
strongly  marked  normal  type.  The  P.  baccata,  or  Siberi- 
an crab,  is  so  distinctly  marked  as  to  be  admitted  as  a 
species.  It  has  wonderfully  improved  under  culture,  and 
has  produced  some  quite  distinct  varieties;  it  has  even 
been  hybridized  by  Mr.  Knight,  with  the  cultivated  sorts 
of  the  common  Wilding  or  Crab  of  Europe,  the  P.  Mains. 
Pallas,  who  found  it  wild  near  Lake  Baikal  and  in  Daouria, 
says,  it  grows  only  3  or  4  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  of  as 
many  inches  diameter,  and  yields  pear-shaped  berries  as 
large  as  peas. 

The  P.  rivularis,  according  to  Nuttall,  is  common  in 
the  maritime  portions  of  Oregon,  in  alluvial  forests.  The 
tree  attains  a  height  of  15  to  25  feet.  It  resembles  the 
Siberian  Crab,  to  which  it  has  a  close  affinity.  The  fruit 
grows  in  clusters,  is  purple,  scarcely  the  size  of  a  cherry, 
and 'of  an  agreeable  flavor;  sweetish  and  sub-acid  when 
ripe,  not  at  all  acid  and  acerb  as  the  P.  coronaria* 

*  North  American  Sylva,  Nuttall  II,  p.  25. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    APPLE.  31 

Among  the  early  writers  upon  the  subject  of  pomology, 
we  find  some  very  crude  notions,  particularly  in  regard 
to  the  wonderful  powers  of  the  grafter,  for  this  art  of  im- 
proving the  Wilding  by  inserting  buds  or  scions  of  bettet 
sorts,  and  thus  multiplying  trees  of  good  kinds,  was  a 
very  ancient  invention.  Pliny,  the  naturalist,  certainly 
deserves  our  praise  for  his  wonderful  and  comprehensive 
industry  in  all  branches  of  natural  history.  In  regard  to 
grafting,  which  seems  to  have  been  well  understood  in  his 
day,  he  says,  that  he  had  seen  near  Thulise  a  tree  bearing 
all  manner  of  fruits,  nuts  and  berries,  figs  and  grapes, 
pears  and  pomegranates  ;  no  kind  of  apple  or  other  fruit 
that  was  not  to  be  found  on  this  tree.  It  is  quaintly  noted, 
however,  that  "this  tree  did  not  live  long," — is  it  to 
be  wondered  that  such  should  have  been  the  case  ?  N*ow 
some  persons  may  object  to  the  testimony  of  this  remark- 
able man,  and  feel  disposed  to  discredit  the  statement  of 
what  appears  so  incredible  to  those  who  are  at  alt  ac- 
quainted with  the  well-known  necessity  for  a  congenial 
stock  into  which  the  graft  should  be  inserted.  But  a 
more  extended  knowledge  of  the  subject,  would  explain 
what  Pliny  has  recorded  as  a  marvel  of  the  art.  The 
same  thing  has  been  done  in  our  own  times,  it  is  a  trick, 
and  one  which  would  very  soon  be  detected  now-a-days 
by  the  merest  tyro  in  horticulture,  though  it  may  have 
escaped  the  scrutiny  of  Pliny,  whose  business  it  was  to 
note  and  record  the  results  of  his  observations,  rather 
than  to  examine  the  modus  of  the  experiment.  By  the 
French,  the  method  is  called  Charlatan  grafting,  and  is 
done  by  taking  a  stock  of  suitable  size,  hollowing  it  out, 
and  introducing  through  its  cavity  several  stocks  of  dif- 


32  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

ferent  kinds,  upon  each  of  which  may  be  produced  a  dif- 
ferent sort  of  fruit,  as  reported  by  Pliny.  The  needed 
affinity  of  the  scion  and  stock,  and  the  possible  range  that 
may  be  successfully  taken  in  this  mode  of  propagation,  with 
the  whole  consideration  of  the  influence  of  the  stock  upon 
the  graft,  will  be  more  fully  discussed  in  another  chapter. 
Though  it  be  claimed  and  even  admitted  that  the  wild 
apple  or  crab  was  originally  a  native  of  Britain,  and 
though  it  be  well  known  that  many  varieties  have  origi- 
nated from  seed  in  that  country,  still  it  appears  from  their 
own  historians  that  the  people  introduced  valuable  vari- 
eties from  abroad.  Thus  we  find  in  Fuller's  account,  that 
in  the  16th  year  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII,  Pippins 
were  introduced  into  England  by  Lord  Maschal,  who 
planted  them  at  Plumstead,  in  Sussex. 
,  After  this,  the  celebrated  Golden  Pippin  was  originated 
at  Perham  Park,  in  Sussex,  and  this  variety  has  attained 
a  high  meed  of  praise  in  that  country  and  in  Europe, 
though  it  has  never  been  considered  so  fine  in  this  coun- 
try as  some  of  our  own  seedlings.  Evelyn  says,  in  1685,  at 
Lord  Clarendon's  seat,  at  Swallowfield,  Berks,  there  is  an 
orchard  of  one  thousand  golden  and  other  cider  Pippins.* 
The  Ribston  Pippin,  which  every  Englishman  will  tell 
you  is  the  best  apple  in  the  world,  was  a  native  of  Rib- 
ston Park,  Yorkshire.  Hargrave  says :  "  This  place  is  re- 
markable for  the  produce  of  a  delicious  apple,  called  the 
Ribston  Park  Pippin.  The  original  tree  was  raised  from 
a  Pippin  brought  from  France,  f  This  apple  is  well-known 
in  this  country,  but  not  a  favorite. 

*  Diary 

t  History  of  Knaresborough,  p.  216. — Companion  of  the  Orchard,  p.  34. 


HISTORY    OP   THE    APPLE.  33 

At  a  later  period,  1597,  John  Gerard  issued  in  an  ex- 
tensive folio  his  History  of  Plants,  in  which  he  mentions 
seven  kinds  of  Pippins.  The  following  is  given  as  a  sam- 
ple of  the  pomology  of  that  day :  — 

"The  fruit  of  apples  do  differ  in  greatnesse,  forme, 
colour,  and  taste,  some  covered  with  red  skin,  others  yel- 
low or  greene,  varying  infinitely  according  to  soil  and 
climate ;  some  very  greate,  some  very  little,  and  many  of 
middle  sort ;  some  are  sweet  of  taste,  or  something  soure, 
most  be  of  middle  taste  between  sweet  and  soure ;  the 
which  to  distinguish,  I  think  it  impossible,  notwithstand- 
ing I  heare  of  one  who  intendeth  to  write  a  peculiar  vol- 
ume of  apples  and  the  use  of  them."  He  further  says : 
"  The  tame  and  grafted  apple  trees  are  planted  and  set  in 
gardens  and  orchards  made  for  that  purpose ;  they  delight 
to  growe  in  good  fertile  grounds.  Kent  doth  abounde 
with  apples  of  most  sortes ;  but  I  have  seen  pastures  and 
hedge-rows  about  the  grounds  of  a  worshipful  gentleman 
dwelling  two  miles  from  Hereford,  so  many  trees  of  all 
sortes,  that  the  seruantes  drinke  for  the  moste  parte  no 
other  drinke  but  that  which  is  made  of  apples.  *  *  * 
Like  as  there  be  divers  manured  apples,  so  is  there  sundry 
wilde  apples  or  crabs,  not  husbanded,  that  is,  not  graft- 
ed." He  also  speaks  of  the  Paradise,  which  is  probably 
the  same  we  now  use  as  a  dwarfing  stock. 

Dr.  Gerard  fully  appreciated  the  value  of  fruits,  and 
thus  vehemently  urges  his  countrymen  to  plant  orchards : 
"Gentlemen,  that  have  land  and  living,  put  forward,  *  * 
*  *  *  graft,  set,  plant,  and  nourish  up  trees  in  every  cor- 
ner of  your  grounds ;  the  labor  is  small,  the  cost  is  noth- 
ing, the  commoditie  is  great,  yourselves  shall  have  plentie, 
2* 


34  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

the  poor  shall  have  somewhat  in  time  of  want  to  relieve 
their  necessitie,  and  God  shall  reward  your  good  minde 
and  diligence."  The  same  author  gives  us  a  peculiar  use 
of  the  apple  which  may  be  interesting  to  some  who  never 
before  associated  pomatum  with  the  products  of  the  or- 
chard. He  recommends  apples  as  a  cosmetic.  "  There  is 
made  an  ointment  with  the  pulp  of  apples,  and  swine's 
grease  and  rose  water,  which  is  used  to  beautify  the  face 
and  to  take  away  the  roughness  of  the  skin ;  it  is  called 
in  shops  pomatum,  of  the  apples  whereof  it  is  made."  * 
When  speaking  of  the  importance  of  grafting  to  increase 
the  number  of  trees  of  any  good  variety,  Virgil  advises  to 

"  Graft  the  tender  shoot, 
Thy  children's  children  shall  enjoy  the  fruit." 

So  high  an  estimate  did  Pliny  have  of  this  fruit,  that  he 
asserted  that  "  there  are  apples  that  have  ennobled  the 
countries  from  whence  they  came,  and  many  apples  have 
immortalized  their  first  founders  and  inventors.  Our  best 
apples  will  immortalize  their  first  grafters  forever ;  such 
as  took  their  names  from  Manlius,  Cestius,  Matius,  and 
Claudius." — Of  the  Quince  apple,  he  says,  that  came  of  a 
quince  being  grafted  upon  the  apple  stock,  which  "  smell 
like  the  quince,  and  were  called  Appiana,  after  Appius, 
who  was  the  first  that  practiced  this  mode  of  grafting. 
Some  are  so  red  that  they  resemble  blood,  which  is  caused 
by  their  being  grafted  upon  the  mulberry  stock.  Of  all 
the  apples,  the  one  which  took  its  name  from  Petisius, 
was  the  most  excellent  for  eating,  both  on  account  of  its 

*  Our  lexicographers  give  it  a  similar  origin,  but  refer  it  to  the  shape  in  which 
it  was  put  up.    Others  derive  it  from  poma,  Spanish,  a  box  of  perfume. 


HISTORY    OF   THE   APPLE.  35 

sweetness  and  its  agreeable  flavor."  Pliny  mentions 
twenty-nine  kinds  of  apples  cultivated  in  Italy,  about  the 
commencement  of  the  Chistian  Era.*' 

Alas  !  for  human  vanity  and  apple  glory !  Where  are 
now  these  boasted  sorts,  upon  whose  merits  the  immortal- 
ity of  their  inventors  and  first  grafters  was  to  depend? 
They  have  disappeared  from  our  lists  to  give  place  to  new 
favorites,  to  some  of  which,  perhaps,  we  are  disposed  to 
award  an  equally  high  meed  of  praise,  that  will  again  be 
ignored  in  a  few  fleeting  years,  when  higher  skill  and 
more  scientific  applications  of  knowledge  shall  have  pro- 
duced superior  fruit  to  any  of  those  we  now  prize  so  high- 
ly ;  and  this  is  a  consummation  to  which  we  may  all  look 
forward  with  pleasure. 

In  this  country  the  large  majority  of  our  favorite  fruits, 
of  whatever  species  or  kind,  seem  to  have  originated  by 
accident,  that  is,  they  have  been  discovered  in  seedling  or- 
chards, or  even  in  hedge-rows.  These  have  no  doubt, 
however,  been  produced  by  accidental  crosses  of  good 
kinds,  and  this  may  occur  through  the  intervention  of  in- 
sects in  any  orchard  of  good  fruit,  where  there  may 
chance  to  be  some  varieties  that  have  the  tendency  to 
progress.  The  discoveries  of  Linnaeus,  and  his  doctrine 
of  the  sexual  characters  of  plants,  created  quite  a  revolu- 
tion in  botany,  and  no  doubt  attracted  the  attention  of 
Lord  Bacon,  who  was  a  close  observer  of  nature,  for  he 
ventured  to  guess  that  there  might  be  such  a  thing  as 
crossing  the  breeds  of  plants,  when  he  says :  — "  The  com- 
pounding or  mixture  of  kinds  in  plants  is  not  found  out, 

*  Phillips'  Companion,  p.  32. 


36  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

which,  nevertheless,  if  it  be  possible,  is  more  at  command 
than  that  of  living  creatures ;  wherefore  it  were  one  of 
the  most  noteable  experiments  touching  plants  to  find  it 
out,  for  so  you  may  have  great  variety  of  new  fruits  and 
flowers  yet  unknown.  Grafting  does  it  not,  that  mendeth 
the  fruit  or  doubleth  the  flowers,  etc.,  but  hath  not  the 
power  to  make  a  new  kind,  for  the  scion  ever  overruleth 
the  stock."  In  which  last  observation  he*  shows  more 
knowledge  and  a  deeper  insight  into  the  hidden  mysteries 
of  plant-life  than  many  a  man  in  our  day,  whose  special 
business  it  is  to  watch,  nurse,  and  care  for  these  humble 
forms  of  existence. 

Bradley,  about  a  century  later,  in  1718,  is  believed  to 
have  been  the  first  author  wTio  speaks  of  the  accomplish- 
ment of  cross-breeding,  which  he  describes  as  having  been 
effected  by  bringing  together  the  branches  of  different 
trees  when  in  blossom.  But  the  gardeners  of  Holland 
and  the  Netherlands  were  the  first  to  put  it  into  practice.* 

The  following  extract  is  given  to  explain  the  manner  in 
which  Mr.  Knight  conducted  his  celebrated  experiments 
on  fruits,  which  rewarded  him  with  some  varieties  that 
were  highly  esteemed :  —  "  Many  varieties  of  the  apple 
were  collected  which  had  been  proved  to  afford,  in 
mixtures  with  each  other,  the  finest  cider.  A  tree  of  eacli 
was  then  obtained  by  grafting  upon  a  Paradise  stock, 
and  these  trees  were  trained  to  a  south  wall,  or  if  grafted 
on  Siberian  crab,  to  a  west  wall,  till  they  afforded 
blossoms,  and  the  soil  in  which  they  were  planted  was 
made  of  the  most  rich  and  favorable  kind.  Each  bios- 

*  Phillips1  Companion,  p.  41. 


HISTORY    OF   THE   APPLE.  37 

som  of  this  species  of  fruit  contains  about  twenty  chives 
or  males  (stamens,)  and  generally  five  pointals  or  fe- 
males (pistils,)  which  spring  from  the  center  of  the  cup  or 
cavity  of  the  blossom.  The  males  stand  in  a  circle  just 
within  the  bases  of  the  petals,  and  are  formed  of  slender 
threads,  each  of  which  terminates  in  an  anther.  It  is 
necessary  in  these  experiments  that  both  the  fruit  and  seed 
should  attain  as  large  a  size  and  as  much  perfection  as  pos- 
sible, and  therefore  a  few  blossoms  only  were  suffered  to 
remnin  on  each  tree.  As'soon  as  the  blossoms  were  nearly 
full-grown,  every  male  in  each  was  carefully  extracted, 
proper  care  being  taken  not  to  injure  the  pointals ;  and 
the  blossoms,  thus  prepared,  were  closed  again,  and  suf- 
fered to  remain  till  they  opened  spontaneously.  The 
blossoms  of  the  tree  which  it  was  proposed  to  make  the 
male  parent  of  the  future  variety,  were  accelerated  by  be- 
ing brought  into  contact  with  the  wall,  or  retarded  by  be- 
ing detached  from  it,  so  that  they  were  made  to  unfold  at 
the  required  period ;  and  a  portion  of  their  pollen,  when 
ready  to  fall  from  the  mature  anthers,  was  during  three  or 
four  successive  mornings  deposited  upon  the  pointals  of 
the  blossoms,  which  consequently  afforded  seeds.  It  is 
necessary  in  this  experiment  that  one  variety  of  apple 
only  should  bear  unmutilated  blossoms ;  for,  where  other 
varieties  are  in  flower  at  the  same  time,  the  pollen  of  these 
will  often  be  conveyed  by  bees  to  the  prepared  blossoms, 
and  the  result  of  the  experiment  will  in  consequence  be 
uncertain  and  unsatisfactory."  *  *  * 

In  his  Pomona  Herefordiensis,  he  says  :  —  "It  is  neces- 
sary to  contrive  that  the  two  trees  from  which  you  intend 
to  raise  the  new  kind,  shall  blossom  at  the  same  time ; 


38  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

therefore,  if  one  is  an  earlier  sort  than  the  other,  it  must 
be  retarded  by  shading  or  brought  into  a  cooler  situation, 
and  the  latest  forwarded  by  a  warm  wall  or  a  sunny  posi- 
tion,  so  as  to  procure  the  desired  result." 

We  must  distinguish  between  hybrids  proper  and  crosses, 
as  it  were  between  races  or  between  what  may  have  been 
erroneously  designated  species,  for  there  has  been  a  great 
deal  of  looseness  in  the  manner  of  using  these  terms  by 
some  writers.  A  true  hybrid*  is  produced  only  when  the 
pollen  of  one  species  has  been  used  to  fertilize  the  ovules 
of  another,  and  as  a  general  rule  these  can  only  be  pro- 
duced between  plants  which  are  very  nearly  allied,  as  be- 
tween species  of  the  same  genus.  Even  such  as  these, 
however,  cannot  always  be  hybridized,  for  we  have  never 
found  a  mule  or  hybrid  between  the  apple  and  pear,  the 
currant  and  gooseberry,  nor  between  the  raspberry  and 
blackberry,  though  each  of  these,  respectively,  appear  to 
be  very  nearly  related,  and  they  are  all  of  the  order 
Rosacem. 

In  hybrids  there  appears  to  be  a  mixture  of  the  ele- 
ments of  each,  and  the  characters  of  the  mule  or  cross 
will  depend  upon  one  or  the  other,  which  it  will  more 
nearly  resemble.  True  hybrids  are  mules  or  infertile,  and 
cannot  be  continued  by  seed,  but  must  be  propagated  by 
cuttings,  or  layers,  or  grafting.  If  not  absolutely  sterile 
at  first,  they  become  so  in  the  course  of  the  second  or 
third  generation.  This  is  proved  by  several  of  our  flow- 
ering plants  that  have  been  wonderfully  varied  by  ingeni- 
ous crossing  of  different  species.  But  it  has  been  found 

*  Balfour's  Manual- 


HISTORY    OF   THE    APPLE.  39 

that  the  hybrid  may  be  fertilized  by  pollen  taken  from 
one  of  its  parents,  and  that  then  the  offspring  assumes 
the  characters  of  that  parent.* 

'  Natural  hybrids  do  not  often  occur,  though  in  dioecious 
plants,  this  seems  to  have  been  the  case  with  willows 
that  present  such  an  intricate  puzzle  to  botanists  in  their 
classification,  so  that  it  has  become  almost  impossible  to 
eay  what  are  the  limits  and  bounds  of  some  of  the  species. 
Hybrids  are,  however,  very  frequently  produced  by  art, 
and  particularly  among  our  flowering  plants,  under  the 
hands  of  ingenious  gardeners.  Herbert  thinks,  from  his 
observations,  "  that  the  flowers  and  organs  of  reproduc- 
tion partake  of  the  characters  of  the  female  parent,  while 
the  foliage  and  habit,  or  the  organs  of  vegetation,  re- 
semble the  male." 

Simply  crossing  different  members  of  the  same  species, 
like  the  crossing  of  races  in  animal  life,  is  not  always 
easily  accomplished ;  but  we  here  find  much  less  difficulty, 
and  we  do  not  produce  a  mule  progeny.  In  these  experi- 
ments the  same  precautions  mast  be  taken  to  avoid  the 
interference  of  natural  agents  in  the  transportation  of 
pollen  from  flower  to  flower ;  but  this  process  is  now  so 
famili-ar  to  horticulturists,  that  it  scarcely  needs  a  mention. 
In  our  efforts  with  the  strawberry,  some  very  curious  re- 
sults have  occurred,  and  we  have  learned  that  some  of  the 
recognized  species  appear  under  this  severe  test  to  be 
well  founded,  as  the  results  have  been  infertile.  Where 
the  perfection  of  the  fruit  depends  upon  the  development 
of  the  seed,  this  is  a  very  important  matter  to  the  fruit- 
grower ;  but  fortunately  this  is  not  always  the  case,  for 

*  Balfour's  Manual. 


40  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

certain  fruits  swell  and  ripen  perfectly,  though  containing 
not  a  single  well  developed  seed.  It  would  be  an  interest- 
ing study  to  trace  out  those  plants  which  do  furnish  a  well 
developed  fleshy  substance  or  sarcocarp,  without  the  true 
seeds.  Such  may  be  found  occasionally  in  the  native  per- 
simmon, in  certain  grapes,  and  in  many  apples ;  but  in  the 
strawberry,  blackberry,  and  raspberry,  the  berry  which 
constitutes  our  desirable  fruit,  never  swells  unless  the 
germs  have  been  impregnated  and  the  seeds  perfect.  In 
the  stone-fruits  the  stone  or  pit  is  always  developed,  but 
the  enclosed  seed  is  often  imperfect  from  want  of  impreg- 
nation or  other  cause — and  yet  the  fleshy  covering  will 
sometimes  swell  and  ripen. 

One  of  the  most  successful  experimenters  in  this  coun- 
try is  Doctor  J.  P.  Kirtland,  near  Cleveland,  Ohio,  whose 
efforts  at  crossing  certain  favorite  cherries,  were  crowned 
with  the  most  happy  results,  and  all  are  familiar  with  the 
fruits  that  have  been  derived  from  his  crosses.  The  details 
of  his  applying  the  pollen  of  one  flower  to  the  pistils  of 
another  are  familiar  to  all  intelligent  readers,  and  have 
been  so  often  set  forth,  that  they  need  not  be  repeated 
in  this  case — great  care  is  necessary  to  secure  the  desired 
object,  and  to  guard  against  interference  from  causes  that 
would  endanger  or  impair  the  value  of  the  results. 

Van  Mons'  theory  was  based  upon  certain  assumptions 
and  observations,  some  of  which  are  well  founded,  others 
are  not  so  firmly  established.  He  claimed  correctly  that 
all  our  best  fruits  were  artificial  products,  because  the 
essential  elements  for  the  preservation  of  the  species  in 
their  natural  condition,  are  vigor  of  the  plant  and  perfect 
seeds  for  the  perpetuation  of  the  race.  It  has  been  the 


HISTORY    OF   THE    APPLE.  41 

object  of  culture  to  diminish  the  extreme  vigor  of  the 
tree  so  as  to  produce  early  fruitage,  and  at  the  same  time 
to  enlarge  and  to  refine  the  pulpy  portion  of  the  fruit. 
He  claimed,  as  a  principle,  that  our  plants  of  culture  had 
always  a  tendency  to  run  back  toward  the  original  or  wild 
type,  when  they  were  grown  from  seeds.  This  tendency 
is  admitted  to  exist  in  many  cases,  but  it  is  also  claimed, 
that  when  a  break  is  once  made  from  the  normal  type, 
the  tendency  to  improve  may  be  established.  Van  Mons 
asserted  that  the  seeds  from  old  trees  would  be  still  more 
apt  to  run  back  toward  the  original  type,  and  that  "  the 
older  the  tree,  the  nearer  will  the  seedlings  raised  from 
it  approach  the  wild  state,"  though  he  says  they  will  not 
quite  reach  it.  But  the  seeds  from  a  young  tree,  having 
itself  the  tendency  to  melioration,  are  more  likely  to  pro- 
duce improved!  sorts. 

He  thinks  there  is  a  limit  to  perfection,  and  that,  when 
this  is  reached,  the  next  generation  will  more  probably 
produce  bad  fruit  than  those  grown  from  an  inferior  sort, 
which  is  on  the  upward  road  of  progression.  He  claims 
that  the  seeds  of  the  oldest  varieties  of  good  fruit  yield 
inferior  kinds,  whereas  those  taken  from  new  varieties  of 
bad  fruit,  and  reproduced  for  several  generations,  will  cer- 
tainly give  satisfactory  results  in  good  fruit. 

He  began  with  seeds  from  a  young  seedling  tree,  not 
grafted  upon  another  stock;  he  cared  nothing  for  the 
quality  of  the  fruit,  but  preferred  that  the  variety  was 
showing  a  tendency  to  improvement  or  variation.  These 
were  sowed,  and  from  the  plants  produced,  he  selected 
such  as  appeared  to  him  to  have  evidence  of  improvement, 
(it  is  supposed  by  their  less  wild  appearance),  and 


42  AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 

planted  them  to  stations  where  they  could  develop  them- 
selves. When  they  fruited,  even  if  indifferent,  if  they 
continued  to  give  evidence  of  variation,  the  first  seeds  were 
saved  and  planted  and  treated  in  the  same  way.  These 
came  earlier  into  fruit  than  the  first,  and  showed  a  greater 
promise.  Successive  generations  were  thus  produced  to 
the  fourth  and  fifth,  each  came  into  bearing  earlier  than 
its  predecessor,  and  produced  a  greater  number  of  good 
varieties,  and  he  says  that  in  the  fifth  generation  they 
were  nearly  all  of  great  excellence.  He  found  pears  re- 
quired the  longest  time,  five  generations  ;  while  the  apple 
was  perfected  in  four,  and  stone  fruits  in  three. 

Starting  upon  the  theory  that  we  must  subdue  the  vigor 
of  the  wilding  to  produce  the  best  fruits,  he  cut  off  the 
tap  roots  when  transplanting  and  shortened  the  leaders, 
and  crowded  the  plants  in  the  orchard  or  fruiting  grounds, 
so  as  to  stand  but  a  few  feet  apart.  He  urged  the  "  regen- 
erating in  a  direct  line  of  descent  as  rapidly  as  possible 
an  improving  variety,  taking  care  that  there  be  no  in- 
terval between  the  generations.  To  sow,  re-sow,  to  sow 
again,  to  sow  perpetually,  in  short  to  do  nothing  but  sow, 
is  the  practice  to  be  pursued,  and  which  cannot  be  de- 
parted from ;  and,  in  short,  this  is  the  whole  secret  of  the 
art  I  have  employed."  (Arbres  Fruitier^.) 

Who  else  would  have  the  needed  patience  and  persever- 
ance to  pursue  such  a  course  ?  Very  few,  indeed — es- 
pecially if  they  were  not  very  fully  convinced  of  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  premises  upon  which  this  theory  is  found- 
ed. Mr.  Downing  thinks  that  the  great  numbers  of  fine 
varieties  )f  apples  that  have  been  produced  in  this  coun- 
try, go  to  sustain  the  Van  Mons  doctrine,  because,  as  he 


HISTOEY    OF   THE   APPLE.  43 

assumes,  the  first  apples  that  were  produced  from  seeds 
brought  over  by  the  early  emigrants,  yielded  inferior 
fruit,  which  had  run  b:ick  toward  the  wild  state,  and  the 
people  were  forced  to  begin  again  with  them,  and  that 
they  most  naturally  pursued  this  very  plan,  taking  seeds 
from  the  improving  varieties  for  the  next  generations  and 
so  on.  This  may  have  been  so,  but  it  is  mere  assumption 
— we  have  no  proof,  and,  on  the  contrary,  our  choice  va- 
rieties have  so  generally  been  conceded  to  have  been 
chance  seedlings,  that  there  appears  little  evidence  to 
support  it — on  the  contrary,  some  very  fine  varieties  have 
been  produced  by  selecting  the  seeds  of  good  sorts  pro- 
miscuously, and  without  regarding  the  age  of  the  trees 
from  which  the  fruit  was  taken.  Mr.  Downing  himself, 
after  telling  us  that  we  have  much  encouragement  to  ex- 
periment upon  this  plan  of  perfecting  fruits,  by  taking 
seeds  from  such  as  are  not  quite  ripe,  gathered  from  a 
seedling  of  promising  quality,  from  a  healthy  young  tree 
(quite  young,)  on  its  own  root,  not  grafted,  and  that  we 
"must  avoid  1st,  the  seeds  of  old  trees;  2d,  those  of 
grafted  trees ;  3d,  that  we  must  have  the  best  grounds  for 
good  results  " — still  admits  what  we  all  know,  that  "  in 
this  country,  new  varieties  of  rare  excellence  are  some- 
times obtained  at  once  by  planting  the  seeds  of  old  grafted 
varieties ;  thus  the  Lawrence  Favorite  and  the  Columbia 
Plums  were  raised  from  seeds  of  the  Green  Gage,  one  of 
the  oldest  European  varieties." 

•  Let  us  now  look  at  an  absolute  experiment  conducted 
avowedly  upon  the  Van  Mons  plan  in  our  own  country, 
upon  the  fertile  soil  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  see  to 
what  results  it  led :  — 


44  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

The  following  facts  have  been  elicited  from  correspond- 
ence  with  H.  P.  Brayshaw,  of  Du  Quoin,  Illinois.  The 
experiments  were  instituted  by  his  father  many  years  ago, 
to  test  the  truth  of  the  Yan  Mons'  theory  of  the  improve- 
ment of  fruits  by  using  only  the  first  seeds. 

Thirty-five  years  ago,  in  1827,  his  father  procured  twen- 
ty-five seedling  trees  from  a  nursery,  which  may  be  sup- 
posed to  have  been  an  average  lot,  grown  from  promiscu- 
ous seed.  These  were  planted,  and  when  they  came  into 
bearing,  six  of  them  furnished  fruit  that  might  be  called 
"  good"  and  of  these,  "  four  were  considered  fine"  One 
of  the  six  is  still  in  cultivation,  and  known  as  the  Illinois 
Greening.  Of  the  remainder  of  the  trees,  some  of  the 
fruits  were  fair,  and  the  rest  were  worthless,  and  have 
disappeared. 

Second  Generation.  —  The  first  fruits  of  these  trees 
were  selected,  and  the  seeds  were  sown.  Of  the  resulting 
crop,  some  furnished  fruit  that  was  "  good,"  but  they  do 
not  appear  to  have  merited  much  attention. 

Third  Generation. — From  first  seeds  of  the  above,  one 
hundred  trees  were  produced,  some  of  which  were  good 
fruit,  and  some  "  even  fine,"  while  some  were  very  poor, 
"  four  or  five  only  merited  attention."  So  that  we  see  a 
retrogression  from  the  random  seedlings,  furnishing  twen- 
ty-five per  cent,  of  good  fruit,  to  only  four  or  five  per  cent, 
in  the  third  generation,  that  were  worthy  of  note. 

Fourth  Generation. — A  crop  of  the  first  seed  was  again 
sown,  producing  a  fourth  generation ;  of  these  many  were 
"  good  culinary  fruits,"  none,  or  very  few  being  of  the 
"  poorest  class  of  seedlings,"  none  of  them,  however,  were 
fine  enough  "  for  the  dessert." 


HISTORY    OF    THE    APPLE.  45 

Fifth  Generation.  —  This  crop  of  seedlings  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  cut-worms,  so  that  only  one  tree  now  re- 
mains, but  has  not  yet  fruited.  But  Mr.  Brayshaw  ap- 
pears to  feel  hopeful  of  the  results,  and  promises  to 
continue  the  experiment. 

Crops  have  also  been  sown  from  some  of  these  trees, 
but  a  smaller  proportion  of  the  seedlings  thus  produced 
were  good  fruits,  than  when  the  first  seeds  were  used — 
this  Mr.  Brayshaw  considers  confirmatory  evidence  of  the 
theory,  though  he  appears  to  feel  confidence  in  the  va- 
rieties already  in  use,  most  of  which  had  almost  an  ac- 
cidental origin. 

He  thinks  the  result  would  have  been  more  successful 
had  the  blossoms  been  protected  from  impregnation 
by  other  trees,  and  recommends  that  those  to  be  experi- 
mented with  should  be  planted  at  a  distance  from  orchards, 
so  as  to  avoid  this  cross-breeding,  and  to  allow  of  what 
is  called  breeding  in-and-in.  If  this  were  done,  he  feels 
confident  that  "  the  seedlings  would  more  nearly  resemble 
the  parent,  and  to  a  certain  extent  would  manifest  the  ten- 
dency to  improvement,  and  that  from  the  earliest  ripened 
fruits,  some  earlier  varieties  would  be  produced,  from 
those  latest  ripening,  later  varieties,  from  those  that 
were  inferior  and  insipid,  poor  sorts  would  spring,  and 
that  from  the  very  best  and  most  perfect  fruits  we  might 
expect  one  in  one  thousand,  or  one-tenth  of  one  per  cent., 
to  be  better  than  the  parent.  This  diminishes  the  chance 
for  improvement  to  a  beatifully  fine  point  upon  which  to 
hang  our  hopes  of  the  result  of  many  generations  of  seed- 
lings occupying  more  than  a  lifetime  of  experiments. 

Mr.  Brayshaw,  citing  some  of  the  generally  adopted 


46  AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 

axioms  of  breeders  of  animals,  assumes  that  crosses,  as  of 
distinct  races,  will  not  be  so  likely  to  produce  good  results, 
as  a  system  of  breeding  in-and-in,  persistently  carried  out. 
This  plan  he  recommends,  and  alludes  to  the  quince  and 
mulberry  as  suitable  species  to  operate  upon,  because  in 
them  there  are  fewer  varieties,  and  therefore  less  liability 
to  cross-breeding,  and  a  better  opportunity  for  breeding 
in-and-in.  He  also  reminds  us  of  the  happy  results  which 
follow  the  careful  selection  of  the  best  specimens  in  gar- 
den flowers  and  vegetables,  combined  with  the  rejection 
of  all  inferior  plants,  when  we  desire  to  improve  the  char- 
acter of  our  garden  products,  and  he  adopts  the  views  of 
certain  physiologists,  which,  however,  are  questioned  by 
other  authorities,  to  the  effect  that  violent  or  decided 
crosses  are  always  followed  by  depreciation  and  deteriora- 
tion of  the  offspring. 

The  whole  communication  referring  to  these  experiments, 
which  are  almost  the  only  ones,  so  far  as  I  know,  which 
have  been  conducted  in  this  country  to  any  extent,  to 
verify  or  controvert  the  Van  Mons'  theory,  is  very  inter- 
esting, but  it  is  easy  to  perceive  that  the  experimenter, 
though  apparently  very  fair,  and  entirely  honest,  has  been 
fully  imbued  with  the  truth  and  correctness  of  the  propo- 
sition of  Van  Mons,  that  the  first  ripened  seed  of  a  nat- 
ural plant  was  more  likely  to  produce  an  improved  va- 
riety, and  that  this  tendency  to  improvement  would  ever 
increase,  and  be  most  prominent  in  the  first  ripened  seeds 
of  successive  generations  grown  from  it. 

The  theory  of  Van  Mons  I  shall  not  attempt  in  this 
place  to  controvert,  but  will  simply  say  that  nothing 
which  has  yet  come  under  my  observation  has  had  a  ten- 


HISTORY    OF    THE    APPLE.  47 

dency  to  make  me  a  convert  to  the  avowed  views  of  that 
great  Belgian  Point  >logist,  while,  on  the  contrary,  the 
rumors  of  his  opponents,  that  he  was  really  attempting  to 
produce  crosses  from  some  of  the  best  fruits,  as  our  gar- 
deners have  most  successfully  done  in  numerous  instances, 
in  the  beautiful  flowers  and  delicious  vegetables  of  modern 
horticulture,  have  always  impressed  me  with  a  color  of 
probability,  and  if  he  were  not  actually  and  intentionally 
impregnating  the  blos-soms  with  pollen  of  the  better  vari- 
eties, natural  causes,  such  as  the  moving  currents  of  air, 
and  the  ever  active  insects,  whose  special  function  in  many 
instances  appears  to  be  the  conveyance  of  pollen,  would 
necessarily  cause  an  admixture,  which,  in  a  promiscuous 
and  crowded  collection,  like  the  "  school  of  Van  Mons," 
would  at  least  have  an  equal  chance  of  producing  an  im- 
provement in  some  of  the  resulting  seeds. 

The  whole  subject  of  variation  in  species,  the  existence 
of  varieties,  and  also  of  those  partial  sports,  which  may 
perhaps  be  considered  as  still  more  temporary  variations 
from  the  originals,  than  those  which  come  through  the 
seeds,  is  one  of  deep  interest,  well  worthy  of  our  study, 
but  concerning  which  we  must  confess  ourselves  as  yet 
quite  ignorant,  and  our  best  botanists  do  not  agree  even 
as  to  the  specific  distinctions  that  have  been  set  up  as 
characters  of  some  of  our  familiar  plants,  for  the  most 
eminent  differ  with  regard  to  the  species  of  some  of  our 
common  trees  and  plants. 


RUNNING     OUT     OF     VARIETIES. 


It  has  been  a  very  generally  received  opinion  among  in- 
telligent fruit-growers,  that  any  given  variety  oi  fruit  can 


48  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

have  but  a  limited  period  of  existence,  be  that  longer  or 
shorter.  Reasoning  from  the  analogies  of  animal  life  this 
would  appear  very  probable,  for  it  is  well  known  that  in- 
dividuals of  different  species  all  have  a  definite  period  of 
life,  some  quite  brief,  others  quite  extended,  beyond  which 
they  do  not  survive.  But  with  our  modern  views  of  vege- 
tation, though  we  know  that  all  perennial  plants  do  even- 
tually die  and  molder  away  to  the  dust  from  whence  they 
were  created,  and  that  many  trees  of  our  own  planting 
come  to  an  untimely  end,  while  we  yet  survive  to  observe 
their  decay,  still,  we  can  see  no  reason  why  a  tree  or  parts 
of  a  tree  taken  from  it,  and  placed  under  circumstances 
favorable  to  its  growth  from  time  to  time,  may  not  be  sem- 
piternal. Harvey  has  placed  this  matter  in  a  correct 
light,  by  showing  that  the  true  life  and  history  of  a  tree 
is  in  the  buds,  which  are  annual,  while  the  tree  itself  is 
the  connecting  link  between  them  and  the  ground.  Any 
portion  of  such  a  compound  existence,  grafted  upon  an- 
other stock,  or  planted  immediately  in  the  ground  itself 
and  established  upon  its  own  roots,  will  produce  a  new 
tree  like  the  first,  being  furnished  with  supplies  of  nour- 
ishment it  may  grow  indefinitely  while  retaining  all  the 
qualities  of  the  parent  stock— if  that  be  healthy  and  vig-, 
orous  so  will  this — indeed  new  life  and  vigor  often  seem  to 
be  imparted  by  a  congenial  thrifty  stock,  and  a  fertile  soil, 
so  that  there  does  not  appear  to  be  any  reason  why  the 
variety  should  ever  run  out  and  disappear. 

The  distinguished  Thomas  Andrew  Knight,  President 
of  the  London  Horticultural  Society,  was  one  of  the  lead- 
ing advocates  of  the  theory  that  varieties  would  neces- 
sarily run  out  and  disappear  as  it  were  by  exhaustion. 


HISTORY    OF   THE   APPLE.  49 

In  his  Pomona  Herefordiensis,  be  tells  us_that  "those  ap- 
ples, which  have  been  long  in  cultivation,  are  on  the  de- 
cay. The  Redstreak  and  Golden  Pippin  can  no  longer 
be  propagated  with  advantage.  The  fruit,  like  the  parent 
tire,  is  affected  by  the  debilitated  old  age  of  the  variety." 
And  in  his  treatise  on  the  culture  of  the  apple  and  pear, 
he  says :  "  The  Moil  and  its  successful  rival,  the  Red- 
streak,  with  the  Must  and  Golden  Pippin,  are  in  the  last 
stage  of  decay,  and  the  Stire  and  Foxwhelp  are  hasten- 
ing rapidly  after  them."  In  noticing  the  decay  of  apple 
trees,  Pliny  probably  refers  to  particular  trees,  rather  than 
the  whole  of  any  variety,  when  he  says  that  "  apples  be- 
come old  sooner  than  any  other  tree,  and  the  fruit  be- 
comes smaller  and  is  subject  to  be  cankered  and  worm- 
eaten,  even  while  on  the  trees."— r-Lib.  XVI,  Chap.  27.' 

Speechly  combated  the  views  of  Mr.  Knight,  and  says  : 
"  It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  this  apparently  visionary 
notion  of  the  extinction  of  certain  kinds  of  apples  should 
have  been  promulgated  by  authors  of  respectability,  since 
the  mistake  will,  for  a  time  at  least,  be  productive  of  sev- 
eral ill  consequences." 

Some  of  the  old  English  varieties  that  were  supposed 
to  be  worn  out  or  exhausted,  appear  to  have  taken  a  new 
lease  of  life  in  this  country,  but  we  have  not  yet  had  a 
long  enough  experience  to  decide  this  question.  Many  of 
the  earlier  native  favorites  of  the  orchard  have,  for  some 
reason,  disappeared  from  cultivation — whether  they  have 
run  out,  were  originally  deficient  in  vigor,  or  have  merely 
been  superseded  by  more  acceptable  varieties,  does  not 
appear. 

Mr.  Phillips,  in  his  Companion,  states  "  that  in  1819,  he 
3 


50  AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 

observed  a  great  quantity  of  the  Golden  Pippin  in  Covent 
Garden  Market,  which  were  in  perfect  condition,  and  was 
induced  to  make  inquiries  respecting  the  health  of  the 
variety,  which  resulted  in  satisfactory  replies  from  all 
quarters,  that  the  trees  were  recovering  from  disease, 
which  he  thought  had  been  induced  by  a  succession  of  un- 
propitious  seasons.  He  cites  Mr.  Ronald's  opinion,  that 
there  was  then  no  fear  of  losing  this  variety ;  and  Mr. 
Lee,  who  thought  that  the  apparent  decay  of  some  trees 
was  owing  to  unfavorable  seasons.  Mr.  Harrison  in- 
formed him  that  this  variety  was  very  successfully  grown 
on  the  mountains  of  the  island  of  Madeira,  at  an  elevation 
of  3000  feet,  and  produced  abundantly.  Also  that  the  va- 
riety was  quite  satisfactory  in  many  parts  of  England,  and 
concludes  that  the  Golden  Pippin  only  requires  the  most 
genial  situation,  to  render  it  as  prolific  as  formerly." 

It  is  quite  probable,  as  Phillips  suggests,  that  Mr. 
Knight  had  watched  the  trees  during  unfavorable  seasons 
which  prevailed  at  that  period,  and  as  he  found  the  disease 
increase,  he  referred  it  to  the  old  age  of  the  variety,  and 
based  his  theory  to  that  effect  upon  partial  data. 

Mr.  Knight's  views,  though  they  have  taken  a  strong 
hold  upon  the  popular  mind,  have  not  been  confirmed  by 
physiologists.  For  though  the  seed  would  appear  to  be 
the  proper  source  whence  to  derive  our  new  plants,  and 
certainly  our  new  varieties  of  fruits,  many  plants  have,  for 
an  indefinite  period,  been  propagated  by  layers,  shoots  or 
scions,  buds,  tubers,  etc.,  and  that  the  variety  has  thus 
been  extended  much  beyond  the  period  of  the  life  of  the 
parent  or  original  seedling.  Strawberries  are  propagated 
and  multiplied  by  the  runners,  potatoes  by  tubers,  the 


Ill  STORY    OF    THE    APPLE.  51 

Tiger  Lily  by  bulblets,  some  onions  by  proliferous  bulbs, 
sugar  cane  by  planting  pieces  of  the  stalk,  many  grapes  by 
horizontal  stems,  and  many  plants  by  cuttings,  for  a  very 
great  length  of  time.  The  grape  vine  has  been  continued 
in  this  way  from  the  days  of  the  Romans.  A  slip  taken 
from  a  willow  in  Mr.  Knight's  garden  pronounced  by  him 
to  be  dying  from  old  age,  was  planted  in  the  Edinburgh 
Botanic  Garden  many  years  ago,  and  is  now  a  vigorous 
tree,  though  the  original  stock  has  long  since  gone  to  de- 
cay.* 

*  Balfour's  Manual,  p.  284, 


CHAPTER   III. 

PROPAGATION.— SECTION    I. 


AJJj  GROWTH  IS  DEPENDANT  UPON  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  CEILS — THK 
SEED  AND  THE  BUD  ;  THEIR  RESEMBLANCE  —  THE  INDIVIDUALI- 
TY OF  BUDS  —  THE  BASIS  OF  ALL  PROPAGATION  —  BUDS  ARE  DEVEL- 
OPED INTO  TWIGS  ;  HAVE  POWER  OF  EMITTING  ROOTS  —  IMPORTANCE 

OF  THE    STUDY    OF    CELL  GROWTH BY   CUTTINGS:     PREPARATION 

AND  SELECTION — HEEL-CUTTINGS  —  SOFT  WOOD — HARD  WOOD  — 
SEASONS  FOR  EACH  —  FALL  PLANTING  —  THE  CALLUS,  OR  DEVELOP- 
MENT OF  CELL-GROWTH  —  BOTTOM  HEAT;  WHY  BENEFICIAL — WHY 
SPRING  CUTTINGS  FAIL  —  STIMULUS  OF  LIGHT  UPON  THE  BUDS, 
CAUSES  THEM  TO  EXPAND,  AND  THE  LEAVES  EVAPORATE  TOO  FREE- 
LY—  ROOT  CUTTINGS  ;  DIFFERENT  FRUITS  THUS  PROPAGATED 

BY  SUCKERS  :  OBJECTIONS  TO  ANSWERED  —  SUCKER  ORCHARDS  ; 
BEAR  EARLY — SUCKER  TREES  APT  TO  SUCKER  AGAIN BY  LAY- 
ERS: A  NATURAL  METHOD — HOW  PERFORMED  —  THE  RASPBERRY 
AND  THE  GRAPE  —  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  NATURAL  AND  ARTIFICIAL 
METHODS  —  QUINCE  STOCKS  —  ADJUVANTS  TO  LAYERING,  NOTCHING. 

ETC BY  SEEDS:    HOW  IT  DIFFERS  FROM  THE  OTHERS  —  APPLE 

SEEDLINGS — THEIR  TREATMENT,  SEPARATING,  AND  PREPARING  THE 
SEED  —  APPARATUS  —  SPROUTING  —  SOWING  —  CULTIVATION  —  SEED- 
LINGS —  TREATMENT' —  SORTING  —  PACKING. 

All  propagation  of  plants  must  depend  upon  the  devel- 
opment of  seeds  or  of  buds,  and  all  will  arise  from  the 
growth  and  extension  of  cells.  The  seed  and  the  bud  are 
much  more  nearly  related  than  a  casual  observer  would  at 


PROPAGATION.  53 

first  sight  suppose.  The  early  phylologists  thought  they 
discovered  that  in  the  seed  was  enwrapped  the  image  of 
the  future  tree — a  dissection  of  the  seed  would  appear  to 
demonstrate  this.  It  is  composed  of  separate  parts  which 
are  capable  of  being  developed  into  the  root,  stem,  and 
appendages,  but  they  have  yet  to  be  so  developed ;  the 
several  parts  that  we  find  in  the  seed  are  merely  the  repre- 
sentative parts.  But  the  seed  has  the  future  of  the  tree 
within  itself,  it  has  certain  qualities  of  the  future  tree  im- 
pressed upon  it  in  its  primary  organization,  within  the  cap- 
sule of  the  fruit  of  the  parent  plant,  so  that  in  a  higher 
sense  the  image  of  the  future  tree  does  exist  within  the 
seed.  Within  the  bud,  still  more  plainly  and  more  dis- 
tinctly visible,  is  the  future  tree  manifest,  and  we  may  pro- 
duce a  tree  from  a  bud  as  certainly  as  we  do  from  a  seed. 
Subjected  to  circumstances  favorable  for  growth,  the  bud, 
as  well  as  the  seed,  will  emit  roots,  will  form  its  stem, 
branches  and  appendages,  and  will  become  a  tree ;  differing 
from  the  product  of  the  seed  only  in  this,  that  in  the  lat- 
ter the  resulting  organism  constitutes  a  new  individual 
which  may  vary  somewhat  from  it's  parent,  in  the  former 
it  is  only  a  new  development  of  a  part  of  a  previously  ex- 
isting organization.  The  similarity  existing  between  the 
two  is  exceedingly  close,  and  is  a  matter  of  great  impor- 
tance in  horticultural  operations.  Dr.  Lindley,  in  the 
Gardener's  Chronicle,  says  very  truly,  that  "every  bud 
of  a  tree  is  an  individual  vegetable,  and  a  tree,  therefore, 
is  a  family  or  swarm  of  individual  plants,  like  the  polype 
with  its  young  growing  out  of  its  sides,  or  like  the  branch- 
ing cells  of  the  coral  insect."  Similar  opinions,  more  or 
less  modified,  have  been  expressed  by  subsequent  physiol- 


54  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

ogists,  and  are  familiar  to  men  of  science  in  every  country 
and,  we  may  add,  are  also  universally  accepted  as  true  by 
all  who  claim,  a  right  to  express  an  opinion  upon  the  sub- 
ject.— Men  of  science  recognize  the  individuality  of  buds. 
— Nobody  doubts  the  individuality  of  buds. — In  a  garden- 
ing aspect,  the  individuality  of  buds  is  the  cardinal  point 
upon  which  some  of  our  most  important  operations  turn ; 
such,  for  example,  as  all  modes  of  propagation  whatever, 
except  by  seed.  If  this  be  not  fully  understood,  there  is 
no  possible  explanation  of  the  reasons  why  certain  results 
are  sure  to  follow  the  attachment  of  a  bud,  or  the  insertion 
of  a  graft,  or  the  planting  of  a  cutting,  or  the  bending  of 
a  layer,  or  the  approach  of  a  scion,  or  the  setting  of  an 
eye — our  six  great  forms  of  artificial  multiplication."  In 
his  Elements  of  Botany,  the  same  writer  says  :  "  An  em- 
bryo is  a  young  plant  produced  by  the  agency  of  the  sex- 
es, and  developed  within  a  seed — a  leaf  bud  is  a  young 
plant,  produced  without  the  agency  of  the  sexes,  enclosed 
within  the  rudimentary  leaves  called  scales,  and  devel- 
oped on  a  stem."  "An  embryo  propagates  the  species, 
leaf-buds  propagate  the  individual"  He  shows  each  to 
be  "  a  young  plant  developing  itself  upwards,  downwards 
and  horizontally,  into  stem,  root,  and  medullary  system." 

Dr.  Schleiden  thus  beautifully  expresses  his  views  of  their 
individuality  :  "  Now  the  bud  essentially  is  nothing  more 
than  a  repetition  of  the  plant  on  which  it  is  formed.  The 
foundation  of  a  new  plant  consists  equally  of  a  stem  and 
leaves,  and  the  sole  distinction  is  that  the  stem  becomes 
intimately  blended  at  its  base  with  the  mother  plant  in  its 
growth,  and  has  no  free  radical  extremity  like  that  exhib- 
ited by  a  plant  developed  from  a  seed.  However,  this 


PROPAGATION.  55 

distinction  is  not  so  great  as  at  the  first  glance  it  appears. 
Every  plant  of  high  organization  possesses  the  power  of 
shooting  out  adventitious  roots  from  its  stem,  under  the 
favoring  influences  of  moisture ;  and  very  frequently,  even 
plants  that  have  been  raised  from  seed,  are  forced  to  con- 
tent themselves  with  such  adventitious  roots,  since  it  is 
the  nature  of  many  plants,  for  instance  the  grasses,  never  to 
develop  their  proper  root,  although  the  radicle  is  actually 
present.  We  are,  it  is  true,  accustomed  to  look  upon  the 
matter  as  though  the  buds  must  always  be  developed  into 
twigs  and  branches,  on  and  in  connection  with  the  plant 
itself;  and  thus  in  common  life,  we  regard  them  as  parts 
of  a  plant,  and  not  as  independent  individuals,  which  they 
are  in  fact,  although  they,  like  children  who  remain  in 
their  paternal  home,  retain  the  closest  connection  with  the 
plant  on  which  they  were  produced.  That  they  are  at 
least  capable  of  becoming  independent  plants,  is  shown 
by  an  experiment  frequently  successful  when  the  neces- 
sary care  is  taken,  namely  the  breaking  off  and  sowing  of 
the  buds  of  our  forest  trees.  The  well-known  garden 
operations  of  grafting  and  budding  are  also  examples  of 
this,  and  layering  only  differs  from  the  sowing  of  the 
buds,  in  that  the  buds  on  the  layers  are  allowed  to  acquire 
a  certain  degree  of  maturity  before  they  are  separated  from 
the  parent  plant.  All  here  depends  upon  the  facility  with 
which  these  bud  plants  root  as  it  is  called,  that  is  develop 
adventitious  roots,  when  they  are  brought  in  contact  with 
moist  earth.  *  *  *  Nature  herself  very  often  makes 
use  of  this  method  to  multiply  certain  plants  in  incalculable 
numbers.  In  a  few  cases,  the  process  resembles  the  arti- 
ficial sowing  of  buds,  as  when  the  plant  spontaneously 


56  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

throws  off  the  perfect  buds  at  a  certain  period ;  an  in 
stance  of  this  is  afforded  by  some  of  our  garden  Lilies, 
which  throw  off  the  little  bulb-like  buds  which  appear  in 
the  axils  of  the  lower  leaves.  The  more  common  mode 
of  proceeding  is  as  follows :  Those  buds  which  have  been 
formed  near  the  surface  of  the  soil,  grow  up  into  shoots 
provided  with  leaves;  but  the  shoots  are  long,  slender 
and  delicate,  the  leaves  too  are  stunted  into  little  scales ; 
in  their  axils,  however,  they  develop  strong  buds,  which 
either  in  the  same  or  in  the  following  year  take  root,  and 
the  slender  shoot  connecting  them  with  the  parent  plant, 
dying  and  decaying,  they  become  free  independent  plants. 
In  this  manner  the  strawberry  soon  covers  a  neglected 
garden."  * 

Upon  the  development  of  a  cell  in  any  living  tissue,  and 
its  power  of  reproducing  other  cells,  and  upon  its  function 
of  communicating  by  endosmosis  and  exosmosis  with  other 
like  cells,  depend  all  our  success  in  propagating  vegeta- 
bles, whether  from  seeds  or  buds,  and  parts  containing 
these.  We  must  study  the  circumstances  that  favor  the 
development  of  cells,  if  we  would  be  successful  in  prop- 
agating plants.  Each  bud  being  considered  an  individu- 
al, and  capable,  under  favorable  circumstances,  of  taking 
on  a  separate  existence,  we  can  multiply  any  individual 
variety  indefinitely,  and  be  sure  of  having  the  same  quali- 
ties of  foliage  and  fruit  that  we  admire  in  the  original, 
and  that  we  may  desire  to  propagate.  This  applies 
equally  to  a  group  of  buds,  as  in  cuttings,  grafts  and 
layers,  etc. ;  but,  more  wonderful  still,  there  are  cells 
capable  of  developing  buds  where  none  existed  before,  and 

*  The  Plant,  a  Biography ;  M.  J.  Schleiden,  p.  68. 


PROPAGATION.  57 

even  in  tissues  or  parts  of  a  plant  where  we  do  not  usually 
find  buds — hence  we  have  a  mode  of  propagation  of  many 
woody  plants,  by  root  cuttings,  and  by  leaves,  and  even 
parts  of  leaves. 

PROPAGATION  BY  CUTTINGS.  —  Many  fruits  are  multi- 
plied by  this  means.  Healthy  shoots  of  the  previous 
year's  growth  are  usually  selected  and  taken  when  the 
parent  is  in  a  dormant  state,  or  still  "better,  when  it  is  ap- 
proaching this  condition.  Sometimes  a  small  portion  of 
the  previous  year's  growth  is  left  with  the  cutting,  making 
a  sort  of  heel ;  when  this  is  not  to  be  had,  or  not  prefer- 
red, the  slip  is  to  be  prepared  for  planting  by  cutting  it 
smoothly  just  below  a  bud,  as  this  seems  to  be  the  most 
favorable  point  in  many  plants  for  the  emission  of  rcrots. 
Some  plants  will  throw  out  radicles  at  any  point  indif- 
ferently along  the  internodes  or  merithalls.  The  prefer- 
ence for  heel-cuttings  depends  upon  the  fact,  that  near 
the  base  of  the  annual  shoot  there  are  always  a  great  num- 
ber of  buds,  many  of  which,  however,  being  imperfectly 
developed,  are  inconspicuous,  but  though  dormant,  they 
seem  to  favor  the  emission  of  rootlets.  Cuttings  may  be 
made  to  grow  if  taken  at  any  period  of  their  develop- 
ment, but  when  green  and  soft,  they  require  particular 
conditions  of  heat  and  moisture  in  the  soil,  and  atmosphere, 
that  are  only  under  the  control  of  the  professional  gardener. 
They  are  usually  taken  in  the  dormant  state,  because  they 
are  then  susceptible  of  being  made  to  grow  under  the  or- 
dinary conditions  of  out-door  gardening.  If  cut  early  in 
the  season,  on  the  approach  of  autumn,  after  the  wood- 
growth  has  been  perfected,  they  may  be  planted  at  once 
with  good  prospect  of  success,  or  they  may  be  put  into  the 
3* 


58  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

soil,  out  of  doors,  in  the  cellar,  or  in  a  cold  frame  or  pit, 
and  a  very  important  step  in  the  progress  of  their  growth 
will  commence  at  once.  The  leafless  sticks  are  not  dead, 
and  whenever  the  temperature  will  admit  of  the  quiet  in- 
terchange of  fluids  among  their  cells,  this  curious  function 
will  go  on,  and  will  be  accompanied  by  the  development 
or  generation  of  new  cells  that  soon  cover  the  cut  surfaces, 
constituting  what  the  gardeners  call  the  callus.  This  is 
the  first  step  toward  growth,  and  it  most  1'eadily  occurs 
when  the  earth  is  warmer  than  the  air ;  hence  the  value  of 
fall  planting,  whether  of  trees  or  of  cuttings,  if  done  be- 
fore the  earth  has  been  chilled,  and  hence  also,  the  impor- 
tance of  bottom  heat  in  artificial  propagation.  If  on  the 
contrary  the  air  be  warm  and  the  ground  cold,  the  buds  are 
often  stimulated  to  burst  forth,  before  the  rootlets  can 
have  started.  The  expanding  foliage  which  so  delights 
the  tyro  in  propagation,  offers  an  extended  surface  for 
evaporation,  the  contained  juices  of  the  cutting  itself  are 
soon  exhausted,  no  adequate  supply  is  furnished,  and  the 
hopeful  plant  soon  withers,  or  damps  off,  and  dies.*  The 
cutting,  like  the  seed,  must  have  "  first  the  root,  then  the 
blade."  The  length  of  time  that  is  allowed  for  cuttings  to 
prepare  for  rooting,  if  they  are  designed  for  spring  plant- 
ing, should  be  as  great  as  possible,  and  the  circumstances 
under  which  they  are  kept  should  be  such  as  to  favor  the 
development  of  the  cells,  so  that  roots  may  form  freely 
with  the  breaking  of  the  buds,  if  not  before. 

Root-cuttings  should  be  made  in  the  spring,  just  before 
the  usual  period  of  the  bursting  of  the  buds  in  the  plant 
to  be  propagated.  The  tendency  to  develop  buds  appears 

*  Because  it  had  no  root,  it  withered  away.    Mat.  13,  6. 


PROPAGATION.  59 

to  be  then  most  active.  Gentle  bottom  heat,  though  not 
essential,  is  still  very  desirable,  and  will  conduce  to  the 
success  of  the  operation.  Some  plants  are  best  prop- 
agated by  this  means,  and  those  too,  which  never  natur- 
ally produce  suckers,  may  often  be  successfully  grown  by 
sections  of  the  roots.  All  plants  do  not  equally  admit 
of  propagation  by  division  as  cuttings,  some  woody 
tissues  refusing  to  emit  roots  under  almost  any  circum- 
stances. 

Nobody  thinks  of  propagating  the  stone  fruits,  such  as 
the  cherry,  plum,  peach,  or  apricot,  by  attempting  to  plant 
cuttings,  and  yet  some  of  these  will  emit  roots  very  free- 
ly, as  we  may  often  observe  when  the  shoots  or  trimmings 
are  used  as  supports  for  plants  in  the  green-house.  '  The 
plum  tree  is  exceedingly  apt  to  form  new  roots  when 
planted  too  deeply,  an'd  upon  this  fact  depends  the  success 
or  failure  of  the  finer  varieties  when  worked  upon  certain 
varieties  of  the  wild  stock.  If  the  young  trees  are  earthed 
up  in  the  nursery,  and  set  rather  deeply  in  the  orchard, 
they  will  soon  establish  a  good  set  of  roots  of  their  own, 
emitted  above  the  junction  of  the  scion  and  stock,  which 
is  very  preferable  to  the  imperfect  union  and  consequent 
enlargement  that  often  results  from  using  uncongenial 
stocks.  The  raspberry  and  blackberry  do  not  grow  so 
well  from  cuttings  of  the  wood,  which  is  always  biennial 
in  this  genus,  as  they  do  from  root-cuttings. 

In  some  parts  of  the  country,  peaches  are  mainly  pro- 
duced, or  the  favorite  varieties  are  multiplied,  by  planting 
the  sprouts  that  come  from  the  base  of  the  trunk  of  the 
trees ;  these  have  little  or  no  roots  when  taken  off  with 
the  mattock,  but  they  soon  establish  themselves  and  make 


60  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

good  trees,  bearing  fruit  like  their  parents,  in  soils  and 
climate  that  are  well  adapted  to  this  fruit. 

Refined  and  scientific  horticulture  has  been  extensively 
applied  to  the  multiplication  of  the  grape,  which  is  now 
produced  in  immense  numbers,  from  single  eyes,  or  buds. 
Formerly  our  vineyards  were  formed  by  planting  long 
cuttings  at  once  in  the  field  in  the  stations  to  be  occupied 
by  the  vines,  or  by  setting  them  first  in  a  nursery,  whence 
they  were  transplanted  to  the  vineyard,  when  one  or  two 
years  old.  Only  the  most  refractory  kinds,  which  would 
not  grow  readily  in  the  field,  or  such  as  were  yet  rare,  were 
propagated  from  cuttings,  by  using  the  single  eye  and 
artificial  bottom  heat.  Now,  however,  the  appliances  of 
our  propagators  are  called. upon  for  the  production  of 
grape-vines  by  the  million,  and  they  find  it  advisable  to 
multiply  all  the  varieties  in  this  manner.  The  propagation 
of  the  grape  by  using  single  eyes  affords  the  most  beauti- 
ful illustration  of  the  subject  of  the  individuality  of  buds, 
and  though  denounced  by  some  as  an  unnatural,  steam- 
forcing  process,  it  is  really  an  evidence  of  the  advance  of 
horticulture,  since  every  step  is  supported  by  a  philosoph- 
ical reason,  and  the  whole  process,  to  be  successful,  is  de- 
pendent upon.the  application  to  practice  of  well  established 
scientific  truths. 

It  has  already  been  stated  that  the  first  effect  of  cell- 
growth  upon  a  cutting,  is  the  production  of  a  callus. 
This  callus  may  form  upon  any  cut  surface,  or  even  where 
the  bark  has  been  abraded.  It  is  the  first  effort  of  nature 
to  repair  an  injury  by  the  reproduction  of  new  parts;  it 
is  most  generally  found  at  the  base  of  the  cutting,  but  un- 
der favorable  circumstances,  it  will  be  seen  also  at  the  up- 


PROPAGATION.  61 

per  end  of  the  shoot  if  this  has  been  pinfeed  in  contact 
with  the  earth.  Cuttings  will  sometimes  be  set  up-side 
down,  when  we  find  the  callus  upon  the  smaller  end,  and 
roots  will  be  emitted  from  that  portion  whence  we  should 
have  expected  to  see  the  branches  issue.  Upon  this  fact,- 
and  to  multiply  the  chances  of  living,  has  been  based  the 
French  method,  as  it  is  called,  or  that  of  inserting  both 
ends  of  the  cuttings.  The'  common  mode,  (fig.  1),  is  to 


w... 

Fig.    1.— FRENCH  AND   COMMON   MODES  OF  SETTING   CUTTINGS. 

set  the  cuttings  in  a  slanting  direction  in  the  ground,  so 
placed  that  the  upper  eye  or  bud  only  shall  reach  the  sur- 
face. Formerly  there  was  a  preference  for  long  cuttings, 
and  these  were  often  made  eighteen  inches  or  more  in 
length.  The  practice  with  most  of  our  cultivators  has 
been  modified  in  this  particular,  and  they  have  reduced 
the  length  of  the  slips  to  six  and  eight  inches,  so  as  to 
have  in  grape  wood  about  three  or  four  eyes.  Some  have 
gone  still  further,  and  use  but  two,  even  for  out-door 
planting  of  the  grape,  and  some  have  been  very  success- 
ful when  'using  but  a  single  joint.  The  Germans  have  ad- 
vocated longer  cuttings,  upon  the  theory  that  there  was  a 
retroaction  in  the  pith  of  the  internodes  and  in  all  the 
buds  of  the  cutting,  upon  the  lower  point,  enabling  it  to 
push  roots  more  strongly  from  a  long  than  from  a  short 


62  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

cutting.  Thi»  theory  has  for  its  support  the  fact,  that 
there  is  in  such  a  cutting  a  larger  amount  of  organizable 
matter  to  be  developed  into  the  new  parts  to  be  produced, 
and  certainly,  if  neglected,  short  cuttings  will  be  very  apt 
to  suffer  from  drought,  but  in  practice,  it  is  found  that 
the  short  cutting  plants  have  better  roots,  which  are  near 
the  surface,  and  even  those  plants,  grown  from  single  eyes, 
are  better  furnished  than  long  cuttings  produced  upon  the 
old  plan,  which  placed  the  roots  deep  in  the  soil. 


Fig.  2. — ONE-EYE   CUTTINGS  OF   THE   GRAPE. 

There  are  various  methods  of  preparing  the  single-eye 
cuttings,  some  of  which  are  represented  in  fig.  2. 

Among  our  cultivated  fruits  there  is  but  a  limited  num- 
ber that  need  to  be  propagated  by  cuttings,  though,  where 
it  becomes  necessary,  many  of  them  may  be  grown  in  this 
manner,  to  which  procedure  there  are  no  serious  objec- 
tions, though  there  are  some  of  a  theoretical  nature.  The 
currant  and  the  gooseberry  are  increased  almost  exclusively 


PROPAGATION.  63 

from  cuttings,  they  strike  root  very  readily,  and  are  multi- 
plied to  any  extent ;  their  seeds  are  sown  only  to  produce 
new  varieties.  The  grape  is  propagated  very  extensively 
by  cuttings;  the  slips  are  often  planted  in  the  field  and 
in  the  stations  where  the  vines  are  wanted  for  the  vine- 
yard ;  but  some  varieties  are  so  unsatisfactory  in  their  re- 
sults, that  other  more  elaborate  and  scientific  means  must 
be  taken  for  their  propagation.  Among  the  larger  fruits, 
those  constituting  our  trees,  we  do  not  depend  upon  cut- 
tings, except  in  the  quince,  which  is  not  only  grown  for 
its  fruit,  but  is  also  largely  produced  as  a  stock  for  the 
dwarfed  pear,  and  is  extensively  propagated  from  cuttings. 
The  Paradise  apple,  a  dwarf  stock,  is  multiplied  in  the 
same  way.  Pears  and  apples  may  be  grown  from  cuttings, 
but  this  plan  tis  not  pursued  with  them  to  any  extent. 
Those  that  are  root-grafted,  or  budded  very  low,  especi- 
ally the  pear  on  quince  stocks,  will  often  produce  roots  if 
favorably  situated,  but  there  is  a  great  difference  in  va- 
rieties, some  rarely  produce  a  root,  while  others  are  very 
prone  to  do  it;  from  observations  of  this  fact,  a  new 
phase  of  dwarf-pear  culture  has  been  inaugurated. 

SUCKERS. — One  of  the  simplest  methods  of  multiplying 
varieties  consists  of  increasing  and  encouraging  the  suck- 
ers thrown  up  by  the  roots;  these  are  separated  and  set 
out  for  trees.  We  have  been  told  by  some  physiologists 
that  there  was  an  absolute  difference  in  structure  between 
the  root  and  the  stem,  that  they  could  not  be  substituted 
the  one  for  the  other ;  and  yet  the  oft  quoted  marvel  of  the 
tree  which  was  planted  upside  down,  and  which  produced 
flowers  and  leaves  from  its  roots,  while  its  branches  emit- 
ted fibres,  and  became  true  roots,  is  familiar  to  every  one. 


64  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

Here,  as  in  other  cases,  our  teachers  have  led  us  into  er- 
ror by  attempting  to  trace  analogy  with  animal  anatomy 
and  physiology,  and  by  directing  our  attention  to  the  cir- 
culation of  plants,  as  though  they,  like  the  higher  animals, 
possessed  true  arterial  and  venous  currents  of  circulating 
fluids.  The  cell  circulation  is  quite  a  different  affair,  and 
can  be  conducted  in  either  direction,  as  every  gardener 
knows  who  has  ever  layered  a  plant,  or  set  a  cutting  upside 
down.  So  with  the  roots — they  are  'but  downward  ex- 
tensions of  the  stem ;  under  ordinary  circumstances  they 
have  no  need  for  buds,  but  these  may  be,  and  often  are 
developed,  when  the  necessity  for  their  presence  arises. 
Buds  do  exist  on  roots,  especially  upon  those  that  are 
horizontal  and  near  the  surface,  and  from  them  freely 
spring  suckers,  which  are  as  much  parts  of  the  parent  tree 
as  its  branches,  and  may  be  planted  with  entire  certainty 
of  obtaining  the  same  fruit,  just  as  the  twigs  when  used 
as  cuttings,  or  scions,  when  grafted,  will  produce  similar 
results. 

Whole  orchards  are  planted,  in  some  sections  of  the 
country,  with  the  suckers  from  old  trees ;  apples,  pears, 
plums,  and  even  peaches,  as  well  as  raspberries  and  black- 
berries, are  multiplied  in  this  primitive  way.  There  are 
some  varieties  of  apples  that  have  been  so  propagated  for 
half  a  century,  and  extended  for  hundreds  of  miles  in  this 
way  by  the  pioneer  emigrants,  without  .ever  having  been 
grafted,  until  their  merits  have  at  length  accidentally  be- 
come known  to  the  Pomological  Societies  and  nurserymen, 
when  the  propagation  of  them  by  grafting  soon  super- 
cedes  the  more  primitive  method.  Sucker  trees  are  ob- 
jected to  upon  the  grounds  that  they  are  not  healthy  and 


PROPAGATION.  65 

thrifty,  that  they  do  not  have  good  roots.  Inherent  dis- 
ease of  the  parent  tree  will  of  course  be  transmitted  with 
its  other  peculiarities,  but  I  cannot  imagine  that  this  would 
be  any  more  likely  to  occur  in  a  sucker  than  in  a  layer,  or 
cutting,  or  graft.  As  to  the  roots,  they  may  be  more  de- 
veloped upon  one  side  than  another  in  the  young  tree,  and 
this  state  of  things  may  continue  in  the  adult;  we  often 
observe  the  same  condition  in  the  stumps  of  the  monarchs 
of  our  forests,  which  were  never  suspected  in  the  day  of 
their  glory  and  pride  of  having  such  a  fault.  But  such  a 
condition  of  roots  is  not  essential  to  the  sucker,  which 
may  be  made  to  have  as  fine  a  system  of  lateral  roots,  and 
as  evenly  and  regularly  distributed  as  those  of  a  seedling 
tree.  Another  objection  to  this  mode  of  propagation* has 
much  truth  and, some  force;  that  is,  that  suckers  are  very 
apt  to  produce  suckers  again.  This  is  particularly 
the  case  with  the  Morello  cherry,  which  is  a  favorite 
stock,  upon  which  to  work  many  of  the  choice  va- 
rieties. As  an  offset  to  this  it  may  be  urged,  that  the 
small  fibrous  roots,  which  are  supposed  to  conduce  to 
early  fruitfulness,  abound  in  trees  propagated  by  this 
means,  and  this  may  be  the  reason  why  the  fruit  trees 
that  have  been  thus  multiplied,  are  very  generally  re- 
markable for  their  precocious  fruiting.  Some  of  the 
apples  that  have  been  long  increased  in  this  manner,  bear 
so  early,  and  so  bountifully,  as  to  prevent  them  from  ever 
forming  very  large  trees ;  they  often  have  a  stunted  ap- 
pearance, and  not  infrequently  present  a  peculiar  inequal- 
ity upon  the  bark,  portions  being  swollen  or  enlarged 
like  warts — from  which,  in  some  cases,  it  is  easy  to  force 
out  shoots  or  sprouts  ;  they  are  indeed  true  gemmules  like 


66  •      AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

those  of  the  old  olive  trees,  and  like  them  might  be  used 
for  the  propagation  of  the  variety ;  a  similar  condition, 
no  doubt,  exists  in  the  roots,  whence  the  tendency  to 
sucker.  The  common  Morello  cherry ;  the  Damson ;  the 
Chickasas,  and  other  varieties  of  plum;  the  blackberry, 
and  many  raspberries,  are  multiplied  almost  exclusively  in 
a  similar  manner. 

LAYERS  are  portions  of  the  branches  of  a  plant  that 
have  been  induced  to  throw  out  roots,  and  which  can  thus 
set  up  an  independent  existence  if  removed  from  the  parent 
tree.  This  mode  of  propagation  is  a  very  natural  one, 
and  was  probably  an  accidental  discovery.  In  its  traits, 
it  is  the  reverse  of  the  mode  we  have  just  been  consider- 
ing. Here  the  branch  emits  roots,  instead  of  the  root 
emitting  branches,  as  in  the  case  of  the  sucker.  Layering 
is  frequently  resorted  to  as  a  mode  of  propagation,  it  is 
very  simple,  easily  performed,  and,  with  some  species,  very 
certain  in  its  results.  Some  plants  will  root  readily  if 
merely  placed  in  contact  with  the  ground,  or  very  slightly 
covered  with  soil ;  others  require  some  artificial  interfer- 
ence, such  as  ringing,  or  twisting,  or  slitting.  The  rasp- 
berry, known  as  the  Rubus  occidentalis,  or  Black-cap,  be- 
longs to  the  first  class,  and  it  even  places  itself  in  contact 
with  the  soil  by  recurving  its  branches  so  as  to  bring  the 
tips  to  the  earth,  where  they  strike  root,  and  make  new 
plants.  The  grape  conies  under  the  second  category, 
needing  only  a  little  assistance,  and  it  is  multiplied  to  a 
considerable  extent  in  this  manner.  In  the  spring,  the 
vines  are  laid  out  in  a  little  shallow  trench,  and  pegged 
down  closely ;  as  the  buds  burst,  they  throw  .up  shoots 
which  are  trained  vertically  by  tying  them  to  sticks,  and 


PROPAGATION. 


67 


as  soon  as  these  shoots  have  acquired  a  certain  degree 
of  maturity  and  firmness,  the  mellow  earth  is  drawn  up 
to  them  and  they  emit  a  beautiful  system  of  roots,  and  by 
the  fall  they  form  very  fine  plants,  (fig.  3).  The  layered 


Fig.  3. — PROPAGATING  THE  GRAPE  BY  LAYERING. 

branch  is  then  taken  up  and  the  several  plants  are  separat- 
ed, when  it  will  be  found  that  the  best  roots  are  chiefly 
from  the  lower  joints  of  the  new  wood,  rather  than  from 
the  old  canes  that  were  laid  down  in  the  spring. 


Fig.  4.— LAYERING   THE   QUINCE. 

Quinces  are  considerably  increased  by  a  sort  of  layer- 
ing, as  the  twigs  emit  roots  very  freely ;  they  are  often  bent 
down,  slightly  twisted,  or  not,  as  the  case  may  be,  and 
covered  with  mellow  soil,  when  they  readily  emit  roots, 


68 


AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 


.Fig.   5. — STOOL   LAYERING  THE 
QUINCE. 


become  firmly  established,  and  may  be  set  out  by  them- 
selves, (fig.  4).  There  is,  however,  another  method  of  lay- 
ering, much  practiced  in  the  multiplication  of  the  quince; 
that  called  propagation  by  stools.  The  plants  are  set  in 
open  rows,  four  feet  wide,  and  three  or  four  feet  apart  in 

the  rows;  they  should  be 
so  planted  as  to  stand  be- 
low the  general  surface, 
that  is  in  trenches.  When 
cut  off  at  the  ground  in 
the  spring,  they  throw  up 
a  great  number  of  shoots, 
and  the  .earth  is  gradually 
worked  up  to  these  to  en- 
courage their  rooting,  (see 
figure  5),  which  is  often,  sufficient  for  removal  the  first 
season ;  if,  on  inspection,  the  roots  are  not  found  to  be 
sufficiently  large  or  abundant,  the  earthing  is  'continued 
unti^the  autumn  of  the  next  year,  when  they  are  remov- 
ed, the  stools  trimmed  of  their  lower  roots,  and  reset  in 
new  trenches.  The  plants,  thus  raised  from  stools,  are  cut 
back  severely,  and  are  then  ready  to  set  out  in  nursery 
rows  for  budding.  With  the  quince,  cultivated  in  this 
manner,  nothing  is  required  but  to  accumulate  the  mel- 
low earth  about  the  shoots ;  but  in  many  plants  it  is 
necessary  to  notch  the  wood  by  splitting,  or  cutting  it  for 
an  inch  or  two,  (as  in  fig.  6),  making  a  tongue  that  sepa- 
rates from  the  lower  portion  of  the  shoot,  and  from  which 
the  roots  are  emitted.  This  slit  should  be  commenced  just 
below  a  bud,  and  the  knife  is  drawn  upward,  cutting  half- 
way through  the  wood.  If  commenced  at  one  side  instead 


PROPAGATION.  69 

of  at  the  depending  portion,  the  tongue  is  more  sure  to  be 
separated  from  the  stock,  to  which  it  might  otherwise 
reunite.  To  insure  rooting,  some  persons  insert  a  little 
stick  or  chip  between  the  separated  portions,  to  prevent  a 
re-union  of  the  parts.  The  shoot,  after  being  notched, 
is  fastened  down,  and  fine  soil  or  compost  is  brought 
about  it  to  encourage  the  development  of  roots.  Few  of 
the  hard  wooded  fruit  trees  have  been  extensively  prop- 


Fig.  6. — MANNER   OF   CUTTING  AND  PEGGING  DOWN  A  LAYER. 

agated  by  means  of  layers  ;  they  might  be  so  produced, 
but  it  has  not  been  found  profitable  nor  necessary. 

A  very  common  opinion  prevails  that  layering  exhausts 
the  mother  plant,  or  vine,  which  is  used  in  this  mode  of 
propagating.  If  properly  conducted,  there  is  no  reason 
why  this  should  be ;  but  if  the  whole  top  of  any  plant  is 
bent  down  and  made  to  take  root,  and  to  form  independent 
roots,  there  can  be  little  or  no  return  from  the  branches  to 
the  original  stock  to  strengthen  it.  A  certain  amount  of 
healthy  growing  wood  should  always  be  left  in  its  natural 
position,  and  no  danger  to  the  plant  need  be  apprehended. 

The  wood  growth  of  the  strawberry,  when  allowed  to 


70  AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 

take  its  natural  bent,  is  directed  into  the  stolons  or  run- 
ners, which  form  natural  layers.  Their  production  de- 
tracts from  the  central  wood-growth  of  the  plant,  and 
exhausts  its  strength  to  such  a  degree,  that  it  often  dies, 
whereas,  by  a  constant  removal  of  the  runners,  as  fast  as 
they  appear,  we  practice  a  sort  of  summer  pruning  or 
pinching,  which  results  in  the  production  of  a  large  branch- 
ing stool,  with  many  points  or  centers  for  the  production 
of  foliage  and  flowers,  and  thus  insure  the  greatest  abun- 
dance of  fruit.  Tho  strawberry,  like  one  species  of  the 
raspberry,  and  many  other  of  our  native  plants,  offers  il- 
lustrations of  natural  layering. 

SEEDS. — The  most  common  as  well  as  the  most  natural 
mode  of  multiplying  the  individual  plants  of  most  of  our 
fruit  trees,  is  by  sowing  the  seed ;  from  this  source  we 
procure  stocks  upon  which  are  worked,  by  budding  or 
grafting,  the  several  varieties  we  may  desire  to  propagate. 
As  an  illustration  of  this  process,  I  propose  to  speak  of 
apple  seedlings. 

The  almost  universal  means  of  increasing  the  number 
of  apple  trees,  is  by  sowing  the  seed.  This  is  generally 
selected  and  separated  from  the  fresh  pomace  left  on  the 
press  in  cider-making.  The  old  and  slow  process  of  hand- 
washing  has  given  way,  in  this  age  of  labor-saving  ma- 
chinery, to  more  economical  methods.  The  most  approved 
apparatus  is  constructed  upon  the  principle  of  separating 
the  seeds  from  the  pulp  by  means  of  their  greater  specific 
gravity ;  it  is,  indeed,  much  like  a  gold  washer,  being  a 
series  of  boxes  or  troughs  through  which  a  current  of  wa- 
ter is  made  to  flow ;  this  carries  the  lighter  portions  away 
from  the  seeds,  the  contents  of  the  boxes  being  agitated 


PROPAGATION.  71 

from  time  to  time.  At  the  close  of  the  process,  the  clean 
seed  is  found  in  the  bottoms  of  the  boxes,  whence  it  is  re- 
moved and  carefully  dried,  by  putting  it  in  an  airy  place, 
and  stirring  it  frequently  to  prevent  mildew  and  fermen- 
tation. Well  prepared  seed  is  plump  and  bright,  and 
should  feel  cold  to  the  hand.  When  the  pips  are  broken, 
they  should  be  white  and  clear  within  ;  but  the  best  test  of 
their  quality,  is  to  sprout  a  portion,  and  count  the  plants 
produced  by  a  given  number  of  seeds. 

SOWING. — The  seeds  may  be  put  into  the  ground,  either 
in  the  fall,  or  spring.  The  soil  having  been  well  prepared, 
and  deeply  pulverized,  is  thrown  up  in  beds  a  few  feet 
wide,  and  the  seed  sown  in  close  drills  across ;  or  without 
the  beds,  it  may  be  sown  in  broad  drills,  by  hand,  or  with 
a  machine,  the  rows  at  such  a  distance  as  to  allow  of  cul- 
ture by  horse-power.  It  is  desirable,  in  either  case,  to  got 
an  early  start  and  a  good  stand ;  the  weeds  must  be 
kept  under  from  the  very  first,  and  not  allowed  to  have  the 
mastery  for  a  single  day.  Thorough  culture  during  the 
season,  upon  a  deeply  tilled  soil,  of  such  a  character  as 
to  retain  moisture,  will  be  found  highly  advantageous 
in  the*  production  of  this  crop,  and  will  insure  immunity 
from  leaf-blight  and  other  adversities.  Some  recommend 
sprouting  the  seed  a  little  before  planting.  If  it  have 
been  kept  during  the  winter  mixed  with  its  bulk  of  sand, 
which  is  a  good  plan,  the  whole  may  be  subjected  to  a 
gentle  heat  as  in  a  hot-bed,  for  a  few  days,  just  before 
planting.  During  this  time  the  mass  must  be  stirred  and 
turned  every  day,  to  prevent  fermentation  and  to  secure 
an  even  start.  Whenever  the  germ  makes  its  appearance 
at  the  points  of  the  seeds,  which  is  called  pipping,  the 


72  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

sowing  must  begin,  and  should  be  done  as  quickly  as  pos- 
sible ;  the  covering  is  to  be  slight,  and  the  earth  should 
be  friable  and  not  disposed  to  bake.     The  depth  at  which 
the  apple  seed  is  to  be  covered  will  depend  upon  the  pres- 
ent and  prospective  state  of  the  weather,  lighter  if  moist, 
heavier  if  dry,  for  a  continued  drouth  might  be  f-ital  to 
sprouted  seed,  if  it  were  planted  too  near  the  surface ;  but 
when   the   weather  is   not   dry,  it  is   advised   that   the 
shallower  the  seed  is  sown,  the  better.     The  objection  has 
been  made  to  sprouting,  that  if  the  process  have  advanced 
too  far,  the  seedlings  will  be  apt  to  have  a  crook  at  or 
near  the  collar,  instead  of  the  straight  fusiform  appear- 
ance they  should  possess  when  presented  to  the  grafter. 
These  seedlings  furnish  the  stocks  upon  which  to  work 
the  finer  varieties  of  the  apple.     They  are  taken  up  in  the 
autumn  with  their  long  clean  roots,  which  are  often  longer 
than  their  tops,  the  leaves  are  stripped  off,  and  they  are 
assorted ;  the  larger  are  packed  away  in  earth  or  saw-dust 
in  the  grafting  department,  or  heeled-in  out  of  doors,  and 
covered  in  such  a  way  as  to  be  accessible  at  any  time  they 
may  be  needed  during  the  winter.     The  smaller  stocks 
are  heeled-in  for  spring  planting  in  nursery  rows  for  bud- 
ding, or  they  may  be  left  in  the  original  rows  for  another 
year's  growth  as  seedlings.     If  the  plants  have  been  well 
grown  and  not  too  thick,  so  that  the  majority  are  of  suffi- 
cient size,  it  will  be  better  to  take  them  all  up  at  once  and 
assort  them  as  just  indicated,  otherwise  the  largest  only 
may  be  drawn  separately  when  the  ground  is  soft  with 
autumnal  rains,  leaving  the  smaller  seedlings  for  another 
year's  growth.     In  assorting  and  selling  the  stocks,  nurs- 
erymen make  about  three  classes.     The  very  largest,  as 


PROPAGATION.  73 

thick  as  a  lead-pencil,  are  called  extra,  or  two-year  old, 
and  command  a  higher  price.  The  next  size,  called  1st 
class  stocks,  are  large  enough  for  co-aptation  to  the  aver- 
age scions,  and  long  enough  to  make  two  cuts  each  for 
grafting ;  and  those  that  fall  below  this  requisition  are 
considered  second  class,  and  are  either  thrown  aside  or  set 
out  for  budcling,  and  for  stock  or  collar-grafting  in  the 
rows. 


PROPAGATION.— SECTION    II.— GRAFTING. 


A  MODIFICATION  OF  CUTTINGS  —  SUCCESS  DEPENDANT  UPON  CELL- 
GROWTH  —  FORMING  A  UNION  WITH  THE  STOCK  —  LIMITS  TO  GRAFT- 
ING DEPENDANT  UPON  THE  ANATOMY  OF  THE  PLANT  —  PHYSIOLOGI- 
CAL BOUNDS  -  SUCCESS  IS  IN  PROPORTION  TO  THE  AFFINITY  — 
SEVERAL  SPECIES  AS  STOCKS  —  DISTINCT  GENERA  —  NARROW  LIMITS 

—  REQUISITES  —  EFFECTS      OF      UNCONGENIAL      STOCKS  — NATURAL 
GRAFTING     IS      INARCHING  —  GRAFTING      BY      APPROACH  —  VARIOUS 
METHODS   OF   GRAFTING  —  WHIP,  CLEFT,  SADDLE,  SIDE,   ETC  —  ILLUS- 
TRATIONS—  TYING,   WAXING,   ETC  —  RE-GRAFTING   OLD   ORCHARDS  — 
RENEW   SUCCESSIVE  PORTIONS  OF   THE   TREE  ;    TOP  FIRST  —  GRAFTING 
MACHINES  —  ROOT-GRAFTING  —  PREPARATION   OF     THE   SCIONS  —  OF 
THE   ROOTS  —  PRESERVATION   OF   THE  GRAFTS  —  DIVISION    OF   LABOR 

—  DIFFERENT     PORTIONS     OR     SECTIONS     OF      THE      ROOTS  —  STOCK- 
GRAFTING  —  GRAFTING-WAX  —  SEASONS   FOR  —  PROLONGED  —  SELEC- 
TION   OF   SCIONS  —  TIME     FOR     CUTTING—  MODE     OF   PRESERVING  — 
TREATMENT   OF   GRAFTS. 

GRAFTING  is  but  a  modification  of  propagation  by  cut- 
tings. The  scion  is  a  cutting  of  the  variety  we  wish  to 
propagate,  winch,  instead  of  being  committed  to  the 
ground  to  emit  its  own  roots,  is  placed  in  contact  with 
tissues  of  a  nature  similar  to  its  own,  through  which  it  is 
to  form  a  connection  with  the  roots  and  the  soil.  The 
success  of  the  operation  depends  upon  the  formative  cell 
in  this  instance  also,  as  in  the  cutting ;  new  cells  arc 


PROPAGATION.  75 

formed  upon  the  cut  surface,  and  the  intercommunication 
takes  place  through  them.  Hence  we  have  anatomical 
limits  to  grafting ;  there  are  physiological  bounds  beyond 
which  we  cannot  pass,  in  our  combinations  of  scion  and 
stock.  Our  success  is  in  the  direct  ratio  of  the  affinity 
that  exists  between  them  ;  thus  apple  grows  best  on  apple, 
and  even  among  these  we  find  the  closest  union  and  the 
best  results,  where  there  is  a  similiarity  between  the  style 
of  growth,  and  probably  in  the  character  of  the  cells. 

We  say,  as  a  general  rule,  that  stone  fruits  must  be 
grafted  upon  stone  fruits,  those  bearing  seeds,  upon  seed 
fruit ;  but  there  are  limits  even  here  which  confine  us  up- 
on one  hand,  and  give  us  more  latitude  upon  the(0ther. 
Thus  the  cherry  may  be  worked  upon  the  wild  cherry 
(Prunus  Virginiana,}  but  it  forms  a  very  poor  union  ;  the 
pear  will  grow  upon  the  thorn,  whi^h  has  a  very  different 
seed,  but  the  union  is  very  imperfect  and  the  tree  is  short- 
lived ;  the  apple  would  appear  to  be  much  nearer  of  kin, 
since  it  belongs  to  the  same  genus,  but  though  the  pear 
will  grow  vigorously  upon  this  stock,  it  is  no  more  per- 
manent than  upon  the  thorn :  either  of  them  will  answer 
when  grafted  low,  or  in  the  root,  to  start  the  cutting,  & 
the  scion  may  then  be  considered,  and  to  sustain  it  until 
it  shall  have  supplied  itself  with  roots.  In  top-grafting 
the  pear  upon  a  tree  of  either  species,  it  is  found  essential 
to  success,  and  it  conduces  to  the  greater  durability  of  the 
tree,  for  some  branches  of  the  original  stock  to  be  left  in- 
tact to  secure  the  circulation  of  the  trunk,  as  the  union  of 
the  dissimilar  cells  is  so  imperfect  that  it  does  not  furnish 
sufficient  vent  for  the  sap.  In  the  case  of  the  cherry  we 
find  that  the  varieties  appear  to  have  a  greater  affinity 


76  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

for  those  of  their  own  race ;  thus  the  Dukes  and  Morellos 
do  well  when  grafted  upon  the  Morello  stocks,  whereas 
the  Hearts  and  Biggarreau  sorts  do  not  make  a  good  union 
upon  these  stocks,  but  prefer  the  Mazzard,  which  has  a 
freer  growth  more  like  their  own.  Most  varieties  will  do 
well  upon  the  Mahaleb  stock,  which  is  used  as  a  means  of 
dwarfing  this  fruit,  though  not  a  d  \varf.  Upon  the  wild 
cherry,  which  belongs  to  quite  a  different  section  of  the 
genus,  the  cultivated  varieties  will  grow,  but  they  form 
a  very  imperfect  union. 

The  peach  may  be  worked  upon  the  plum  stock, 
and  is  claimed  to  be  somewhat  dwarfed  by  it,  and  to 
produce  superior  fruit.  This  stock  is  more  congenial 
to  the  apricot,  which  is  frequently  propagated  upon  it. 
Both  plums  and  apricots  may  be  worked  upon  the  peach 
stock,  and  they  will  grow  very  vigorously,  as  they  will 
upon  the  wild  plum,  but  they  soon  over-grow,  and  are 
very  apt  to  break  off.  When  either  of  these  species  is 
used  as  a  stock  for  the  plum  or  apricot,  they  should  be 
considered  merely  as  a  nursing  mother,  like  the  apple  or 
thorn  to  the  pear,  which  may  be  wanted  to  help  the  cut- 
ting until  it  shall  be  prepared  to  stand  alone,  and  feed  it- 
self from  its  own  roots.  In  other  words,  they  should  be 
grafted,  not  budded,  into  these  uncongenial  stocks,  and 
the  operation  should  be  performed  in  the  collar  or  below 
it,  in  the  root,  so  that  the  growing  scion  may  be  earthed 
up,  and  encouraged  to  furnish  itself  with  a  good  system 
of  roots  of  its  own.  The  success  will  then  depend  upon 
the  ability  of  the  scion  to  emit  roots  freely. 

We  must  never  forget  that  in  grafting,  we  are  confined 
to  very  narrow  limits.  Our  scion  must  be  of  a  similar 


PEOPAGATION.  77 

nature  with  the  stock,  each  must  have  cells  of  a  similar 
character,  capable  of  transmitting  their  nutritious  fluids 
from  one  to  the  other.  We  must  recollect  likewise,  that 
the  parts  must  be  so  co-apted  that  the  cells  of  wood 
growth  shall  be  brought  into  as  close  connection  as  pos- 
sible, in  both  scion  and  stock ;  these  cells  are  found  in  the 
layer,  called  the  cambium,  which  is  between  the  wood  and 
the  bark.  The  crude  sap  from  below  will  often  pass  from 
cell  to  cell,  when  the  elaborated  sap  of  the  cells  in  the 
scion  is  wholly  unfitted  for  the  formation  of  wood  cells  in 
the  stock  below  it;  of  course  the  union  in  such  a  case 
must  be  very  imperfect,  and  the  product  of  such  a  graft- 
ing will  be  subject  to  accident,  and  will  be  short-lived, 
though  the  result  in  fruit,  while  the  union  continues,  may 
be  very  precocious,  abundant,  and  of  superior  flavor. 

Natural  grafting  may  often  be  observed  by  the  student 
of  nature  when  wandering  among  his  favorites  of  the 
sylvan  shades.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  first  hint 
was  thus  communicated  to  the  early  gardeners.  In  nature 
we  always  find  the  grafting  to  be  inarching,  or  grafting 
by  approach ;  two  limbs  or  even  two  trees  approximating 
closely,  have  abraded  one  another,  and  have  afterward 
united  their  tissues  most  firmly  together.  This  is  gener- 
ally a  union  of  two  trees  of  the  same  variety  or  species ; 
but  such  is  not  always  the  case ;  sometimes  trees  of  very 
dissimilar  natures  unite  in  this  manner,  but  when  we  ex- 
amine them  we  find  only  a  dove-tailing,  only  a  mechanical 
union,  but  no  vital  action  subsists  between  them.  The 
ancients  give  us  some  fancy  sketches  of  the  unions  by 
grafting  of  very  dissimilar  trees,  and  some  moderns  who 
have  no  higher  claim  to  poetry  than  their  romancing,  tell 


78 


AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 


us  that  we  may  graft  the  peach  upon  the  Willow  and  But- 
tonwood",  and  form  other  equally  impossible  unions. 

The  different  methods  of  performing  the  operation  of 
grafting  vary  with  the  character  and  size,  and 
condition  of  the  stocks  to  be  worked ;  thus  we 
have  splice  grafting,  whip,  cleft,  saddle,  and  side 
grafting  with  modifications,  and  also  grafting 
by  approach,  which  is  generally  called  inarching 
—  though  sometimes  also  practiced  where  we 
desire  to  renew  the  roots  of  a  tree  that  are  un- 
healthy, or  to  restore  those 
that  have  been  removed  by 
accident  or  by  the  •  erosion 
of  some  rodent  animals. 

SPLICE  GRAFTING  is  the 
simplest  process,  and  is  appli- 
cable only  where  the  size  of 
the  stock  and  of  the  scion  cor- 
respond pretty  nearly ;  the  Fi£-  7- 
two  are  cut  with  a  sloping  curve,  each 
of  which  being  made  at  the  same  angle, 
will  coincide  with  the  other  when  they 
are  applied  together,  as  represented 
in  the  engraving,  fig.  7. 

WHIP  GRAFTING  is  a  modification  of 
Fig.  8.— WHIP  GRAFT-  the  above.    Each  portion  is  cut  in  a  slop- 
ING.  ing  manner  as  in  the  splice  grafting,  but 

each  is  also  split  with  a  thin-bladed  knife,  as  represented 
in  fig.  8.  The  object  in  this  is  to  give  a  firmer  union 
to  the  two  portions,  and  also  to  present  a  more  extended 
surface  for  the  effusion  of  the  new  cell  tissue  that  is  to 


PROPAGATION. 


79 


form  the  bond  of  union  in  cementing  them  together.  In 
both  these  methods,  but  especially  in  the  first,  the  parts 
must  be  held  together  in  co-aptation  by  some  kind  of 
bandage ;  this  is  generally  composed  of  grafting  wax, 
spread  upon  cloth  or  paper,  or  even,  as  now  extensively 
practiced,  upon  fine  thread.  Cotton  yarn  No.  3  is  drawn 
through  melted  grafting  wax,  and  as  it  cools,  it  is  wound 


A,  B.  c.  D. 

Fig.  9. — DIFFERENT  STEPS  IN  CLEFT  GRAFTING.  J.,  SCION  PREPARED 
FOR  SETTING.  IS,  THE  CLEFT  OPENED  BY  A  WEDGE.  C,  THE  SCION  IN- 
SERTED. J9,  SECTION  OF  STOCK  AND  SCION  TO  SHOW  THE  CO-APTA- 
TION OF  THE  PARTS  OF  THE  TWO. 

upon  a  reel  at  the  other  side  of  the  room,  whence  it  is 
drawn  as  wanted  by  the  grafter  or  tyer.  Tying  or  wrap- 
ping is  always  a  good  precaution,  and  when  the  splice  or 
cleft  graft  is  not  very  close,  it  becomes  necessary ;  but 
thousands  of  grafts  will  unite  equally  well  where  the 
parts  are  covered  with  earth,  without  any  such  appliance. 
CLEFT  GRAFTING  is  generally  done  when  the  stock  is 
larger  than  the  scion,  and  also  where  the  operation  is  per- 


80  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

formed  at  a  point  above  the  ground.     The  stock  is  split 
downward,  after  having  been  cut  ofi  at  the  point  where 
the  grafting  is  to  be  done.     The  knife  should  be  sharp, 
and  the  bark  should  be  cut  through  first,  to  avoid  its  being 
torn,  and  so  that  the  sides  of  the  cleft  shall  be  smooth. 
A  wedge  is  inserted  to  keep  the  cleft  open  for  the  inser- 
tion of  the  scion,  which  is  cut  on  each 
side   like   a   fine   wedge;    but   the   two 
planes  not  being  parallel,  the  bark  will 
be  left  on  one  side  to  the  very  point  of 
the  wedge,  while  on  the  other  it  will  be 
removed  a  part   of  the  way,  making  a 
feather  edge,  A,  fig.  9.     The  object  of 
this  is  to  have  the  pressure  of  the  cleft 
greatest  upon  the  outer  side,  where  the 
union  is  to  be  effected.     It  is  well  to  have 
a  bud  on  the  strip  of  bark  left  between 
the  two  cuts  used   in  forming  the  graft, 
this  should  be  near  the  top  of  the  cleft. 
One  or  two  grafts  may  be  inserted  into 
a  cleft,  or  more  clefts  may  be  made,  in 
Fig.  10. — CLEFT    iargre  stocks,  or  in  re-grafting  the  large 

GRAFTING    WITH 

BOTH  SCIONS  IN-  "Bibs  of  an  old  tree,  but  usually  one  is 
CLINED  INWARD,  sufficient  to  leave  growing ;  and  in  the 
young  tree,  only  one  should  ever  be  allowed  to  remain. 
When  the  scion  is  nicely  set  into  the  cleft,  so  that  the  in- 
ner bark  of  the  stock  and  graft  shall  coincide,  or  rather 
cross  a  very  little,  (see  fig.  10,)  the  wedge,  whether  of 
hard  wood,  or  of  iron,  should  be  gently  withdrawn,  and 
then  the  elasticity  of  the  stock  will  hold  the  scion  firmly 
to  its  place ;  this  pressure  should  not  be  too  severe.  In 


PROPAGATION. 


81 


this  kind  of  grafting,  if  the  pressure  be  sufficiently  firm, 
and  if  the  operation  have  been  performed  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  it  may  not  be  nec- 
essary to  make  any  other  application 
than  to  press  the  moist  earth  about  the 
parts,  and  cQver  all  but  the  top  of  the 
graft  with  soil,  and  place  a  stick  to  in- 
dicate the  plant  and  protect  it  from  in- 
jury. If,  on  the  contrary,  the  pressure 
of  the  cleft  be  not  sufficient  to  hold  the 
scion  firmly,  as  in  small  stocks,  the 
graft  must  be  tied.  For  this  a  piece  of 
bass  matting,  or  cotton  twine,  may  be 
used;  and  if  the  operation  has  been 
performed  above  ground,  the  whole 
must  "be  covered 
with  grafting 

Fig.  11. — SIDE  GRAFT- 
ING, wax,  applied,  ei- 
ther hot  with  a  brush,  or  cold,  after 
having  been  worked  with  the  hands, 
or  by  wrapping  with  strips  of  mus- 
lin or  paper  previously  spread  with 
the  wax.  In  old  times  grafting 
clay  was  used,  and  applied  with  the 
hands  as  a  lump  around  the  junc- 
tion ;  but  this  disagreeable  and 
clumsy  appliance  has  given  way 
to  more  elegant  and  convenient 
a  rra  n  O-PTTI  pn  t  <?  Fi£-  13-— SIDE  GRAFTING— 

ntS'  THE  STOCK  NOT  CUT  BACK. 

SIDE  GRAFTING  is  performed  in  two  ways.    In  one  it  is 
a  modification  of  cleft  grafting  in  which  there  is  no  cleft, 
4* 


m 


82  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

but  the  bark  is  started  from  the  wood,  and  the  scion,  cut 
as  shown  in  figure  11,  is  pressed  down  between  the  wood 
and  bark.  This  can  only  be  done  late  in  the  spring,  after 
the  sap  has  begun  to  flow  in  the  stock,  so  that  the  bark 
will  run ;  it  is  indeed  more  like  budding  than  grafting. 
The  other  modification  is  done  without  cutting  off  the 
stock.  The  knife  is  applied  to  the  side  of  a  stock  of  me- 
dium size,  and  a  cut  is  made  downward  and  extending  to 


Fig.  13.  —  TWO  FORMS  OP  SIDE  GRAFTING.  —  A,  J?,  THE  SCION  AND 
STOCK  FOR  THE  RICHARD  SIDE  GRAFT.  (7,  STOCK  FOR  THE  GIRARDIN 
SIDE  GRAFT.  D,  SCION,  AND  E,  FRUIT  BUD  FOR  THE  SAME. 

one-third  the  diameter,  fig.  12;  the  scion  is  cut  as  for 
cleft  grafting,  and  inserted  so  as  to  have  the  parts  well 
co-apted,  and  then  secured  as  usual.  This  plan  is  useful 
where  there  is  danger  of  too  free  a  flow  of  sap  from  the 
roots.  Two  other  kinds  of  side  graft  are  shown  in  fig.  13 
The  left-hand  figures  show  the  Richard  side  graft,  in  which 


PROPAGATION. 


83 


an  arched  branch,  A,  is  used.  This  is  inserted  under  the 
bark  of  the  stock,  B  /  above  the  graft  an  incision  is  made 
in  the  stock  down  to  the  wood,  to  arrest  the  flow  of  sap. 
After  the  insertion,  the  wound  is  covered  with  grafting 
wax.  The  Girardin  side  graft  is.  illustrated  at  the  three 
right-hand  figures.  A  fruit  bud,  E,  or  a  graft  with  a 
terminal  fruit  bud,  D,  is  inserted  under  the  bark  of  the 
stock,  (7,  in  August,  or  whenever 
suitable  buds  can  be  obtained  and 
the  bark  will  run.  The  wound  is 
tied  and  covered  with  wax,  as  be- 
fore. The  object  of  this  grafting 
is  to  secure  immediate  fruitage. 
Another  kind  of  side  grafting  con- 
sists in  plunging  a  dirk-shaped 
knife  directly  through  the  tree,  in- 
clining the  point  downward,  into 
this  opening  the  graft  is  inserted ; 
the  object  being  to  establish  a  limb 
on  a  naked  portion  of  the  trunk. 
SADDLE  GRAFTING  is  used  only 
with  stocks  of  small  size ;  it  is  per- 
formed  by  making  a  double  slope 
upon  the  stock,  and  by  opening  a  corresponding  space  in 
the  graft,  by  cutting  two  slopes  in  the  scion,  from  below 
upwards,  so  that  they  shall  meet  in  the  centre,  as  seen 
in  fig.  14.  Some  merely  split  the  scion. 

GRAFTING  BY  APPROACH,  or  as  it  is  generally  termed, 
inarching,  is  often*  practiced  where  there  is  difficulty  in 
making  the  scion  unite  with  the  stock;  it  is  not  often 
needed  in  the  culture  of  our  orchard  fruits,  but  may  be 


Fig.  14.— SADDLE     GRAFT- 


84  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

here  described.  The  stock  upon  which  we  wish  to  graft 
the  scion,  must  be  planted  near  the  variety  or  species  to 
be  increased.  A  small  "twig  of  the  latter,  which  can  be 
brought  close  to  the  stock,  is  selected  for  the  operation  ; 
a  slice  of  bark  and  wood  is  then  removed  from  the  twig, 
and  another  of  equal  size  from  the  stock,  so  managed,  that 
these  cut  surfaces  can  be  brought  together  and  secured 
in  that  position  until  they  have  united,  after  which  the 
twig,  that  has  been  used  as  a  scion,  is  cut  from  its  parent 
tree,  and  the  top  of  the  stock  is  carefully  reduced  until 
the  scion  has  sufficiently  developed  itself  to  act  as  the  top 
of  the  ingrafted  tree,  which  may  afterward  be  transplanted 
to  its  proper  station. 

A  modification  of  this  grafting  by  approach,  is,  howev- 
er, sometimes  of  great  service,  where  we  have  a  valuable 
tree  that  has  suffered  from  disease  in  the  roots,  or  from  in- 
jury to  them.  It  consists  in  planting  some  thrifty  young 
stocks,  with  good  roots,  about  the  base  of  the  tree,  after 
having  prepared  the  ground  by  thorough  digging,  and  by 
the  addition  of  good  soil  if  necessary.  These  stocks  are 
then  inserted  upwards  into  the  healthy  portion  of  the 
trunk,  by  the  process  of  side  grafting  reversed  or  invert- 
ed, or  by  the  usual  method  of  inarching. 

RING  GRAFTING  OR  BARK  GRAFTING  is  not  much  used, 
and  in  small  stocks  it  is  rather  a  kind  of  budding,  for  then 
a  ring  of  bark  is  removed  at  the  proper  season  of  year, 
generally  about  midsummer,  and  it  is  replaced  by  a  similar 
ring  of  bark  from  a  shoot  of  the  same  size,  taken  from  a 
tree  of  the  variety  to  be  propagated  *  this  ring  of  bark 
must  be  furnished  with  a  healthy  bud.  This  method  has 
little  to  recommend  it,  and  can  only  be  applied  when  both 


PROPAGATION. 


85 


the  stock  and  the  scion  are  in  a  growing  condition,  so  that 
the  bark  will  run  freely ;  care  also  must  be  exercised  to 
avoid  injuring  the  eye  of  the  bud,  in  peeling  off  the  ring. 
A  modification  of  bark  grafting  may  be  applied  with  great 
advantage,  however,  to  an  old  tree,  that  has  met  with 
an  injury  to  a  portion  of  its  bark.  The  injured  part, 
should  be  pared  smoothly  to  the  sound  bark  and  wood.. 
This  may  be  done  with  a  sloping  cut,  or, 
the  edge  may  be  made  abrupt  and, 
square  with  a  chisel  and  mallet ;  a  piece 
of  fresh  wood  and  bark  is  then  to  be 
cut  from  a  healthy  tree  and  fitted  pre- 
cisely to  the  fresh  wound,  and  secured 
in  its  place  with  bandages,  and %  graft- 
ing clay  or  wax  is  then  applied,  thus 
making  what  the  surgeons  would  call  a 
sort  of  taliacotian  operation.  Instead 
of  a  single  piece  of  wood  and  bark,  a 
number  of  young  shoots  may  be  used 
to  make  the  communication  complete; 
these  are  set  close  together  and  secured 
in  the  usual  manner ;  see  fig.  15. 

RE-GRAFTING  OLD  ORCHARDS.  —  Old 

iy.  15. — BARK  GRAFT- 
ING, TO  REPAIR  AN    orchards  of  inferior  fruit  may  be  entire- 
JNJURED  TREE.       ]v   re.made   and    re-formed    by   graft- 
ing the  limbs  with  such  varieties  as  we  may  desire.     A 
new  life  is  by  this  process  often  infused  into  the  trees, 
which  is  due  to  the  very  severe  pruning  which  the  trees 
then  receive ;  they  are  consequently  soon  covered  with  a 
vigorous  growth  of  young  healthy  wood,  which  replaces 
the  decrepid  and  often  decaying  spray  that  accumulates 
in  an  old  orchard,   and   the  fruit  produced   for  several 


86  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

years  by  the  new  growth  is  not  only  more  valuable  in 
kind,  according  to  the  judgment  used  in  the  selection  of 
grafts,  but  it  is  more  fair,  smooth  and  healthy,  and  of  bet- 
ter size  than  that  which  was  previously  furnished  by  the 
trees.  Certain  varieties  are  brought  at  once  into  bearing 
when  thus  top-grafted,  which  would  have  been  long  in  de- 
veloping their  fruitful  condition  if  planted  as  nursery 
trees.  Others  are  always  better  and  finer  when  so  worked, 
than  on  young  trees.  Some  of  the  finest  specimens  of  the 
Northern  Spy  apple,  exhibited  at  'the  fairs,  have  been  pro- 
duced by  grafts  inserted  into  the  terminal  branches  of  old 
bearing  trees.  There  is  a  theory  held  by  some  orchard- 
ists,  that  the  further  the  junction  of  the  graft  with  the 
stock  is  removed  from  the  root,  the  better  will  be  the 
fruit.  This,  however,  is  not  well  supported,  and  the  cir- 
cumstance, when  observed,  is  probably  dependent  upon 
other  causes. 

In  renewing  an  old  orchard  by  grafting  its  head,  it  will 
not  be  a  good  plan  to  attempt  the  whole  tree  at  once ;  the 
pruning  would  be  too  severe,  and  would  be  followed  by  a 
profusion  of  succulent  shoots  breaking  out  from  the  large 
branches,  such  as  are  called  water-sprouts.  Those  who 
have  practiced  most,  prefer  at  first,  to  remove  about  one- 
third  of  the  limbs  for  grafting,  and  those  should  be 
selected  at  the  top  of  the  tree.  The  new  growth  thus  has 
an  open  field  for  its  development,  and  the  lower  limbs 
will  be  invigorated,  while  they  tend  also  to  preserve  the 
equilibrium  of  the  tree  in  a  double  sense,  physically  and 
physiologically.  The  next  year  another  third  of  the  limbs 
may  be  grafted,  and  the  remainder  the  year  following,  as 
practiced  by  Mr.  Geo.  Olmstead,  of  Connecticut,  who,  on 


PROPAGATION.  87 

the  sixth  year  from  the  first  grafting,  harvested  28J  bush- 
els of  choice  apples  from  a  single  tree  that  was  75  years 
old,  and  which  before  only  produced  inferior  fruit.  J.  J. 
Thomas  recommends,  "to  give  a  well-shaped  head  to  such 
newly  formed  trees,  and  to  prevent  the  branches  from 
shooting  upward  in  a  close  body  near  the  centre  of  the 
tree ;  that  the  old  horizontal  boughs  should  be  allowed  to 
extend  to  a  distance  in  each  direction,  while  the  upright 


Fig.  16.— JRENEWAL  OF  THE  TOP  OF  AN  OLD  TREE. 

ones  should  be  lopped  ;"  see  fig.  16.  The  same  writer  also 
advises,  "instead  of  cutting  off  large  branches  and  graft- 
ing them  at  once,  it  is  better  to  prune  the  top  in  part, 
which  will  cause  an  emission  of  vigorous  shoots.  These 
are  then  budded,  or  grafted.  .  *  *  *  And  as  the  grafts 
gradually  extend  by  growth,  the  remainder  of  the  top 
may,  by  successive  excisions,  be  entirely  removed." 

GRAFTING  IN  THE  NURSERY  is  either  done  at  or  near  the 
collar  of  the  stock,  or  it  is  performed  in-doors  upon  the 


88  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

roots  or  sections  of  roots  of  young  stocks.  The  latter 
may  be  first  described,  as  it  constitutes  the  most  extensive 
means  of  multiplying  fruit  trees.  It  is  a  sort  of  ma- 
chinery, with  division  of  labor,  and  appliances,  that  enable 
the  operators  to  turn  out  immense  numbers.  Machinery 
has  indeed  been  applied  to  the  business ;  we  have  grafting 
apparatus  to  facilitate  the  work.  The  Minkler  machine 
consists  of  a  frame  or  guage  which  regulates  the  angle  of 
the  slope,  which  is  cut  with  a  broad  chisel  that  reduces 
the  roots  and  scions  to  a  condition  for  putting  them  to 
gether;  by  its  use  an  immense  number  of  grafts  can  be 
cut,  and  another  hand  binds  them  together  with  the  waxed 
thread,  without  any  tie.  Mr.  Robey's  machine  consists 
of  a  complicated  shears  to  cut  the  slope  and  tongue  at  one 
operation,  preparing  the  pieces  for  whip  grafting.  Mr.  S. 
S.  Jackson,  of  Cincinnati,  has  also  invented  an  apparatus 
for  this  purpose,  which  proves  to  be  very  useful. 

ROOT  GRAFTING. — The  methods  of  performing  the  opera- 
tion vary  somewhat,  but  all  agree  in  the  object  to  be  attain- 
ed :  the  co-aptation  of  the  scion  with  a  piece  of  root.  Some 
grafters  use  only  the  upper  portion  of  the  root,  thinking 
the  original  collar  of  the  seedling  stock  the  only  point  at 
which  the  most  perfect  and  successful  union  between  the 
aerial  and  terrestrial  portions  of  trees  should  or  can  be 
effected  —  theoretically  this  may  be  very  well,  but  the 
practice  constantly  pursued,  in  myriads  of  cases,  abun< 
dantly  proves  that  the  grafting  need  not  be  restricted  to 
this  part,  and  that  a  perfect  union  may  be  effected  at  any 
point  of  the  root,  and  that  this  may  even  be  inverted. 
The  very  common  practice  has  been  to  take  two  or  more 
cuts  from  the  root,  when  it  is  of  sufficient  size  and  length ; 


PROPAGATION.  89 

and  though  some  of  our  best  propagators  restrict  them- 
selves to  two  cuts  from  each,  others,  who  have  experi- 
mented carefully,  insist  that  the  third  section  will  average 
as  well  as  the  others.  A  lot  of  trees,  worked  especially 
for  a  test  in  this  matter,  gave  the  following  results. 

In  1859  an  average  lot  of  roots  and  scions,  about  fifty 
in  each  lot,  were  treated  as  follows,  White  Pippin  and 
Willow-leaf  being  used  as  scions  :  — 

White  Pippin — No.  1,  being  on  the  first  cut  of  the  root, 
had  made  a  fair  growth. 

No.  2,  being  on  the  second  cut,  were  quite  as  good  or 
better. 

No.  3,  being  on  the  third  cut,  were  not  quite  so  good  as 
the  others,  the  ground  being  partially  shaded  by  a  large  tree. 

Another,  of  Willow-leaf— No.  1,  on  the  3d  cut  of  root, 
very  good  growth. 

No.  2,  on  very  slender  roots,  nearly  as  good. 

No.  3,  only  1  inch  of  root  to  1  inch  of  scion ;  not  so 
good  growth  nor  so  good  a  strike,  but  shaded  by  a  tree. 
*  No.  4,  on  2d  cut  of  root,  not  so  good  as  the  third. 

No.  5,  on  average  lot,  not  waxed,  as  good  as  any. 

No.  6,  roots  worked  upside-down,  mostly  failed. 

D.  O.  Reeder  exhibited  some  2-year  old  apple  trees, 
worked  on  the  root  inverted,  they  were  of  very  good 
growth. 

For  root  grafting,  thrifty  stocks  are  wanted  of  one  or 
two  years'  growth,  the  smoother  and  straighter  the  roots, 
the  better.  These  should  be  taken  up  from  the  seed-bed 
in  the  fall,  selected,  tied  in  bundles,  and  stored  in  the  cel- 
lar or  cave,  or  buried  in  the  soil  where  they  shall  be  acces- 
sible at  any  time,  and  where  they  will  be  kept  fresh  and 


90  A.MERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

plump.  The  roots  and  scions  having  been  prepared  and 
under  shelter,  the  work  of  grafting  may  proceed  at  any 
time  during  the  winter.  The  stocks,  if  not  clean,  should 
be  washed,  and  one  hand  trims  off  the  side  rootlets.  The 
grafter  cuts  a  hundred  scions  of  the  appropriate  length, 
which  he  puts  into  a  shallow  box  on  the  table ;  he  takes  up 
a  stock,  cuts  the  slope  near  the  collar,  and  a  dextrous 
hand  will  at  the  same  time  make  the  sloping  cut  to  re- 
ceive the  first  graft  and  also  the  tongue,  if  that  style  of 
grafting  is  to  be  done,  as  is  usually  practised.  He  then 
picks  up  a  scion,  from  a  lot  which  himself  or  another  hand 
has  already  prepared  with  a  slope  and  tongue,  and  adapts 
it  to  the  root,  the  tongue  keeping  the  two  together ;  a  por- 
tion of  the  root  is  then  cut  off  with  the  graft,  and  the 
process  is  repeated  upon  the  next  section.  Two  or  three 
or  more  grafts,  are  thus  made  from  one  seedling  root ;  the 
length  of  the  sections  vary  from  two  to  four  inches,  ac- 
cording to  the  fancy  of  the  operator,  or  of  his  employer. 
Some  persons  recommend  a  long  scion  with  a  short  root, 
and  others  prefer  to  reverse  those  terms.  The  whole  rogt 
graft  should  not  be  more  than  six  or  seven  inches  long. 

When  any  given  number  of  scions  are  fitted  to  the 
roots,  a  boy  completes  the  process  of  grafting,  by  applying 
melted  wax  with  a  brush,  in  which  case  they  a-re  dropped 
into  water  to  harden  the  wax,  or  they  are  wrapped  with 
waxed  strips  of  muslin  or  paper,  or,  better  still,  they  are 
tied  with  waxed  thread.  No.  3  cotton  yarn  is  drawn 
through  a  pan  of  melted  wax,  and  wound  upon  a  reel 
plajced  at  the  other  side  of  the  room,  so  that  the  wax 
may  harden.  This  waxed  thread  is  a  very  convenient 
tie ;  the  graft  being  hfild  in  the  left  hand,  the'  thread  is 


PROPAGATION.  91 

wound  about  it  two  or  three  turns ;  as  the  wax  causes  the 
bandage  to  adhere  to  itself  where  it  crosses,  no  knot  ia 
needed,  and  the  thread  is  broken  off  with  a  quick  jerk. 

In  splice  grafting,  whether  performed  with  any  of  the 
machines,  or  if  the  slopes  of  root  and  scion  be  cut  with 
the  thin  grafting  knife,  the  tying  must  be  done  by  the 
same  hand  that  selects  and  places  the  scion  upon  the  root. 
This  does  not  admit  of  the  same  division  of  labor,  and  the 
fingers,  becoming  sticky  from  the  wax,  cannot  be  so  nim- 
ble, and  are  unfit  for  cutting.  When  the  lot  is  tied,  they 
are  set  into  the  box,  which  should  be  inclined  at  an  angle, 
and  interspersed  with  earth  or  saw-dust ;  for  transporta- 
tion. Saw-dust,  just  as  it  comes  from  the  mill,  neither 
wet  nor  dry,  is  preferred  by  some  as  a  packing  material, 
and  it  has  been  found  very  efficacious,  excluding  and  ad- 
mitting the  air  just  in  the  right  proportions  to  prevent 
desiccation,  and  to  promote  the  union,  which  very  soon 
takes  place  between  the  graft  and  the  root,  if  the  boxes 
be  stored  in  the  cellar.  In  an  ice-house  root  grafts  have 
been  kept  in  saw-dust  more  than  a  year,  and  then  planted 
and  grown  successfully.  The  boxes  should  be  deep 
enough  to  receive  the  whole  graft — say  from  10  to  12 
inches — and  then  they  can  be  packed  upon  one  another 
without  injuring  the  scions;  these  should  be  distinctly 
marked  with  the  name  and  number,  so  as  to  be  ready  for 
planting  out  in  the  spring. 

Much  discussion  has  been  had  upon  the  merits  and  de- 
merits, or  disadvantages  of  root  grafting,  and  much  the- 
oretical argument  has  been  brought  against  the  practice ; 
but  beautiful  trees  are  thus  made  in  immense  numbers  in 
the  extensive  nurseries  of  our  country,  and  until  better 


92  AMEKICAN  POMOLOGY. 

arguments  can  be  produced  against  the  practice,  nursery- 
men will  continue  to  graft  on  sections  of  root,  such  va- 
rieties, as  are  suitable  for  this  procedure — especially  ap- 
ples, in  a  large  proportion  of  the  varieties  cultivated,  some 
pears,  some  peaches,  grapes,  and  other  fruits. 

Root  grafting  is  now  of  almost  universal  application 
with  the  apple.  It  has  many  advantages,  which  may  be 
summed  up  as  follows :  Two  or  more  plants  may  be  pro- 
duced from  the  root  of  one  stock ;  these  may  be  made  with 
great  rapidity ;  the  work  may  all  be  performed  in-doors 
and  during  the  whole  winter  season,  when  nothing  can  be 
done  outside ;  they  are  of  small  bulk,  and  great  numbers 
may  be  stowed  away  in  little  space,  they  may  be  trans- 
ported to  any  distance  in  this  condition,  and  are  ready  for 
planting  with  the  opening  of  spring,  when  they  may  be 
set  in  the  nursery  rows  at  once ;  or,  they  may  be  bedded 
out  in  a  small  space  and  mulched,  to  protect  them  from 
drouth,  and  the  weeds  can  easily  be  kept  under.  Another 
advantage  of  bedding  out  the  root-grafts  is,  that  they  may 
be  assorted  according  to  their  size  the  next  season,  when 
transplanted  into  the  nursery  rows.  This  very  transplant- 
ing too  is  a  great  advantage,  for  the  roots  will  be  much 
improved  by  the  process. 

The  theoretical  objections  to  root  grafts  have  yielded 
to  sound  philosophy,  based  on  and  supported  by  practical 
observation.  The  very  many  advantages  of  this  more 
economical  and  convenient  and  agreeable  process,  will 
necessarily  sustain  root-grafting  in  this  fast  age,  when  so 
many  millions  of  trees  are  needed  for  the  rapidly  extend- 
ing wants  of  this  nation  of  tree  planters.  We  may,  how- 
ever, consider  some  of  the  practical  objections  which  have 


PROPAGATION.  93 

been  brought  forward  against  this  plan  of  multiplying  the 
apple.  In  our  very  changeable  climate,  and  particularly 
in  the  North-west,  upon  the  prairies,  the  cold  of  winter 
often  supervenes  with  great  suddenness,  after  the  young 
trees  have  made  a  prolonged  and  vigorous  growth  in  the 
fertile  soil,  and  produces  terrible  devastation  among  those 
that  are  there  exposed,  without  protection  of  any  kind,  to 
the  rude  blasts  of  the  storm-king:  in  a  less  degree,  injury 
is  very  frequent  with  many  such  late-growing  kinds,  at  the 
first  access  of  a  severe  frost ;  this  is  manifested  in  the  burst- 
ing of  the  bark  near  the  base  of  the  stem.  The  same  thing 
is  not  so  often  seen  in  the  same  varieties,  when  they  have 
been  budded  or  stock  grafted  a  foot  or  more  from  the 
ground  upon  hardy  seedling  stocks,  hence  judicious  prop- 
agators have  selected  the  "  tender  "  varieties  for  this  kind 
of  working,  and  confine  their  root-grafting  to  those  less 
liable  to  the  injury.  There  are  other  varieties  which  do 
not  readily  and  promptly  form  a  strong  upright  growth, 
so  as  to  be  profitable  trees  to  the  nurseryman  if  root 
grafted;  these  are  selected  for  stock  working,  either  on 
strong  seedlings,  or  upon  hardy  upright  sorts  that  have 
been  root  grafted  for  the  purpose  of  being  thus  double- 
worked.  This  plan  has  been  pursued  to  a  limited  extent 
only,  but  its  advantages  in  the  production  of  good  trees 
of  the  slender  growing  varieties,  begin  to  be  appreciated, 
and  as  the  demand  increases,  our  intelligent  nurserymen 
will  very  soon  furnish  the  requisite  supply. 

Planting. — When  the  weather  is  fine,  and  the  soil  in 
good  condition,  the  root-grafts  are  to  be  set  out  with  a 
dibble,  by  the  line ;  they  should  be  planted  rather  deeply, 
one  bud  projecting  above  the  surface  of  the  ground.  The 


94  AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 

culture  must  be  thorough,  the  plants  should  be  kept  per- 
fectly clean,  but  it  is  questionable  whether  the  growth 
should  be  pushed  late  in  the  season ;  indeed,  it  is  prefer- 
able to  check  the  vegetation  at  mid-summer.  For  this 
purpose  it  has  been  recommended  to  cease  cultivating  the 
soil,  or  even  to  sow  the  ground  with  a  heavy  seeding  of 
oats,  so  as  to  check  the  growth  before  winter.  In  good 
soils,  with  good  culture,  the  average  hight  in  the  rows 
will  be  two  feet,  but  there  is  a  great  difference  in  the 
kinds ;  some  will  considerably  exceed  this  hight.  In- 

» 

telligent  nurserymen  no  longer  endeavor  to  have  an  exces- 
sive growth  in  the  first  year,  and  many  prefer  the  bedding 
plan  above  alluded  to. 

Trimming,  Pinching,  or  Heading. — The  growth  dur- 
ing the  first  year  is  generally  a  single  shoot,  sometimes 
two.  If  there  be  a  second,  it  should  be  subordinated  by 
pinching  off  its  extremity,  never  by  trimming  it  off;  in- 
deed, laterals  should  always  be  encouraged,  and  this  will  be 
more  and  more  the  case,  since  the  demand  for  low-headed 
trees  is  increasing,  as  the  laws  of  physiology  are  better 
understood.  A  young  tree,  well  furnished  with  laterals, 
is  always  more  stocky,  and  every  way  better,  though  not 
so  tall  as  that  which  has  been  drawn  up  to  a  single  stem. 
To  encourage  this  condition,  some  advise  the  pinching  out 
the  terminal  bud  in  the  midst  of  the  growing  season, 
which  will  cause  the  swelling  and  subsequent  breaking  of 
the  lower  buds,  so  as  to  furnish  plenty  of  laterals.  If 
done  later  in  the  season,  especially  with  strong-growing 
varieties,  a  branching  head  may  be  formed  higher  up,  d  ar- 
ing  the  first  season,  making  very  pretty  trees.  This  is, 
however,  seldom  attempted  with  root-grafts  the  first  sea- 


PROPAGATION.  95 

son,  though  it  is  very  common  for  collar-grafted  trees,  and 
for  buds  on  strong  stocks  to  make  a  fine  branching  growth 
the  first  year.  The  second  season  the  trees  should  all  be 
headed-in,  and  the  laterals  spurred-in  early  in  the  spring, 
or  in  mild  weather  during  the  winter,  if  the  scions  are 
wanted.  This  method  of  making  stocky  plants  cannot  be 
too  highly  commended,  nor  can  the  opposite  plan,  of  trim- 
ming off*  all  the  side  branches,  and  even  of  stripping  the 
leaves  from  the  lower  part  of  the  shoots,  during  the  first 
summer,  be  too  severely  condemned. 

STOCK  GRAFTING  has  many  advocates,  and  for  some  va- 
rieties this  plan  is  preferable.  The  union  may  be  efiected 
at  any  point  from  the  collar  upward.  Formerly,,  the 
place  was  selected  to  suit  the  convenience  of  the  grafter, 
and  many  old  orchards  show  very  plainly  where  they  were 
worked,  the  stock  or  the  scion  having  overgrown,  and  it 
is  very  curious  that  some  varieties  may  be  indicated  as 
good  feeders  of  the  stock  below  them,  and  the  contrary. 
At  present,  tree  planters  are  more  fastidious,  and  object 
to  these  irregularities  in  the  stems  of  their  trees.  They 
will  purchase  nothing  that  shows  the  point  of  union  above 
ground,  hence  the  more  common  use  of  collar  grafting,  as 
it  has  been  called,  or  the  insertion  of  the  scion  at  or  near 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  Stocks  that  have  been  culti- 
vated one  or  two  years  in  the  nursery  row,  are  selected 
for  this  purpose ;  the  earth  is  removed  from  them,  they  are 
cut  off"  and  grafted  as  they  stand,  and  with  their  fine 
strong  roots  undisturbed,  the  result  of  one  summer's 
growth  is  very  satisfactory,  making  beautiful  trees  fit  for 
the  orchard.  Older  trees,  especially  those  with  straight 
clean  stems,  are  often  grafted  standard  high,  so  as  to  pro- 


96  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

duce  a  fine  salable  tree  at  once,  or  in  one  season.  This 
is  a  very  good  plan  with  some  of  the  slender  and  strag- 
gling varieties,  such  as  are  called  poor  growers,  and  which 
are  unprofitable  to  the  nurseryman  when  propagated  in  the 
usual  manner.  Grafting  or  budding  upon  such  stocks  is 
also  resorted  to  very  often,  when  it  i§  desirable  at  once  to 
furnish  large,  or  salable  trees  of  new  varieties. 

In  grafting  upon  a  large  stock,  or  upon  the  tops  of  an 
old  tree,  the  process  called  cleft  grafting  is  generally 
used.  Here,  as  in  all  forms  of  this  process,  the  object  to 
be  attained,  is  the  co-aptation  of  the  inner  bark  of  both 
stock  and  scion.  The  latter  is  held  in  its  place  by  the 
clasping  of  the  former,  and  is  also  covered  by  some  mate- 
rial that  is  pliant,  and  which  will  exclude  the  air  and 
moisture. 

The  advantages  of  stock-grafting  are  the  changing  of  an 
old  tree  from  bad  to  good  fruit,  which  is  produced  in  a  few 
years ;  it  is  also  applicable  to  large  stocks,  and  produces  an 
immediate  result,  making  salable  trees  in  one  year.  It  is 
also  desirable  for  some  poor-growing  varieties,  which  are 
slow  in  making  a  tree  from  the  ground ;  but  it  has  its  dis 
advantages  also.  The  nurseryman  must  wait  until  his 
stocks  have  been  grown  one  or  more  years  in  the  nursery, 
his  trees  will  sometimes  be  larger  than  he  desires,  they 
will  be  apt  to  have  the  mark  of  the  grafting  as  a  blemish 
upon  the  stalk  sometimes  during  the  life  of  the  tree; 
and  worse  than  all,  he  is  restricted  to  a  brief  period  in  the 
spring,  when  he  is  'obliged  to  perform  the  operation 
out  of  doors,  and  often  in  very  unpleasant  weather. 

As  a  result  of  all  the  discussions  upon  this  subject,  it  is 
found  that  stock-grafting,  whether  at  the  collar  or  at  some 


PROPAGATION.  97 

distance  above  the  ground,  is  still  practiced,  and  has  many 
warm  advocates,  as  a  better  means  of  making  the  best  trees. 
The  only  objections  are  the  greater  expense  of  culture  of 
the  stocks,  and  greater  labor  in  grafting ;  the  limited  pe- 
riod at  which  the  work  can  be  performed,  and  the  exposure 
of  the  workman  during  its  performance,  which  is  often  at 
a  stormy  season,  and  always  during  a  busy  portion  of  the 
year.  The  trees  too,  in  the  orchard,  are  often  somewhat 
deformed  by  an  irregularity  of  growth,  and  have  an  en- 
largement either  above  or  below  the"  union,  which  is  un- 
sightly. 

The  kind  of  grafting  will  depend  upon  the  size  of  the 
stocks ;  splice  and  whip-grafting  on  the  smaller,  and  cleft- 
grafting  on  the  larger  ones,  must  be  practiced.  The  wax- 
ing may  be  done  by  any  of  the  methods  indicated,  accord- 
ing to  the  fancy  ;  but  it  must  always  be  more  thoroughly 
done  in  aerial,  than  in  underground  grafting,  whether 
this  be  in  the  collar  or  upon  sections  of  the  root ;  in  the 
former  the  whole  of  the  cut  surfaces  must  be  covered, 
to  prevent  desiccation  by  the  winds,  or  the  inroads  of 
insects,  or  of  wet  from  rains. 

WAX. — Various  combinations  of  the  materials  used  in 
the  preparation  of  grafting-wax,  have  been  recommended 
by  different  operators.  The  desideratum  being  to  have  a 
material  that  shall -be  sufficiently  pliant,  and  at  the  same 
time  firm  enough  to  withstand  the  elevated  temper- 
atures to  which  it  may  be  exposed.  A  mean  is  preferred, 
neither  too  hard  nor  too  soft,  and  the  proportions  of  the 
ingredients  are  varied  according  as  it  is  proposed  to  use 
it  out  of  doors,  or  in  the  house,  in  cold  weather  or 
warm. 

7 


98  AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 

A  favorite  recipe,  with  a  practical  nurseryman  of  great 
experience,  is: 

Rosin,  six  parts,        } 

Bees-wax,  one  part,  >•  melted  together. 

Tallow,  one  part,       ) 

This  is  to  be  used  warm,  when  grafting  in  the  house. 
-  For  out-door  work  he  used  the  following : 

Rosin,  four  or  five  parts. 

Bees-wax,  one  and  one-half  to  two  parts. 

Linseed  oil,  one  to  one  and  one-half. 

This  is  made  into  a  mass  to  be  applied  by  hand.  A  very 
pleasant  and  neat  mode  of  using  the  wax  is  to  pour  it 
when  melted,  upon  thin  muslin  or  strong  paper,  and  spread 
it  thin  with  a  spatula.  The  tissue  is  then  cut  into  strips 
of  convenient  size.  The  application  to  cotton  yarn  for 
root-grafting,  has  already  been  mentioned. 

The  French  use  the  preparation  given  below,  sufficiently 
warm  to  be  liquid,  but  not  so  hot  as  to  injure  the  tissues 
of  the  tree,  and  apply  it  with  a  brush : 

Black  pitch 28  parts. 

Burgundy  pitch 38      " 

Bees-wax 16     u 

Grease 14      " 

Yellow  ochre...  ..14     " 


Making 100  parts.* 

Mr.  I)u  Breuil  also  refers  to  Leport's  liquid  mastic  in 
terms  of  commendation,  but  speaks  of  it  as  a  secret 
composition. 

Downing  recommends  melting  together : 

Bees-wax 3  parts. 

Rosin 3     " 

Tallow 2     " 

*  Du  Breuil,  Culture  of  Fruit  Trees  ;   English  Translation. 


PROPAGATION.  99 

He  says,  the  common  wax  of  the  French  is 

Pitch one-half  pound. 

Beeswax.. "  " 

Cow-dung one  pound. 

To  be  boiled  together,  and  laid  on  with  a  brush,  and  for 
using  cold  or  on  strips  of  muslin,  equal  parts  of  tallow, 
bees-wax,  and  rosin,  some  preferring  a  little  more  tallow. 
J.  J.  Thomas,  whose  practical  knowledge  is  proverbial, 
recommends  for  its  cheapness 

Linseed  oil one  pint. 

Rosin .six  pounds. 

Bees-wax on  e  pound. 

Melted  together,  to  be  applied  warm  with  a  brush,,  or  to 
be  put  on  paper  or  muslin,  or  worked  with  wet  hands  in- 
to a  mass  and  drawn  out  into  ribbons. 

The  season  for  grafting  is  quite  a  prolonged  one,  if  we  in- 
clude the  period  during  which  it  may  be  done  in  the  house, 
and  the  ability  we  have  of  retarding  the  scions  by  cold, 
using  ice.  It  should  be  done  while  the  grafts  are  dor- 
mant, which  is  at  any  time  from  the  fall  of  the  leaf  until 
the  swelling  of  the  buds.  As  the  grafts  would  be  likely 
to  suffer  from  prolonged  exposure,  out-door  grafting  is 
done  just  before  vegetation  commences  in  the  spring,  but 
may  be  prolonged  until  the  stocks  are  in  full  leaf,  by 
keeping  back  the  scions,  in  which  case,  however,  there  is 
more  danger  to  the  stock  unless  a  portion  of  its  foliage  is 
allowed  to  remain  to  keep  up  the  circulation ;  under  these 
circumstances,  too,  side-grafting  is  sometimes  used  with 
the  same  view. 

The  stone  fruits  are  worked  first ;  cherries,  plums,  and 
peaches,  then  pears  and  apples.  With  regard  to  grafting 


100  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

grapes,  there  is  a  diversity  of  opinion.  Some  operators 
prefer  very  early  in  the  season,  as  in  February,  and  others 
wait  until  the  leaves  have  appeared  upon  the  vine  to  be 
grafted. 

SCIONS  OB  GBAFTS  are  to  be  selected  from  healthy  plants 
of  the  variety  we  wish  to  propagate.  They  should  be 
the  growth  of  the  previous  year,  of  average  size,  well  de- 
veloped, and  with  good  buds,  those  having  flower  buds 
are  rejected.  If  the  shoots  be  too  strong,  they  are  often 
furnished  with  poor  buds,  and  are  more  pithy,  and  there- 
fore they  are  more  difficult  to  work  and  are  less  likely  to 
grow.  Grafts,  cut  from  young  bearing  orchards,  are  the 
best,  and  being  cut  from  fruiting  trees,  this  enables 
us  to  be  certain  as  to  correctness  of  the  varieties  to 
be  propagated ;  but  they  are  generally  and  most  rapidly 
collected  from  young  nursery  trees,  and  as  an  orchardist 
or  nurseryman  should  be  able  to  judge  of  all  the  varieties 
he  cultivates  by  the  appearance  of  their  growth,  foliage, 
bark,  dots,  etc.,  there  is  little  danger  in  taking  the  scions 
from  such  untested  trees. 

Time  for  cutting  Scions. — The  scions  may  be  cut  at  any 
time  after  the  cessation  of  growth  in  the  autumn,  even  be- 
fore the  leaves  have  fallen,  until  the  buds  burst  in  the 
spring,  always  avoiding  severely  cold  or  frosty  weather, 
because  of  the  injury  to  the  tree  that  results  from  cutting 
at  such  a  time,  though  the  frost  may  not  have  injured  the 
scion.  The  best  nurserymen  prefer  to  cut  them  in  the  au- 
tumn, before  they  can  have  been  injured  by  cold.  They 
should  be  carefully  packed  in  fine  earth,  sand,  or  saw- 
dust, and  placed  in  the  cellar  or  cave.  The  leaves  strip- 
ped from  them,  make  a  very  good  packing  material ;  moss 


PROPAGATION.  101 

is  often  used,  where  it  can  be  obtained,  but  the  best  ma- 
terial is  saw-dust.  This  latter  is  clean,  whereas  the  sand 
and  soil  will  dull  the  knife.  If  the  scions  should  have  be- 
come dry  and  shriveled,  they  may  still  be  revived  by 
placing  them  in  soil  that  is  moderately  moist,  not  wet — 
they  should  not,  by  any  means,  be  placed  in  water,  but 
should  be  so  situated  that  they  may  slowly  imbibe  mois- 
ture. When  they  have  been  plumped,  they  should  be  ex- 
amined by  cutting  into  their  tissues ;  if  these  be  brown, 
they  are  useless,  but  if  alive,  the  fresh  cut  will  look  clear 
and  white,  and  the  knife  will  pass  as  freely  through  them 
.  as  when  cutting  a  fresh  twig. 

The  after-treatment  of  the  grafts  consists  in  removing 
the  sprouts  that  appear  upon  the  stock  below  the«  scion, 
often  in  great  numbers.  These  are  called  robbers,  as  they 
take  the  sap  which  should  go  into  the  scion.  It  is  some- 
times well  to  leave  a  portion  of  these  as  an  outlet  for  ex- 
cess. When  the  graft  is  tardy  in  its  vegetation,  and  in 
late  grafting,  it  is  always  safest  to  leave  some  of  these 
shoots  to  direct  the  circulation  to  the  part,  and  thus  insure 
a  supply  to  the  newly  introduced  scion ;  all  should  even- 
tually be  removed,  so  as  to  leave  the  graft  supreme. 

It  may  sometimes  be  necessary  to  tie  up  the  young 
shoot  which  pushes  with  vigor,  and  may  fall  and  break 
with  its  own  weight  before  the  supporting  woody  fibre 
has  been  deposited ;  but  a  much  better  policy  is  to  pinch 
in  the  tip  when  but  a  few  inches  long,  and  thus  encourage 
the  swelling  and  breaking  of  the  lateral  buds,  and  produce 
a  more  sturdy  result.  This  is  particularly  the  case  in 
stock-grafts  and  in  renewing  an  orchard  by  top-grafting. 


PROPAGATION.— SECTION    HI.— BUDDING. 


ADVANTAGES  OP  —  LONG  PERIOD  FOR  —  CLAIMS  OF  GREATER  HARDINESS 
EXAMINED  —  LATE  GROWERS  APT  TO  BURST  THE  BARK  —  BUD  TEN- 
DER SORTS  —  STOCKS  NOT  ALWAYS  HARDY  —  PHILOSOPHY  OF  BUD- 
DING, LIKE  GRAFTING,  DEPENDS  UPON  CELL-GROWTH— THE  CAM- 
BIUM, OR  "PULP" — THE  BUD,  ITS  INDIVIDUALITY — THOMSON 
QUOTED  —  UNION  DEPENDS  UPON  THE  BUD  —  SEASON  FOR  BUDDING 

—  CONDITIONS    REQUISITE — SPRING   BUDDING — CONDITION  OF  THE 
BUDS  — BUD   STICKS  —  SELECTION  OF  — THEIR    TREATMENT  — RESTO- 
EATION    WHEN     DRY  —  THE     WEATHER  —  RAINS     TO    BE    AVOIDED  — 
USUAL     PERIOD    OF     GROWTH    BY    EXTENSION  —  SUCCESSION    OF  VA- 
RIETIES—CHERRY,    PLUM,     PEAR,    APPLE,     QUINCE,    PEACH  —  HOW 
TO  DO  IT  —  DIFFERENT  METHODS  —  AGE   OF   STOCKS  —  PREPARATION 
OF  —  THE    KNIFE — CUTTING    THE    BUDS — REMOVAL    OF    THE  WOOD 

—  THE    AMERICAN    METHOD  —  DIVISION    OF     LABOR — TYING  —  RING 
BUDDING  —  PREPARATION     OF     SCIONS    FOR    EARLY    BUDDING  —  IM- 
PROVEMENTS    IN     TYING  — BAST,     PREPARATION     OF  —  SUBSTITUTES 

—  NOVEL     TIE  —  WHEN    TO    LOOSEN    THE    BANDAGE  —  HOW  DONE  — 
INSPECTION  OF  BUDS  —  SIGN  OF  THEIR  HAVING  UNITED  —  KNIGHT'S 
TWO     BANDAGES  —  WHY     LEAVE    THE    UPPER    ONE    LONGER  —  HEAD- 
ING BACK  THE  STOCKS  —  RESUM& 

BUDDESTG,  or  inoculating,  is  the  insertion  of  eyes  or 
buds.  This  is  a  favorite  method  of  propagation,  which  is 
practiced  in  the  multiplication  of  a  great  variety  of  fruits. 
The  advantages  of  budding  consist  in  the  rapidity  and 
facility  with  which  it  is  performed,  and  the  certainty  of 
102 


PROPAGATION.  103 

success  which  attends  it.  Budding  may  be  done  during 
a  long  period  of  the  growing  season,  upon  the,  different 
kinds  of  trees  we  have  to  propagate.  Using  but  a  single 
eye,  it  is  also  economical  of  the  scions,  which  is  a  matter 
of  some  importance,  when  we  desire  to  multiply  a  new 
and  scarce  variety. 

It  has  been  claimed  on  behalf  of  the  process  of  budding, 
that  trees,  which  have  been  worked  in  this  method,  are 
more  hardy  and  better  able  to  resist  the  severity  of  win- 
ter than  others  of  the  same  varieties,  which  have  been 
grafted  in  the  root  or  collar,  and  also  that  budded  trees 
come  sooner  into  bearing.  Their  general  hardiness  will 
probably  not  be  at  all  effected  by  their  manner  of  prop- 
agation ;  except  perhaps,  where  there  may  happen  to  be 
a  marked  difference  in  the  habit  of  the  stock,  such  for  in- 
stance as  maturity  early  in  the  season,  which  would  have 
a  tendency  to  check  the  late  growth  of  the  scion  placed 
upon  it — the  supplies  of  sap  being  diminished,  instead  of 
continuing  to  flow  into  the  graft,  as  it  would  do  from  the 
roots  of  the  cutting  or  root-graft  of  a  variety  which  was 
inclined  to  make  a  late  autumnal  growth.  Practically,  how- 
ever, this  does  not  have  much  weight,  nor  can  we  know, 
in  a  lot  of  seedling  stocks,  which  will  be  the  late  feeders, 
and  which  will  go  into  an  early  summer  rest. 

Certain  varieties  of  our  cultivated  fruits  are  found  to 
have  a  remark  able  tendency  to  make  an  extended  and  very 
thrifty  growth,  which,  continuing  late  into  the  autumn, 
would  appear  to  expose  the  young  trees  to  a  very  severe 
trial  upon  the  access  of  the  first  cold  weather,  and  we 
often  find  them  very  seriously  injured  under  such  circum- 
stances ;  the  bark  is  frequently  split  and  ruptured  for  sev- 


104  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

eral  inches  near  the  ground.  The  twigs,  still  covered 
with  abupdant  foliage,  are  so  affected  by  the  frost,  that 
their  whole  outer  surface  is  shriveled,  and  the  inner  bark 
and  wood  are  browned ;  the  latter  often  becomes  perma- 
nently blackened,  and  remains  as  dead  matter  in  the  centre 
of  the  tree,  for  death  does  not  necessarily  ensue.  Now  in- 
telligent nurserymen  have  endeavored  to  avoid  losses 
from  these  causes,  by  budding  such  varieties  upon  strong 
well-established  stocks,  though  they  are  aware  that  these 
are  not  more  hardy  than  some  of  the  cultivated  varieties : 
a  given  number  of  seedling  stocks  has  been  found  to  suffer 
as  much  from  the  severity  of  winter,  as  do  a  similar  amount 
of  the  grafted  varieties  taken  at  random.*  That  the  se- 
rious difficulty  of  bark-bursting  occurs  near  the  surface  of 
the  ground,  does  seem  to  be  an  argument  of  some  weight  in 
favor  of  budding  or  stock-grafting  at  a  higher  point.  The 
earlier  fruiting  of  budded  trees  than  those  which  have 
been  root-grafted,  does  not  appear  to  be  a  well  established 
fact,  and  therefore  need  not  detain  us ;  except  to  observe 
that  the  stocks,  upon  which  the  buds  were  inserted,  might 
have  been  older  by  some  years  than  the  slip  of  root  upon 
which  the  graft  was  set,  so  that  the  fruiting  of  the  former 
tree  should  count  two  or  three  or  more  years  further  back 
than  from  the  period  of  the  budding.  There  are  so  many 
causes  which  might  have  contributed  toward  this  result 
of  earlier  bearing,  that  we  should  not  be  too  hasty  in 
drawing  conclusions  in  this  matter. 

The  philosophy  of  budding  is  very  similar  to  that  of 
grafting.  The  latter  process  is  performed  when  the  plant- 
life  is  almost  dormant,  and  the  co-apted  parts  are  ready  to 

*  A.  R.  Whitney,  Franklin  Grove  Nurseries,  Lee  Co.,  111. 


PROPAGATION.  105 

take  the  initiative  steps  of  vegetation,  and  to  effect  their 
union  by  means  of  new  adventitious  cells,  before  the  free 
flow  of  sap  in  the  growing  season.  Budding,  on  the  con- 
trary, is  done  in  the  hight  of  that  season,  and  toward  its 
close,  when  the  plants  are  full  of  well  matured  and  highly 
organized  sap,  when  the  cell  circulation  is  most  active,  and 
the  union  between  the  parts  is  much  more  immediate  than 
in  the  graft ;  were  it  not  so,  indeed,  the  little  shield,  with 
its  actively  evaporating  surface  of  young  bark,  must  cer- 
tainly perish  from  exposure  to  a  hot  dry  atmosphere.  The 
cambium,  or  gelatinous  matter,  which  is  discovered  be^ 
tween  the  bark  and  the  wood  when  they  are  separated,  is 
a  mass  of  organizable  cells.  Mr.  Paxton,  using  the  gar- 
dener's expression,  calls  it  the  "  pulp."  Budding  i's  most 
successfully  performed  when  this  matter  is  abundant,  for 
then  the  vitality  of  the  tree  is  in  greatest  degree  of  ex- 
altation. 

The  individuality  of  the  bud  was  sufficiently  argued  in 
the  first  section  of  this  chapter,  it  need  not  now  be  again 
introduced,  except  as  appropriately  to  remind  us  of  the 
fact  where  the  propagation  depends  upon  this  circum- 
stance— the  future  tree  must  spring  from  the  single  bud 
which  is  inserted.  Mr.  A.  T.  Thomson,  in  his  Lectures  on 
the  Elements  of  Botany,  page  396,  says :  —  "  The  individ- 
uality of  buds  must  have  been  suspected  as  early  as  the 
discovery  of  the  art  of  budding,  and  it  is  fully  proved  by 
the  dissection'  of  plants.  *  *  Budding  is  founded  on 
the  fact,  that  the  bud,  which  is  a  branch  in  embryo,  is  a 
distinct  individual.  It  is  essential  that  both  the  bud  and 
the  tree  into  which  it  is  inserted  should  not  only  be  anal- 
ogous in  their  character,  as  in  grafting  with  the  scion,  but 
3* 


106  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

both  must  be  in  a  state  of  growth  at  the  time  the  opera- 
tion is  performed.  The  union,  however,  depends  much 
more  upon  the  bud  than  upon  the  stock — the  bud  may  be 
considered,  a  centre  of  vitality — vegetative  action  com- 
mences in  the  bud,  and  extends  to  the  stock,  connecting 
them  together." — "  The  vital  energy,  however,  which  com- 
mences the  process  of  organization  in  the  bud,  is  not  nec- 
essarily confined  to  the  germ,  nor  distinct  from  that 
which  maintains  the  growth  of  the  entire  plant ;  but  it  is 
so  connected  with  organization,  that  when  this  has  pro- 
ceeded a  certain  length,  the  bud  may  be  removed  from 
the  parent  and  attached  to  another,  where  it  will  become 
a  branch  the  same  as  if  it  had  not  been  removed." 

The  season  for  budding  has  already  been  indicated  in 
general  terms,  it  is  usually  done  in  mid-summer  and  the 
early  part  of  autumn,  reference  being  had  to  the  condition 
of  the  plants  to  be  worked  ;  these  should  be  in  a  thrifty 
growing  state,  the  woody  fibre  should  be  pretty  well  ad- 
vanced, but  growth  by  extension  must  still  be  active,  or 
the  needful  conditions  will  not  be  found.  The  "  pulp " 
must  be  present  between  the  bark  and  the  wood  of  the 
stock,  so  that  the  former  can  be  easily  separated  from  the 
latter ;  in  the  language  of  the  art,  the  bark  must  u  run ;" 
this  state  of  things  will  soon  cease  in  most  stocks,  after  the 
formation  of  terminal  buds  on  the  shoots.  The  success 
of  spring  budding,  however,  would  appear  to  indicate 
that  the  cambium  layer  is  formed  earlier  in  the  season 
than  is  usually  supposed ;  for  whenever  the  young  leaves 
begin  to  be  developed  on  the  stock,  "  the  bark  will  run," 
and  the  buds  may  be  inserted  with  a  good  prospect  of 
success.  In  this  case  we  are  obliged  to  use  dormant  buds 
that  were  formed  the  previous  year,  and  we  have  to  exer- 


•    PROPAGATION.  107 

cise  care  in  the  preservation  of  the  scions,  to  keep  them 
back  by  the  application  of  cold,  until  the  time  of  their  in- 
sertion. 

The  condition  of  the  bud  is  also  important  to  the  suc- 
cess of  the  operation.  The  tree  from  which  we  cut  the 
scions  should  be  in  a  growing  state,  though  this  is  not  so 
essential  as  in  the  case  of  the  stock,  as  has  been  seen  in 
spring  budding — still,  a  degree  of  activity  is  desirable. 
The  young  shoot  should  have  perfected  its  growth  to 
such  an  extent  as  to  have  deposited  its  woody  fibre,  it 
should  not  be  too  succulent ;  but  the  essential  condition 
is,  that  it  should  have  its  buds  well  developed.  These,  as 
every  one  knows,  are  formed  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
and,  to  insure  success,  they  should  be  plump  and  well 
grown.  In  those  fruits  which  blossom  on  wood  shoots  of 
the  previous  year's  growth,  as  the  peach  and  apricot,  the 
blossom  buds  should  be  avoided ;  they  are  easily  recog- 
nized by  their  greater  size  and  plumpness.  In  cutting 
scions,  or  bud-sticks,  the  most  vigorous  shoots  should  be 
avoided,  they  are  too  soft  and  pithy;  the  close  jointed 
firm  shoots,  of  medium  size,  are  much  to  be  preferred,  as 
they  have  well  developed  buds,  which  appear  to  have 
more  vitality.  Such  scions  are  found  at  the  ends  of  the 
lateral  branches.  These  need  immediate  attention,  or 
they  will  be  lost.  The  evaporation  of  their  juices  through 
the  leaves  would  soon  cause  them  to  wither  and  wilt,  and 
become  useless.  These  appendages  are  therefore  immedi- 
ately removed  by  cutting  the  petioles  from  a  quarter  to 
half  an  inch  from  the  scion ;  a  portion  of  the  stem  is  thus 
left  as  a  convenient  handle  when  inserting  the  shield,  and 
this  also  serves  afterward  as  an  index  to  the  condition  of 
the  bud.  So  soon  as  trimmed  of  their  leaves,  the  sciona 


108  AMERICAN   POMOLOGT. 

are  tied  up,  and  enveloped  loosely  in  a  damp  cloth,  or  in 
moss,  or  fresh  grass,  to  exclude  them  from  the  air.  If 
they  should  become  wilted,  they  must  not  be  put  into 
water,  as  this  injures  them;  it  is  better  to  sprinkle  the 
cloth  and  tie  them  up  tightly,  or  they  may  be  restored  by 
burying  them  in  moderately  moist  earth. 

The  early  gardeners  were  very  particular  as  to  the  kind 
of  weather  upon  which  to  do  their  budding.  They  re- 
commended a  cloudy  or  a  showery  day,  or  the  evening,  in 
order  to  avoid  the  effects  of  the  hot  sunshine.  This  might 
do  in  a  small  garden,  where  the  operator  could  select  his 
opportunity  to  bud  a  few  dozen  stocks ;  but  even  there, 
wet  weather  should  be  avoided,  rather  than  courted.  But 
in  the  large  commercial  nurseries,  where  tens  of  thousands 
of  buds  are  to  be  inserted,  there  can  be  no  choice  of 
weather;  indeed,  many  nurserymen  prefer  bright  sun- 
shine and  the  hottest  weather,  as  they  find  no  inconveni- 
ence arising  to  the  trees  from  this  source.  Some  even 
aver  that  their  success  is  better  under  such  circumstances, 
and  argue  that  the  "  pulp  is  richer." 

Most  trees  in  their  mature  state  make  all  their  growth 
by  extension  or  elongation  very  early  in  the  season,  by 
one  push,  as  it  were ;  with  the  first  unfolding  of  the  leaves, 
comes  also  the  elongation  of  the  twig  that  bears  them. 
In  most  adult  trees  in  a  state  of  nature,  there  is  no  further 
growth  in  this  way,  but  the  internal  changes  of  the  sap 
continue  to  be  effected  among  the  cells  during  the  whole 
period  of  their  remaining  in  leaf,  during  which  there  is  a 
continual  flow  of  crude  sap  absorbed  by  the  roots,  and 
taken  up  into  the  organism  of  the  tree  to  aid  in  the  per- 
fection of  all  the  various  parts,  and  in  the 'preparation  of 


PROPAGATION.  109 

the  proper  juice  and  the  several  products  peculiar  to  the 
tree,  as  well  as  its  wood  and  fruits.  When  all  this  is 
transpiring  within  its  economy,  the  tree  is  said  to  be  in 
its  full  flow  of  sap ;  at  this  stage  the  young  tree  is  in  the 
best  condition  for  budding,  but  it  continues  also,  if  well 
cultivated,  to  grow  by  extension  for  a  greater  or  shorter 
portion  of  the  season,  and  this  is  essential  to  the  success 
of  the  operation  as  already  stated.  After  the  perfecting 
of  the  crop  of  fruit,  the  main  work  of  the  tree  seems  to 
have  been  done  for  the  year,  and  we  often  observe,  par- 
ticularly with  the  summer  fruits,  that  the  trees  appear  to 
go  to  rest  after  this  period,  and  begin  to  cast  their  foliage. 
Now,  to  a  certain  extent,  this  is  true  of  the  young  trees. 
The  varieties  that  ripen  their,  fruit  early,  make  their 
growth  in  the  nursery  in  the  earlier  portion  of  the  sum- 
mer, they  stop  growing,  and  their  terminal  bud  is  formed 
and  is  conspicuous  at  the  top  of  the  shoots.  Very  soon 
the  supply  of  sap  appears  to  be  diminished,  there  is  no 
longer  so  much  activity  in  the  circulation,  the  bark  cleaves 
to  the  wood,  it  will  no  longer  run,  and  the  season  of  budr 
ding  for  those  stocks  has  reached  its  terminus ;  hence  the 
nurseryman  must  be  upon  the  look-out  for  the  condition 
of  his  trees.  Fortunately,  those  species  which  have  the 
shortest  season,  are  also  the  first  to  be  ready,  the  first  to 
mature  their  buds,  and  they  must  be  budded  first.  We 
may  commence  with  the  cherry,  though  the  Mahaleb  stock, 
when  it  is  used,  continues  in  condition  longer  than  other 
varieties,  and  may  be  worked  late.  The  plum  and  pear 
stocks  also  complete  their  growth  at  an  early  period  in  the 
season  ;  the  apple  continues  longer  in  good  condition,  and 
may  be  worked  quite  late.  Grapes,  if  worked  in  this 


110 


AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 


way,  should  be  attended  to  about  mid-season,  while  they 
are  still  growing ;  but  quinces  and  peaches  may  be  kept 
in  a  growing  state  much  later  than  most  other  stocks,  and 
can  be  budded  last  of  all. 

How  TO  DO  IT. — The  stocks  being  in  a  suitable  condition 
as  above  described,  they  should  be  trimmed  of  their  lateral 
shoots  for  a  few  inches  from  the  ground.  This  may  be 
done  immediately  in  advance  of  the  budder,  or  it  may 
have  be.en  done  a  few  days  before  the  budding.  The 
stock  may  be  one  year  old,  or  two  years ;  after  this  period 
they  do  not  work  so  well.  The  usual  method  is  to  make 
a  T  incision  through  the  bark  of  the  stock,  as  low  down  as 

possible,  but  in  a  smooth 
piece  of  the  stem ;  some 
prefer  to  insert  the 
shield  just  below  the 
natural  site  of  a  bud. 
The  knife  should  be  thin 
and  sharp,  and  if  the 
stock  be  in  good  condi- 
tion, it  will  pass  through 

Fig.    17. — BUDDING,   WITH   THE   WOOD   RE- 

MOVED.      6,    THE   INSIDE    OF    THE    SHIELD    ^6         Dark       Wltll       Very 

SHOWING  THE  BASE  or  THE  BUD.  little  resistance ;  but  if 
the  stock  be  too  dry,  the  experienced  budder  will  detect 
it  by  the  different  feeling  communicated  through  his  knife, 
by  the  increased  resistance  to  be  overcome  in  making  the 
cut.  The  custom  has  been  to  raise  the  bark  by  inserting 
the  haft  of  the  budding  knife  gently,  so  as  to  start  the 
corners  of  the  incision,  preparatory  to  inserting  the  bud ; 
but  our  best  budders  depend  upon  the  shield  separating 
the  bark  as  it  is  introduced.  The  bud  is  cut  from  the 


PROPAGATION. 


Ill 


scion  by  the  same  knife,  which  is  entered  half  an  inch 
above  the  bud,  and  drawn  downward  about  one-third  the 
diameter  .of  the  scion,  and  brought  out  an  equal  distance 
below  the  bud;  this  makes  the  shield,  or  bud.  The 
authorities  direct  that  the  wood  should  be  removed  from 
the  shield  before  it  is  inserted ;  this  is  a  nice  operation, 
requiring  some  dexterity  to  avoid 
injuring  the  base  of  the  bud, 

which  constitutes  its  connection 

• 

with  the  medulla  or  pith  within 
the  stick.  The  base  of  the  bud 
is  represented  by  £,  figure  17. 
Various  appliances  have  been  in- 
vented to  aid  in  this  separation, 
some  use  a  piece  of  quill,  others 
a  kind  of  gouge ;  but  if  the  bark 
run  freely  on  the  scion,  there  will 
be  little  difficulty  in  separating 
the  wood  from  the  shield  with  the 
fingers  alone.  All  this  may  be 
Fig.  18.— AMERICAN  BUD-  avoided  by  adopting  what  is  caU- 

DING.      6,     THE     BUD     WITH  .  .,  -        , 

THE  WOOD  REMAINING.  ed  the  American  method  ot  bud- 
ding, which  consists  in 'leaving  the  wood  in  the  shield, 
(fig.  18,  b)  that  should  be  cut  thinner,  and  is  then  inserted 
beneath  the  bark  without  any  difficulty,  and  may  be  made 
to  fit  closely  enough  for  all  practical  purposes.  Like  ev- 
erything else  American,  this  is  a  time-saving  and  labor- 
saving  plan,  and  therefore  readily  adopted  by  the  prac- 
tical nurseryman,  who  will  insert  two  thousand  in  a 
day. 

A   division  of  labor   is  had  generally,  so   far  as  the 


112  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

tying  is  concerned ;  for  this  is  done  by  a  boy  who  fol- 
lows immediately  after  the  budder,  and  some  of  these 
require  two  smart  boys.  S.  S.  Jackson  has  carried  this 
principle  of  division  of  labor  still  further,  and,  as  appears, 
with  advantage ;  one  hand  cuts  the  shields  for  another  who 
inserts  them.  He  never  uses  the  haft  of  his  knife  to  raise 
the  bark,  but,  after  having  made  the  longitudinal  cut 
through  the  bark,  he  places  the  knife  in  position  to  make 


Fig.  19. — MK.  JACKSON'S  METHOD  OF  MAKING  THE  INCISION. 

the  transverse  incision,  and  as  he  cuts  the  bark,  the  edge 
of  the  blade  being  inclined  downward,  the  shield  is  placed 
on  the  stock  close  above  the  knife,  which  is  then  still 
further  inclined  toward  the  stock,  resting  upon  the  shield 
as  a  fulcrum ;  thus  started,  the  bark  will  readily  yield  to 
the  shield,  which  is  then  pressed  down  home  into  its  place. 

J.  W.  Tenbrook,  of  Indiana,  has  invented  a  little  instru- 
ment with  which  he  makes  the  longitudinal  and  transverse 
incisions,  and  raises  the  bark,  all  at  one  operation,  and  in- 


PROPAGATION. 


113 


serts  the  bud  with  the  other  hand.  On  these  plans,  two 
persons  may  work  together,  one  cut- 
ting, the  other  inserting  the  buds; 
these  may  change  work  occasionally 
for  rest.  In  all  cases  it  is  best  to  have 
other  hands  to  tie-in  the  buds,  two  or 
three  boys  will  generally  find  full  occu- 
pation behind  a  smart  budder.  It  will 
be  apparent  that  the  above  processes  can 
only  be  performed  when  the  stock  is 
in  the  most  perfect  condition  of  growth, 
so  that  the  bark  can  be  pressed  away 
before  the  bud ;  a  good  workman  will 
not  desire  to  bud  under  any  other 
circumstances. 

In  budding,  it  is  found  that  the  upper 
end  of  the  shield  is  the  last  to  adhere 
to  the  stock ;  it  needs  to  be  closely  ap- 
plied and  pressed  by  the  bandage,  and 
if  too  long,  so  as  to  project  above  the 
tranverse  incision,  it  should  be  cut  off. 
Another  expedient  for  facilitating  the 
operation  of  budding  is  made  use  of  by 
some  of  the  nurserymen  who  grow 
peach  trees  extensively.  It  consists  in 
preparing  the  stick  of  buds,  as  shown 
iu  the  engraving,  figure  20.  A  cut  is 
made,  with  a  sharp  knife,  through  the 
bark,  around  each  bud,  as  in  the  figure. 
The  budder  then  removes  the  buds  as 
they  are  wanted,  with  a  slight  side- 
Fig.  20. -STICK  OF  BUDS.  wjse  pUH?  an(i  has  the  shield  in  the  right 
condition  to  insert,  without,  the  trouble  of 'removing  the 


114  AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 

| 

wood.     When  working  in  this  manner,  the  stick  of  buds 
must  not  be  allowed  to  dry,  and  the  work  must  be  done 
at  a  time  when  the  bark  parts  with  the  greatest  ease. 
Among  the  modifications  of  the  process  of  budding, 
that,   called  ring-budding,  fig.  21,  may 
be  mentioned,  rather  as  a  curiosity  how- 
ever, though  preferred  by  some,  especi- 
ally for  the  grape,  which  is  said  to  be 
very  easily  budded,  though  we   seldom 
see  the  operation  practiced. 

Those  who  are  anxious  to  commence 
budding  early  in  the  season,  prepare  the 
Fig.  21.— RING  BUD-80*0118  tney  expect  to  use,  by  pinching 
DING.  ^  the  ends  and  cutting  off  a  portion  of 
the  leaves ;  the  effect  of  this  check  to  the  wood  growth 
is  to  hasten  the  ripening  or  development  of  the  buds, 
which  rapidly  swell,  preparatory  to  breaking,  in  their  at- 
tempt to  reproduce  the  foliage  that  had  been  removed. 

TYING  should  be  done  as  soon  as  convenient  after  the 
buds  have  been  inserted;  though  under  very  favorable 
circumstances  the  bud  may  adhere  and  do  well  without 
any  bandaging,  no  one  thinks  of  leaving  the  work  with- 
out carefully  tying  in  the  buds,  and  most  budders  lay  a 
great  deal  of  stress  upon  the  necessity  for  covering  the 
whole  shield  and  cut  with  a  continuons  bandaging,  that 
shall  exclude  the  light,  and  air,  and  moisture.  The  ma- 
terial most  used  is  bass  m.atting,  brought  from  Russia,  as 
a  covering  to  the  packages  of  sheet  iron  for  which  that 
country  is  famous.  This  is  the  inner  bark  of  the  Tilia 
Europea,  but  our  own  Bass-wood,  T.  Americana,  furnishes 
an  excellent  bass,  and  is  procured  by  our  nurserymen  di- 


PROPAGATION. 


115 


rectly  from  the  trees,  by  stripping  the  bark  in  June,  and 
after  it  has  lain  a  few  days  in  water,  the  inner  portion  sep- 
arates easily,  is  dried,  and  put  away  for  future  use.  Those 
who  have  not  provided  the  bass,  .are  content  to  apply 
woolen  yarn  to  tie  in  the  buds  ;  its  elasticity  adapts  it  well 
to  the  purpose.  The  ingenious  budder,  without  bass, 
often  finds  a  substitute  for  it,  and  a  very  good  tie,  in  the 
soft  husks  of  corn  ears,  the  inner  husks  are  torn  in- 
to strips  and, used  a  little  damp,  when  they  are  pliant  and 
easily  tied,  answering  a  very  good 
purpose.  Many  nurserymen,  who  have 
tried  the  corn-husk,  prefer  it  to  all  other 
material,  because  it  saves  them  the 
trouble  of  removing  the  bandages,  as 
it  decays  rapidly,  and  yielding  to  the 
growth  of  the  stock,  it  falls  off  before 
it  cuts  the  bark,  which  a  firmer  bandage 
is  apt  to  do. 

S.  S.  Jackson,  whose  improvements 
in  budding  have  already  been  mention- 
ed, also  adopts  another  in  tying.     He 
holds  that  it  is  not  at  all  necessary  to 
M™™  ™>a«  *e  bud  with  the  tie,  the  only  re- 
BUD.  quisite  being  to  retain  the  parts  in  con- 

tact. He  uses  No.  3  cotton  yarn,  cut  in  lengths  of  a  few 
inches,  more  or  less,  according  to  the  size  of  the  stocks ;  a 
couple  of  strands  are  pulled  out  from  the  cut  bundles ;  the 
first  turn  around  the  stock  secures  the  end  of  the  string 
by  its  own  pressure,  one  turn  more  is  taken  below  the 
bud  and  one  or  two  above  it,  when  the  free  end  is  passed 
into  a  cleft  made  through  the  bark  above  the  point  where 
the  bud  is  inserted.  This  is  found  to  secure  the  string 


116  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

sufficiently,  and  is  easily  loosened  when  necessary  to  re- 
lieve the  tension  caused  by  the  continued  growth,  (fig.  22). 

All  ties  should  be  loosened  in  the  course  of  a  couple  of 
weeks,  if  the  stocks  be  growing  freely ;  otherwise  they 
will  injure  the  tree  by  strangulation.  Sometimes  it  will 
be  necessary  to  replace  the  bandage  to  prevent  the  effects 
of  desiccation  upon  the  bud,  this  is  particularly  the  case 
with  the  cherry,  and  other  fruits,  that  are  budded  early ; 
but  the  tie  is  often  left  on  the  stock  all  winter,  as  a  sort 
of  protection  to  the  bud.  When  loosening  the  ties,  the 
buds  are  inspected  and  their  condition  ascertained ;  if  they 
have  failed,  they  may  be  replaced,  if  the  stocks  continue 
in  a  suitable. condition.  It  is  very  easy  to  tell  the  suc- 
cess of  the  budding ;  the  portion  of  the  petiole  left  upon 
the  shield  is  a  very  good  index ;  if  the  bud  has  withered, 
this  will  also  be  brown  and  will  adhere  firmly  to  the  shield ; 
but,  on  the  contrary,  the  bud  and  its  shield  having  formed 
a  union  with  the  stock,  the  leaf-stalk  remains  plump,  but 
changes  color.  Like  a  leaf-stem  in  the  autumn,  it  assumes 
the  tint  of  ripeness,  and  it  will  separate  with  a  touch,  and 
soon  falls  off. 

The  common  method  of  removing  the  ties  is  to  cut 
them  with  a  single  stroke  of  a  sharp  knife,  when  the  band- 
age is  left  to  fall  off.  Mr.  Knight  recommended  two  dis- 
tinct ligatures,  and  left  the  one  above  the  bud  for  a  longer 
time  uncut.  When  the  buds  have  not  been  very  fully 
developed,  and  when  the  stocks  are  very  thrifty,  it  some- 
times happens  that  the  excessive  growth  about  the  in- 
cisions made  for  the  insertion  of  the  bud,  completely 
cover  up  this  little  germ  of  a  future  tree,  which  is  then 
said  to  be  "  drowned."  Judicious  pinching  and  shortening 


PROPAGATION.  117 

of  the  stock  will  prevent  this  effect,  but  care  is  needed  not 
to  pursue  such  treatment  too  far. 

The  stocks  are  generally  headed  back. to  within  an  inch 
or  more  of  the  bud,  just  as  vegetation  starts  the  next 
spring ;  but  early  set  buds  may  be  headed  back  so  soon  as 
they  have  taken,  and  will  often  make  a  nice  growth  the 
same  season.  This,  however,  is  not  generally  preferred, 
and  a  late  start  in  the  growing  weather  of  our  autumns  is 
particularly  to  be  avoided,  as  the  young  shoot  will  not  be- 
come matured  before  winter,  and  may  be  lost. 

The  advantages  of  propagating  by  budding  may  be 
summed  up  in  the  following  remarks,  which  are  presented 
even  at  the  risk  of  some  repetition. 

This  favorite  method  of  multiplying  varieties  has  some 
advantages  over  grafting,  and  is  by  many  preferred  on 
account  of  the  facility  with  which  it  can  be  performed, 
and  because  it  affords  a  means  of  increasing  sorts  in  the 
nursery  that  have  not  been  grafted,  and  of  filling  up  gaps 
in  the  rows  where  grafts  have  missed  ;  and  it  has  been  re- 
ported, that  budded  trees  of  certain  varieties  were  more 
hardy  than  those  which  had  been  root-grafted.  The  ob- 
jections, if  such  they  can  be  called,  are,  that  the  period 
of  performing  the  operation  is  limited,  and  that  the  young 
shoots  from  the  buds  generally  have  a  curve  that  makes  a 
crook  or  blemish  in  the  tree  when  it  goes  from  the  nur- 
sery— neither  of  these  objections  constitute  any  real  diffi- 
culty ;  on  the  contrary,  the  advantages  quite  over-balance 
them  :  as  already  suggested,  it  is  a  good  plan  for  double- 
working  certain  varieties.  The  season  for  budding  is  at  the 
period  when  the  longitudinal  growth  of  the  stock  is  nearly 
completed,  and  when  the  wood-forming  process  is  most 


118  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

active,  so  that  the  bark  will  part  most  freely  from  the 
wood — in  other  words,  while  the  stock  is  still  quite  active 
in  its  circulation,  but  has,  in  a  measure,  made  its  growth. 
The  scions  used  must  have  so  far  completed  their  growth 
for  the  season  as  to  have  filled  their  buds  handsomely, 
but  yet  be  so  young  as  to  allow  the  wood  to  part  freely 
from  the  bark  of  the  shields  when  they  are  cut.  Those 
who  desire  to  bud  early,  may  accelerate  the  development 
of  the  buds  by  nipping  off  the  points  of  the  shoots  to  be 
used,  this,  in  a  few  days,  causes  the  buds  to  swell.  The 
season  of  budding  will  thus  depend  upon  the  high  culture 
of  the  nursery,  and  upon  the  condition  of  the  trees  from 
which  the  scions  of  buds  are  to  be  cut.  Budding  should 
never  be  done  unless  the  stock  is  in  perfectly  good  condi- 
tion, if  otherwise,  it  is  labor  lost.  The  old  writers  recom- 
mended damp,  cloudy,  or  even  showery  weather ;  but  un- 
der our  bright  summer  skies  our  large  establishments  would 
never  be  able  to  dispose  of  their  work,  were  they  to  wait 
for  such  suitable  weather.  Fortunately  it  is  not  found 
necessary  to  select  such  a  season,  but  the  greatest  success 
attends  the  budding  that  is  done  in  fine  bright  and  even 
hot  weather.  The  scions  should  be  kept  wrapped  in  a 
damp  cloth,  excluded  from  the  rapid  evaporation  to  which 
they  would  be  subjected  if  exposed — this  is  better  than  to 
keep  them  in  water,  which  exhausts  them  by  dilution  of 
the  sap  they  contain.  The  scions  should  have  their  leaves 
removed,  so  soon  as  they  are  cut  from  the  tree ;  this  is 
done  with  a  knife  or  the  thumb  nail,  leaving  a  short  piece 
of  the  leaf-stalk  for  convenience  when  inserting  the  buds. 
Spring  budding  is  sometimes  desirable,  either  to  fill  up 
gaps  in  the  nursery-rows,  or  to  secure  varieties,  the  scions 


PROPAGATION.  119 

of  which  may  have  been  received  too  late  for  grafting,  or 
when  it  is  desirable  to  multiply  them  as  much  as  possible, 
by  making  every  bud  grow.  When  the  operation  is  to 
be  performed  in  the  spring,  the  scions  must  be  kept  back, 
by  placing  them  in  the  ice-house  until  the  stocks  are  in 
full  leaf,  when  the  bark  will  peel  readily,  and  the  buds 
may  be  inserted  with  a  pretty  fair  prospect  of  success ;  of 
course,  the  American  method  must  be  used  in  this  case, 
{is  the  wood  and  bark  of  the  dormant  scion  will  not  sep- 
arate. 

The  stocks  should  be  cut  down  as  early  in  the  spring  as 
the  buds  begin  to  swell,  with  a  sharp  knife,  applied  just 
above  the  bud,  and  on  the  same  side ;  the  whole  upper 
portion  of  the  stock  must  be  removed  by  a  clean  cut ;  this 
is  better  than  to  leave  a  stump  of  three  or  four  inches,  as 
is  often  recommended,  as  a  support  to  which  to  tie  up 
the  buds  in  their  tender  growth.  All  shoots  from  the 
stock  should  be  rubbed  out  while  young ;  this  may  need 
repeating  a  second  time. 

If  the  stocks  were  strong,  the  buds  will  make  handsome 
sturdy  trees  the  first  season ;  the  branched  form  may  be 
assisted  by  pinching  the  points  when  a  few  inches  high,  as 
recommended  with  the  grafts.  Two  year  old  stocks 
should  make  pretty  trees,  at  one  year  old  from  the  bud. 


PROPAGATION.— SECT.    IV.-THE    NURSERY. 


APOLOGY  —  NURSERYMEN  NEED  NOT  BE  JEALOUS  —  SITE  AND  SOIL  — 
ROOTS  AFFECTED  BY  SOIL  —  FIBROUS  ROOTS  DESIRABLE  —  ROOT 
PRUNING  —  THE  PLOW  PRUNER  —  DIGGING  TREES  —  HIGH  MANURING 
—  OBJECTIONS — CROWDING  THE  ROWS  IS  STILL  WORSE  —  PREPARA- 
TION OF  NURSERY  SOIL  —  DRAINING  — LAYING  OUT  —  DISTANCES  — 
BEDDING  APPLE  GRAFTS  —  MULCHING  —  THE  ROLLER  AS  A  CULTI- 
VATOR—LAYING BY  TREES  FOR  WINTER  WITH  THE  PLOW— THE 
SUBSOIL  LIFTER  —  THE  PRONGED  HOE  —  THOROUGH  PREPARATION  OF 
CUTTING  BEDS  —  MANAGEMENT  OF  CUTTINGS  —  AUTUMNAL  PLANT- 
ING—WINTER MULCHING  —  GRAPE  CUTTINGS  —  FALL  PLANTING  — 
LONG  CUTTINGS  —  SHORT  CUTTINGS  —  TRIMMING  —  VALUE  OF  THB 
LEAVES — STOCKY  TREES  — SIDE  BRANCHES  —  SHORTENING-IN — WHEN 
TO  REMOVE—  HEADING-IN  THE  TREES  — WHEN  TO  DO  IT —AGE  OF 

TREES  FOR  PLANTING — MAIDEN  TREES  — DISADVANTAGES  OF  LARGE 
TREES  —  BENEFITED  BY  ROOT  PRUNING — THE  HOME  NURSERY  — 
FIELD'S  PLAN  — THE  NURSERY  ORCHARD  OF  WHITNEY  —  WINTER 
KILLING  —  PREVENTION  OF  BY  EARLY  RIPENING  THE  WOOD  —  INJURI- 
OUS ANIMALS  —  MOLES  —  MICE  —  RABBITS — PREVENTIVES  —  INSECTS. 

THE  NURSERY. — Be  not  alarmed,  brother  nurseryman, 
think  not  that  all  the  arcana  of  your  craft  are  to  be  ex- 
posed to  the  public ;  one  small  chapter  cannot  injure  you, 
120 


PROPAGATION.  121 

even  were  it  wise  and  proper  to  retain  knowledge  exclu- 
sively in  the  hands  of  the  guild  ;  on  the  other  hand,  ye  need 
not  be  afraid  that  one  who  owes  you  so  much  would  turn 
tell-tale,  and  expose  all  your  weaknesses  to  the  gaze  of  the 
multitude.  From  my  friends  in  the  craft,  the  many  intel- 
ligent men  and  keen  observers,  who  have  ever  been  fore- 
most in  the  ranks  of  our  country's  pomologists,  no  cen- 
sure is  apprehended  for  attempting  to  dash  off  a  few  brief 
directions  for  the  amateur,  or  even  the  nurseryman,  who 
is  just  beginning  to  pursue  as  a  business  the  pleasant  occu- 
pation of  growing  trees.  Any  censure  from  others,  if 
such  there  be,  who  would  feel  afraid  to  trust  their  knowl- 
edge to  the  world,  and  who  might  think  in  this  enlight- 
ened age  that  such  a  thing  as  secrets  of  the  trade'could 
be  long  retained  in  their  own  hands, — any  censure,  from 
such  a  source,  would  fall  harmless — it  is  not  dreaded.  In- 
deed, though  not  of  the  trade,  it  would  be  easy  to  expose 
the  ignorance  that  is  sure  to  be  found  among  those  who 
might  claim  to  be  the  exclusive  conservators  of  knowl- 
edge, such  however  is  not  the  object  in  view,  it  is  rather 
to  extend  useful  knowledge,  to  popularize  it  and  to  bring 
it  with'n  the  reach  of  those  who  may  need  it,  that  this 
chapter  is  undertaken  ;  and  the  labor  is  the  more  willingly 
entered  upon,  in  the  firm  conviction  that  the  more  the 
knowledge  of  plants  and  the  love  for  them  is  diffused 
among  the  masses  of  our  population,  the  greater  will  be 
the  success  of  those  who  are  engaged  as  professional  nur- 
serymen and  gardeners,  who  need  not  fear  the  competition 
of  amateurs,  but  should  rather  encourage  it,  upon  the 
score  of  such  persons  being  and  continuing  to  be  their 
best  customers— if  not  from  any  higher  and  more  noble 
6 


122  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

sentiments  of  affiliation  with  men  of  congenial  tastes  and 
pursuits. 

SITE  AND  SOIL  FOR  THE  NURSERY. — A  somewhat  ele- 
vated position  should  be  selected  for  the  ground  that  is  to 
be  appropriated  for  the  production  of  trees ;  the  surface 
water  should  be  able  to  escape  rapidly,  instead  of  standing 
in  the  paths,  and  furrows,  and  trenches.  The  fresh  air 
should  be  able  to  blow  freely  over  the  young  trees,  sway- 
ing them  about,  trying  their  fibres,  and  at  the  same 
time  giving  them  new  strength  and  vigor :  not  that 
they  should  be  too  much  exposed  to  the  rude  blasts, 
as  they  might  be  upon  the  vast  savannas  of  the  West, 
where  a  protecting  belt  of  deciduous  and  evergreen 
trees,  to  a  moderate  extent,  will  be  found  of,  service,  and 
conducive  to  the  healthy  development  of  young  trees  in 
the  nursery.  But  even  the  naked  prairie,  exposed  for 
miles  in  every  direction,  would  offer  a  better  location  for 
the  nursery,  than  a  few  acres  cleared  out  among  the  heavy 
timber.  Here  the  little  trees,  if  crowded  together,  must 
be  drawn  up  to  meet  the  light,  and  will  be  poorly  furnished 
with  lateral  branches,  and  unprepared  to  meet  the  rude 
battle  with  the  elements  that  awaits  them  in  their  future 
orchard  homes,  which,  indeed,  too  often  become  rather 
their  graves,  into  which  they  are  thrust,  buried,  not  plant- 
ed, and  whence  they  rise  no  more,  but  after  a  fruitless 
struggle,  dwindle  and  die. 

A  somewhat  elevated  situation  is  also  valuable,  on  ac- 
count of  its  greater  probable  immunity  from  frost,  than  a 
lower  level ;  and  this  is  often  a  matter  of  great  importance 
in  the  successful  cultivation  of  fruit  trees. 

The  soil  should  be  a  good  strong  sandy  loam,  one  that 


PROPAGATION.  123 

contains  the  needful  elements  for  the  growth  of  trees,  and 
at  the  same  time  has  a  composition  that  will  freely  permit 
the  passage  of  water  through  it,  and  be  easily  worked  by 
the  cultivator.  Heavy  soils,  abounding  in  clay,  are  strong ; 
but  they  are  more  retentive  of  water,  they  require  more 
labor  to  keep  them  in  a  friable  condition,  and  they  are 
sometimes  objectionable  on  account  of  the  character  of  the 
roots  produced  in  them.  These  are  less  abundantly  fur- 
nished with  fibres,  as  a  general  rule,  when  the  tree  has 
been  grown  in  a  stiff  clay,  than  when  it  has  been  produced 
in  a  lighter  and  more  porous  soil.  Mucky  soils  are  too 
light,  and  should  not  be  used  for  permanent  nurseries, 
though  valuable  for  seedlings,  cuttings,  and  newly  trans- 
planted forest  evergreens  for  a  short  period ;  unless  the 
muck  be  underlaid  by  clay,  and  that  it  is  near  enough  to 
the  surface  to  be  reached  in  the  preparation  of  the  soil, 
and  to  become  mixed  with  its  staple  in  cultivating  it. 
Trees,  for  the  orchard,  should  never  be  grown  upon  a 
mucky  or  peaty  soil. 

The  different  character  of  the  roots  formed  by  trees  grow- 
ing in  particular  soils,  should  not  be  overlooked  by  the  prop- 
agator, since  much  of  his  reputation  as  a  nurseryman,  and 
the  success  attendant  upon  the  labors  of  his  customers, 
will  depend  upon  the  healthy  development  of  these  impor- 
tant organs,  which  have  been  called  the  mouths  of  plants. 
As  elsewhere  observed,  peaty  and  mucky  soils  do  not  pro- 
duce roots  of  a  character  well  adapted  to  transplanting 
into  upland  soil.  Very  stiff  clays  furnish  trees  with  long 
straggling  roots  that  have  feeble  and  scattered  fibres; 
such  roots  do  not  present  themselves  in  a  good  condition, 
nor  are  they  easily  separated  from  the  soil,  the  tenacity 


124  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

of  which  often  injures  the  slender  fibrous  portions,  which 
it  is  desirable  to  preserve  in  transplanting.  Sandy  soils 
and  sandy  loams  produce  the  very  best  roots,  most  evenly 
distributed,  and  also  most  easily  preserved  and  removed 
when  the  trees  are  dug  from  the  earth. 

Much  may  be  done  by  the  intelligent  cultivator,  in  any 
kind  of  land,  to  make  good  roots  by  proper  treatment  of 
his  soil  and  trees.  A  thorough  preparation  of  the  ground, 
and  disintegration  of  the  soil,  will  conduce  to  this  result ; 
and  thorough  culture  will  maintain  the  good  condition 
thus  produced.  Frequent  transplanting  will  encourage 
the  production  of  new  roots  from  the  cut  ends  of  those 
that  were  ruptured  in  digging,  and  these  will  be  within 
reach  at  the  next  removal.  When  taking  up  young  trees, 
or  when  setting  out  seedlings  in  the  nursery  rows,  the  tap 
roots,  and  indeed  all  long  straggling  roots,  should  be  cut 
back,  with  a  view  to  producing  the  same  result.  When 
trees  have  remained  for  three  or  four  years  in  the  nursery 
rows,  the  fibres  will  have  extended  so  far  in  search  of 
food  and  moisture,  that  in  digging  them,  the  best  portions 
of  the  roots  will  be  left  in  the  ground,  and  the  young 
trees  will  suffer  upon  being  transplanted  in  this  mutilated 
condition.  Such  should  be  root  pruned  the  season  pre- 
vious to  their  removal.  This  process  is  performed  by  re- 
moving the  earth  on  either  side  of  the  row,  until  the 
roots  are  exposed,  when  they  are  cut  off  at  from  ten  inches 
to  a  foot,  from  the  tree,  and  the  earth  replaced  upon  them, 
the  object  being  the  formation  of  new  fibres  that -shall  be 
within  the  reach  of  the  spade  when  they  come  to  be  dug 
for  the  orchard.  Another  plan  for  root  pruning  is,  to  use 
a  very  sharp  spade,  which  is  set  down  and  pressed  deeply 


PROPAGATION.  125 

into  the  ground,  a  few  inches  from  the  tree,  so  as  to  cut 
all  roots  that  pass  that  limit.  This,  though  a  ruder  meth- 
od, is  followed  by  good  results. 

DIGGING  THE  TREES,  is  a  process  that  should  be  con- 
ducted upon  very  different  principles  from  those  exercised 
in  grubbing  a  thicket.  The  nurseryman  wishes  to  clear 
his  block,  but  the  purchaser  hopes  to  save  his  trees,  and 
to  have  them  live,  he  wants  a  good  share  of  their  roots 
with  them.  No  one  need  expect,  however,  to  have  any- 
thing like  a  large  proportion  of  the  roots  of  a  tree  re- 
moved from  the  ground.;  that  is  out  of  the  question,  un- 
less they  have  been  grown  in  walled  stations,  confining  the 
roots,  like  those  of  green-house  plants  in  their  flower- 
pots. In  open  culture,  they  will  have  spread  through  the 
soil  in  every 'direction,  and  cannot  be  preserved  and  re- 
moved. Repeated  root  pruning  will  be  of  the  greatest 
service  in  furnishing  a  great  many  fine  roots  within  reach  ; 
but  at  the  best,  a  great  deal  of  damage  is  necessarily  in- 
flicted upon  the  roots  by  digging,  and  the  older  and  larger 
the  tree,  the  greater  will  be  the  injury,  and  the  smaller  the 
proportion  of  roots  to  the  branches. 

In  digging  trees,  it  is  important  to  remove  the  soil  very 
carefully  on  each  side  of  the  row  to  expose  the  roots,  al- 
ways holding  the  spade  in  such  a  position  that  its  side  and 
edge  shall  be  in  the  direction  of  a  radius,  from  the  stem 
of  the  tree  as  a  centre.  Never  stand  facing  the  tree  to  be 
dug,  but  keep  it  next  the  elbow,  at  one  side.  On  finding 
a  root,  withdraw  the  spade,  and  try  again ;  and,  having 
ascertained  its  direction,  endeavor  to  loosen  the  outer  ex- 
tremities first.  Proceed  all  around  in  this  manner,  and  by 
gently  swaying  the  trunk,  the  points  of  resistance  will  bo 


126  .  AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 

indicated ;  these  should  be  loosened  and  freed  until  all  ap- 
pear to  be  free,  when,  by  grasping  the  collar  as  low  down 
as  possible,  the  tree  is  to  be  lifted  gently  and  freed  from 
the  soil ;  no  force  should  be  used  beyond  that  which  is  ab- 
solutely necessary,  to  lift  the  plant  from  its  bed. 

In  the  great  commercial  nurseries,  all  this  care  cannot 
be  exercised ;  everything  must  be  done  in  the  large  way, 
and  labor-saving  appliances,  the  valuable  results  of 


Fig.  23.— HARKNESS'    TREE  DIGGER. 

human  thought,  but  still  not  thinking  nor  observing  intel- 
ligences, must  be  used.  One  of  this  class  is  the  tree-dig- 
ger, which,  in  the  prairie  soils,  is  used  with  very  good 
success.  It  consists  of  a  very  large  deep  plow,  without 
any  mold-board,  but  with  a  wide  sharp  steel  share,  which 
is  turned  up  at  the  edges,  so  as  to  cut  the  lateral  roots  at 
some  distance  from  the  trees.  It  is  drawn  on  each  side 
of  the  row,  by  four  horses,  hitched  ad  tandem.  The  trees 
may  then  easily  be  lifted  from  the  loose  prairie  soil.  The 
accompanying  engraving  shows  the  tree  digger  of  Mr.  E. 
Harkness,  which  is  much  used  in  the  nurseries  of  Illinois 
and  other  Western  States.  The  figure  is  sufficiently  clear, 


PROPAGATION.  127 

without  much  explanation.  The  broad  steel  blade  runs 
under  the  rows  and  is  drawn  by  four  horses,  two  working 
one  before  the  other,  or  tandem,  each  side  of  the  row. 
Some  of  our  Western  nurserymen  find  great  advantage 
from  the  use  of  this  digger  in  their  free  soils,  and  also  for 
root  pruning  trees  that  are  to  remain  in  the  rows. 

In  the  sandy  loams  of  New  Jersey,  a  similar  tool  is  used 
for  digging  peach  trees,  which  is  drawn  by  a  span  of 
heavy  horses  that  are  attached  to  the  two  separate  beams, 
one  being  on  each  side  of  the  trees.  This  implement  is 
found  to  be  entirely  satisfactory  in  its  operations. 

High  manuring  in  the  nursery  has  been  objected  to  by 
some  orchard  planters,  who  say  that  trees,  which  have 
been  forced  into  a  too  luxuriant  growth  in  their  infancy, 
receive  so  severe  a  shock  upon  being  transplanted  to  the 
open  field,  that  they  never  recover.  With  the  neglect 
which  is  so  commonly  accorded  to  young  trees  in  the  orch- 
ard, it  is  really  wonderful  how  they  ever  survive  at  all, 
whether  they  had  been  stimulated  in  their  culture  or  not. 
The  large  majority  of  purchasers  at  the  nursery  always 
select  those  trees  which  are  most  vigorous,  notwithstand- 
ing the  prejudice  against  stimulating  the  trees,  and  then 
with  mutilated  roots,  they  probably  omit  cutting  back  the 
limbs  sufficiently,  and  when  their  neglected  orchard  fails, 
they  complain  of  the  forced  trees.  The  change  from  the 
good  cultivation  of  the  nursery  to  the  careless  culture  and 
even  neglect  of  the  farm,  is  certainly  hard  for  the  poor 
things  to  bear.  Late  growth,  encouraged  by  high  manur- 
ing, is  injurious.  There  is  a  much  more  serious  fault  of 
the  nursery  than  stimulating  with  manure  and  high  culti- 
vation, and  that  is  the  too  common  error  of  crowding  the 


128  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

trees ;  but  even  this  has  its  origin  partly  with  the  pur- 
chaser, who  too  often  wishes  to  have  his  trees  drawn  up 
as  high  as  possible;  instead  of  demanding  low  heads  he 
asks  for  high  ones,  and  will  sometimes  offer  a  premium 
for  trees  that  have  grown  in  one  season,  the  second  from 
the  root  graft,  eight  or  ten  feet  in  a  single  shoot,  so  that 
he  may  at  once  calculate  upon  forming  the  head  where  he 
wants  it,  out  of  the  reach  of  his  horse;  a  calculation,  how- 
ever, which  he  will  not  realize. 

THE  PEEPARATION  OP  THE  SOIL  for  a  nursery  should 
be  as  deep  and  as  thorough  as  possible,  for  some  things  it 
is  best  even  to  trench  the  ground;  but  generally,  the 
thorough  plowing,  with  a  deep-tiller,  or  a  trench-plow, 
will  be  sufficient,  and  if  followed  by  the  subsoil  lifter,  so 
much  the  better.  One  of  the  most  intelligent  horticultur- 
ists, and  most  successful  nurserymen  in  the  country,  finds 
that  he  can  produce  a  better  result  in  depth  and  fineness 
of  tilth,  by  using  the  Double  Michigan  plow,  than  he  can 
with  the  spade.  A  piece  of  clover-sod  thus  plowed  in  the 
fall,  and  subsoiled  at  the  same  time,  will  be  in  fine  order 
for  nursery  purposes,  after  a  thorough  cross-plowing  and 
harrowing  in  the  following  spring.  If  the  land  has  been 
under-drained,  so  much  the  better.  There  is  little  good 
land  that  would  not  be  much  improved  for  nursery  pur- 
poses by  tile  draining. 

If  manure  is  to  be  applied,  it  may  be  spread  upon  the 
clover-sod  before  plowing,  or  it  may  be  thrown  upon  the 
plowed  ground  at  once  or  at  any  time  during  the  winter, 
to  be  worked  into  the  soil  by  the  spring  plowing;  if  com- 
posted, it  may  be  spread  just  before  the  spring  stirring. 

LAYING  Our.  —  In  laying  out  the  nursery,  some  taste 


PROPAGATION.  129 

may  be  exercised  by  the  planter;  the  sections  and  blocks 
should  be  distinct,  and  alleys  should  be  located  at  conve- 
nient distances,  so  that  all  parts  may  be  easily  accessible 
with  the  wagon.  The  rows  should  be  laid  out  straight,  and 
they  ought  to  be  far  enough  apart — four  feet  might  be 
a  good  average  for  nursery  trees;  cuttings  and  seedlings 
may,  of  course,  be  nearer.  The  trees  should  not  be  set 
too  closely  in  the  rows,  one  foot  apart  is  plenty  close 
enough  for  most  kinds,  and  that  is  little  enough  room  for 
the  development  of  good  lateral  branches,  or  for  those 
which  have  to  remain  three  or  four  years  before  transplant- 
ing. For  peaches,  for  dwarf  pears,  and  indeed  for  any  of 
the  varieties  that  are  to  be  taken  from  the  nursery  as 
maiden  trees,  a  less  space  may  be  allowed — say  eight  inches 
apart.  Apple,  stocks  for  budding,  or  for  collar  grafting, 
may  be  set  ten  inches  apart,  and  they  will  have  room  to 
make  very  good  plants,  even  should  they  remain  until  two 
years  old. 

Most  nurserymen  set  out  their  apple  grafts  in  the  rows 
where  they  are  to  be  grown  to  full  size,  and  cultivate  them 
from  two  to  three  years ;  while  this  saves  the  trouble  of 
transplanting,  the  trees  will  not  be  as  well  assorted  for 
size,  nor  will  they  have  the  benefit  of  the  transplanting, 
(which  will  enhance  their  value  much  more  than  it  costs, 
in  the  improved  character  of  their  roots),  as  have  those 
that  have  been  treated  on  the  bedding  plan,  practiced  by 
some  nurserymen.  This  consists  in  setting  the  root  grafts 
closely  together,  in  a  bed  of  very  well  prepared  ground ; 
they  are  covered  at  once  with  a  good  mulching  of  saw- 
dust, which  keeps  the  ground  moist,  and  insures  the 
growth  of  almost  all  the  plants,  while  for  the  first  season 


130  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

they  occupy  very  little  space,  and  are  readily  kept  clean, 
as  the  mulching  prevents  the  growth  of  weeds.  In  the 
fall,  or  in  the  following  spring,  they  are  taken  up,  assorted 
for  size,  and  re-planted  in  the  nursery-rows  where  they  are 
to  stand.  This  transplanting  improves  the  character  of 
their  roots,  which  are  more  fibrous  and  shorter  than  in 
those  trees  which  have  stood  three  or  four  years  without 
being  disturbed.  Purchasers,  now-a-days,  begin  to  look 
at  the  roots  of  their  trees,  as  well  as  the  tops;  and  it  may 
become  necessary  for  the  nurserymen  to  gratify  this  fancy 
for  low-headed,  stocky  trees,  that  have  abundant  fibres  to 
insure  their  growth,  and  their  early  fruitfulness. 

CULTURE  of  the  nursery  should  be  thorough  ;  the  soil 
should  be  frequently  stirred,  and  kept  mellow  and  loose, 
to  insure  cleanliness  and  thriftiness,  and  to  make  handsome 
trees.  The  mellow  soil  upon  the  surface,  is,  by  some  per- 
sons, considered  equal  to  a  good  mulching,  and  indeed  it 
answers  the  indications  of  one.  Cultivation,  to  kill  the 
weeds  as  fast  as  they  appear,  will  admit  both  air  and  mois- 
ture; a  share  of  both  of  these  is  retained  by  the  mellow 
earth,  which,  thus  treated,  is  indeed  a  very  good  mulch. 
The  cultivation  may  be  done  with  the  small  turning  plow, 
with  the  double  shovel,  or  with  any  of  the  many  approved 
cultivators  in  use  every  where  throughout  the  country.  The 
surface  should  be  kept  as  level  and  even  as  possible.  In 
some  soils  the  roller,  made  short  enough  to  pass  between 
the  rows,  is  highly  esteemed,  and  is  considered  a  most 
valuable  implement  ill  the  nursery.  As  a  general  rule, 
cultivation  should  not  be  continued  too  late  in  the  season, 
but  should  be  suspended  about  mid-summer,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent a  late  growth  and  to  encourage  the  plants  to  finish 


PROPAGATION.  131 

1,/ieir  summer's  work  in  time  to  ri'pen  their  wood  thor- 
oughly before  the  advent  of  winter.  This  is  particularly 
necessary  where  the  climate  is  severe,  especially  on  new 
lands,  where  the  trees  are  very  vigorous.  Upon  the  ap- 
proach of  ^winter,  it  is  a  good  practice  to  plow  a  light  fur- 
row against  the  trees  on  each  side ;  this  protects  the  collar 
from  cold,  prevents  heaving  by  the  frost,  and  gives  a 
good  surface  drainage  to  excess  of  water. 

For  deeply  loosening  the  ground  between  the  rows,  the 
one-horse  subsoil  lifting  plow  is  a  very  valuable  instru- 
ment; this  can  be  used  in  very  narrow  spaces.  This 
plow  prepares  the  ground  admirably  for  the  pronged 
hoe,  and  it  may  be  used  between  rows  of  cuttings  and 
seedlings. 

THE  PRONGED  HOE. — One  of  the  most  valuable  imple- 
ments in  the  nursery  to  clean  out  the  weeds  from  between 
the  trees,  and  also  to  work  among  cuttings,  and  other 
plants,  that  are  set  too  closely  for  the  use  of  the  horse,  is 

the  pronged  hoe ;  it  makes 
the  best  shallow  culture, 
prevents  the  soil  from  be- 
coming hard,  and  it  is  the 
best  destroyer  of  small 

Fig.  24.— THE  PRONGED  HOE.  weeds  that  can  be  used. 
The  flat  hoe  is  never  sharp  enough  to  cut  all  of  the 
weeds  effectually,  it  produces  little  tilth,  and  the  result  of 
its  use  is  too  often  a  disappointment,  but  half  killing  the 
weeds,  in  some  places,  and  dragging  them  out  by  the  roots 
in  others,  and  often  leaving  the  ground  hard  and  in  miser- 
able condition. 

PLANTING  CUTTINGS.— Some  of  the  small  fruits,  as  cur- 


132  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

rants,  gooseberries,  as  well  as  the  quince,  are  propagated, 
to  a  great  extent,  by  cuttings.  The  ground  for  growing 
them,  should  be  very  -well  prepared  by  trenching  or 
trench-plowing ;  the  difference  in  the  growth  between  cut- 
tings set  on  well  or  on  poorly  prepared  ground  is  aston- 
ishing, and  the  advantage  in  favor  of  trenched  land  is 
sufficient  to  pay  for  the  extra  expense  bestowed  upon  the 
preparation.  The  soil  should  be  rather  sandy,  decidedly 
loose  and  mellow,  and  rather  moist  than  dry. 

In  setting  the  cuttings,  the  rows  may  be  quite  close,  as 
horse  labor  is  seldom  employed  among  them ;  but  they  are 
tended  by  hand,  or  the  ground  is  mulched.  They  may 
also  be  set  quite  thickly  in  the  row,  as  they  are  to  remain 
but  a  short  time  in  the  cutting  bed,  from  which  they  are 
transplanted  at  one  year  old,  though  sometimes  alternate 
row*may  be  left  over  another  season.  When  the  trench  is 
opened  for  them,  the  cuttings  are  set,  three  or  four  inches 
apart,  next  the  line,  so  that  only  the  top  bud  shall  reach 
the  surface ;  a  little  mellow  soil  is  thrown  upon  them,  and 
they  are  tramped  firmly  at  the  base,  when  the  remainder 
of  the  earth  is  thrown  in  and  the  next  trench  is  opened 
for  another  row.  If  they  be  planted  in  the  autumn,  it  is 
well  to  cover 'them  with  a  mulch,  and  for  this  leaves  from 
the  forest  are  an  excellent  material.  Some  propagators 
insist  very  strongly  upon  the  necessity  1o>  removing  all 
the  buds  from  the  lower  portion  of  the  cutting,  particu- 
larly in  the  currant  and  gooseberry,  so  as  to  prevent  suck- 
ering  and  to  grow  the  bush  as  a  miniature  tree,  with  a 
single  stem.  This  is  not  desirable  when  the  bushes  are 
liable  to  have  the  stems  destroyed  by  the  currant  borer. 
Indeed,  the  nature  of  the  currant  appears  to  require  a  rev 


PROPAGATION.  133 

newal  of  the  wood  by  these  shoots,  which  come  to  replace 
the  old  exhausted  branches. 

The  grape  is  grown  in  immense  quantities  from  cuttings, 
which  are  either  planted  in  a  nursery,  or  set  at  once  in  the 
vineyard.  In  the  former  they  are  planted  closely  in 
rows,  that  are  about  twenty  inches  apart.  Sometimes  the 
ground  is  trenched,  and  the  cuttings  set  at  the  same  opera- 
tion. When  the  first  trench  is  opened  in  a  rich  mellow 
loam,  which  may  be  sod  or  clover  lea,  the  edge  of  the 
dug  soil  is  dressed  to  the  line  with  the  spade,  then  the 
cuttings  are  placed  so  as  to  have  one  eye  at  or  above  the 
surface,  and  soil  is  thrown  in  and  tramped  closely  to  the 
base  of  the  cuttings.  Then  the  next  trench  is  made  with 
the  spade,  digging  the  ground  as  you  proceed. 

Grape  cuttings  are  generally  made  eighteen  or  twenty 
inches  long ;  and  those  which  have  a  heel  of  old  wood  arc? 
preferred,  and  command  a  higher  price.  The  earlier  these 
are  taken  from  the  vines,  after  the  fall  of  the  leaves,  the 
better  success  will  attend  the  plantation ;  provided  they 
are  not  too  long  exposed  to  the  air.  Fall  planting  is  very 
desirable,  but  if  not  then  planted,  the  cuttings  should  be 
put  into  the  ground  and  covered  as  soon  as  convenient, 
and  they  will  be  better  prepared  for  spring  planting.  A 
deep  trench  is  opened,  into  which  the  bundles  are  set  in  a 
vertical  position,  and  loose  earth  filled  in  about  them  a\id 
slightly  covered  over  them ;  they  will  then  be  ready  for 
planting  by  the  spring.  The  length  of  the  cuttings  has 
latterly  bean  much  reduced,  with  advantage;  some  of  the 
most  successful  planters  make  them  from  six  to  eight 
inches  long:  these  are  much  more  easily  dug  than  the 
longer  slips,  and  are  better  provided  with  roots. 


134  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

TRIMMING  should  be  practiced  in  the  nursery  with  a  de- 
finite object  in  view,  and  not  at  random ;  much  less  with 
any  expectation  of  increasing  the  hight  of  the  trees  by* 
trimming  them  up.  The  object  in  pruning  nursery  trees 
should  be  to  develop  them  in  every  part,  to  produce  a 
stout  stocky  sturdy  little  tree,  one  that  may  be  turned  out 
upon  the  bleak  prairie,  and  be  able  to  withstand  the 
blasts.  To  produce  this  result,  the  leaves  should  never  be 
stripped  from  the  shoots  to  make  them  extend  their 
growth,  for  the  sake  of  making  more  leaves  ;  the  nursery- 
man should  know  the  value  of  leaves,  as  constituting  the 
great  evaporating  surface  that  plays  a  most  important 
part  in  causing  the  ascent  of  the  crude  sap,  and  also  in  its 
elaboration  after  it  has  been  taken  up  into  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  plant.  Leaves  should  be  carefully  preserved, 
and  in  the  trimming,  which  is  necessary,  this  should  be 
borne  in  mind.  To  make  vigorous,  stocky  trees,  the  side 
branches  should  be  encouraged  rather  than  pruned  off. 
The  tops  may  sometimes  need  to  be  pinched,  to  force  out 
the  laterals,  and  to  encourage  their  growth  ;  if  two  shoots 
start  together  as  rivals,  one  of  them  should  be  topped  or 
cut  back,  or  twisted  and  broken,  but  not  cut  off  at  its 
origin,  unless  there  be  plenty  of  lateral  branches  or  twigs 
to  furnish  the  tree.  When  these  become  too  long,  they 
may  be  spurred-in,  either  in  the  fall  and  winter  when  cut- 
ting grafts,  or  in  the  summer,  during  the  growing  season. 
Whenever  it  becomes  necessary  to  trim  off  any  of  these 
laterals,  it  is  best  to  do  it  at  mid-summer,  as  the  healing 
of  the  wounds  made  at  this  period  is  very  rapid.  Head- 
ing off  the  nursery  trees  is  done  to  force  them  to  branch 
out  uniformly  the  second  year,  to  form  their  heads  at  the 


PROPAGATION.  135 

right  place ;  this  is  to  be  done  toward  spring,  and  is  ap- 
plicable especially  to  those  varieties  that  are  prone  to  make 
a  single  shoot  the  first  year  without  branching,  and  which 
have  not  been  pinched-in  or  headed  during  the  previous 
summer  to  force  out  side  branches.  Cherries,  plums,  and 
pears,  and  some  apples,  are  very  apt  to  make  this  kind  of 
growth.  It  should  have  been  premised  that  all  nursery 
trees  ought  to  be  grown  to  one  main  stem,  or  leader,  from 
which  all  the  branches  arise,  and  to  which  they  should  all 
be  made  to  contribute  their  quota  of  woody  fibre.  It  has 
been  asserted  that  the  wood  of  a  tree,  instead  of  being  a 
cone,  as  its  stem  appears  to  be  and  is,  it  should  be  a  column 
of  nearly  equal  size  from  the  bottom  to  the  top;  that  is, 
the  mass  of  all  the  branches  taken  together,  should  equal 
the  diameter  of  the  trunk  at  any  point  below.  A  well- 
grown  stocky  nursery  tree,  with  its  abundance  of  lateral 
branches  approximates  this  idea ;  but  the  main  stem  of 
such  an  one  is  very  perceptibly  a  cone,  rapidly  diminishing 
in  diameter  from  the  collar  upwards. 

AGE  OF  TRESS  FOR  PLANTING. — This  depends  so  much 
upon  the  views  of  planters,  that  the  nurseryman  cannot 
always  control  the  period  at  which  he  shall  clear  a  block 
of  trees.  Peaches  should  always  be  removed  at  oiie  year 
from  the  bud.  Plums  and  dwarf  pears  will  be  ready  to 
go  off  at  two  years  from  the  bud  or  graft ;  so  with  apples 
and  cherries.  But  many  persons,  purchasers  and  sellers, 
prefer  larger  trees,  and  they  recommend  that  the  trees 
should  remain  one,  two,  or  even  three  years  longer  in  the 
nursery.  Others,  a  new  school  of  planters,  prefer  to  set, 
out  the  maiden  tree,  in  most  of  the  species  above  named, 
except  some  very  feebly  growing  varieties,  that  will 


136  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

scarcely  have  attained  sufficient  size  to  risk  in  the  orchard. 
The  nurseryman  should  Ireware  of  keeping  his  trees  too 
long  on  his  hands ;  they  may  become  unprofitable  stock, 
and  are  sure  to  require  much  more  labor  in  the  digging 
and  handling.  The  purchaser  is  his  own  master,  and  his 
tastes  and  wishes  must  be  consulted ;  if  he  wants  large 
trees,  by  all  means,  let  him  be  indulged ;  he  will  have  to" 
pay  in  proportion,  he  will  have  more  wood  for  his  money, 
more  weight  to  carry,  or  more  transportation  to  pay  for, 
more  labor  in  planting,  and  vastly  increased  risk  of  the 
life  of  his  trees ;  but,  let  him  be  indulged  with  his  five 
year  old  trees,  while  his  neighbor,  for  a  smaller  sum  in- 
vested, with  less  freight,  less  wood,  less  labor,  and  infi- 
nitely less  risk,  will  plant  his  maiden  trees,  and  five  years 
hence  will  market  more  fruit. 

The  risk  of  transplanting  large  or  old  trees  from  the 
nursery,  may  be  greatly  diminished,  and  their  value  will 
be  vastly  enhanced,  by  judicious  root  pruning  in  the  nur- 
sery-row. This  may  be  done  by  digging,  on  either  side, 
on  alternate  years,  and  cutting  off  the  straggling  roots, 
and  particularly  those  that  run  deeply ;  this  will  be  fol- 
lowed by  the  production  of  a  multitude  of  fibrous  roots 
that  put  the  tree  into  a  good  condition  for  transplanting. 
In  the  great  nurseries  of  the  West,  there  is  a  peculiar 
plow,  which  is  used  for  root  pruning  the  nursery  rows. 

THE  HOME  NURSERY  has  been  recommended  by  Mr. 
Field  in  his  Pear  Culture,  as  a  means  of  enabling  the 
orchardist  to  amuse  himself,  and  to  grow  his  trees  in  such 
style  as  he  may  prefer.  He*  advises  to  select  trees  "  of 
two  or  three  years'  growth,  and  prepare  a  piece  of  ground 
for  the  home  nursery.  For  this  a  rich,  deep,  dry  soil 


PROPAGATION.  137 

should  be  spaded  and  thoroughly  pulverized  to  the  depth 
of  two  feet,  (trenched).  In  it  plant  the  trees  in  rows  four 
feet  distant,  and  three  feet  apart  in  the  rows.  Two  hun- 
dred trees  would  thus  occupy  a  space  fifty  feet  square. 
The  roots  having  been  carefully  examined,  and,  as  before 
mentioned,  the  laterals  pruned  to  six  or  eight  inches,  are 
spread  out  horizontally,  and  gently  covered  with  earth. 
It  will  be  seen  that  the  labor  of  pinching,  pruning,  and 
cultivating,  will  be  much  less  on  so  small  a  spot,  than 
when  the  cultivator  is  obliged  to  travel  over  three  or  four 
acres  upon  which  they  are  ultimately  to  be  planted. 

"If  at  the  end  of  two  years  it  is  still  desirable  to  allow 
them  to  remain,  a  sharp  spade  should  be  thrust  down 
around  them,  at  a  distance  of  fifteen  or  eighteen  inches,  in 
order  to  cut  the  long  straggling  roots,  and  thus  induce 
the  formation  of  fibres  nearer  home.  This  will  fit  them 
for  transplanting  at  an  advanced  stage  of  growth.  In 
this  case,  if  at  the  end  of  two  or  three  years,  they  are  re- 
moved at  the  proper  season,  and  with  care,  they  will  suf- 
fer scarcely  any  check.  By  pursuing  this  plan,  they  re- 
ceive better  care,  grow  faster,  and  are  not  liable  to  dam- 
age ;  and  .as  only  the  good  trees  will,  in  this  case,  be  set 
in  the  fruit  grounds,  none  of  those  unseemly  breaks  in  the 
rows,  caused  by  the  injury  or  death  of  a  tree,  need  occur. 
Where,  however,  older  trees,  at  least  once  transplanted, 
cannot  be  obtained,  and  it  is  desirable  to  set  out  the  orch- 
ard at  once,  stout  two-year  old  trees  are  decidedly  prefer- 
able. Such  trees  have  not  stood  sufficiently  long  to  send 
their  roots  beyond  a  limit  whence  they  can  be  removed ; 
and  with  careful  digging,  removal  and  planting,  the  pur- 
chaser need  not  fear  a  loss  of  more  than  two  per  cent." 


138  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

THE  NURSERY  ORCHARD,  as  practiced  by  A.  R.  Whit- 
ney, of  Lee  Co.,  111.,  now  one  of  the  largest  orchard- 
ists  of  the  country,  is  well  worthy  of  imitation  by  all 
those  nurserymen,  who  desire  also  to  become  fruit-grow- 
ers. In  laying  off  the  blocks  of  nursery  stock,  the  va- 
rieties that  are  wanted  for  the  orchard,  should  be  planted 
in  such  a  manner,  that  they  shall  be  in  every  fourth  row, 
so  that  the  orchard  trees  will  stand  in  rows  sixteen  to 
twenty  feet  apart,  according  as  the  nursery-rows  are  four 
or  five  feet  wide.  In  cultivating  and  trimming  these  rows 
in  the  nursery,  a  plant  is  selected,  every  twelve  or  sixteen 
feet,  which  is  to  remain  as  the  orchard  tree  when  the  block 
shall  be  cleared.  A  good  tree  is  selected,  and  special  care 
in  the  pruning  is  bestowed  upon  it  to  secure  the  desired 
form,  arid  low  branches ;  if  necessary,  the  tree  on  either 
side  of  it  is  removed,  to  give  it  room.  By  the  time  the 
block  is  cleared,  these  orchard  trees  are  often  in  bearing, 
and  while  his  customers  are  struggling  to  save  their  trees, 
and  nursing  them  after  their  transplanting,  the  nurseryman 
will  have  become  an  orchardist,  and  is  enjoying  his  fruits. 
The  nursery  will  have  become  an  orchard  —  one  rather 
closely  planted  to  be  sure — but  the  trees  can  be  dwarfed 
by  root  pruning  with  the  plow,  they  shelter  one  another 
from  the  prairie  blasts,  and  when  too  thick,  alternate  trees 
may  be  removed  to  the  wood-pile,  and  thus  cheer  the 
owner  on  a  winter's  day. 

WINTER-KILLING  is  a  serious  evil  in  the  nursery,  as  by 
it  whole  rows  and  blocks  of  certain  varieties  are  some- 
times destroyed,  or  very  seriously  injured.  It  has  been 
observed  to  be  most  marked  in  its  effects  upon  those  sorts 
of  trees  that  make  the  most  vigorous  and  sappy  growth, 


PROPAGATION.  139 

and,  those  which  continue  to  grow  late  in  the  season. 
Such  varieties  have  very  naturally  acquired  the  epithet  of 
tender,  especially  as  orchard  trees  of  the  same  kinds,  even 
in  a  bearing  state,  have  been  similarly  affected ;  in  some 
sections  of  the  country,  these  kinds  have  been  thrown  out 
of  cultivation.  The  bark  looks  shriveled  and  withered, 
the  twigs  seem  dry  when  cut,  and  resist  the  knife ;  when 
thawed  by  the  fire,  or  on  the  return  of  spring  weather, 
the  bark  seems  loose,  and  the  inner  bark,  instead  of  being 
greenish-white,  becomes  brown,  and  the  whole  tree  looks 
as  though  it  was  dead.  In  old  trees,  large  portions  of  the 
bark  start  from  the  stem  and  large  limbs,  and  hang  loosely 
for  awhile  and  then  fall  oif.  The  buds  alone  retain  their 
vitality,  and  upon  the  return  of  spring  they  sometimes 
succeed  in  establishing  the  necessary  connection  with  the 
soil,  and  restore  the  circulation  of  the  sap ;  the  results  are 
the  deposit  of  the  usual  annular  layer  of  woody  matter, 
which  encases  the  dead  portions  within,  that  become  like 
a  sequestrum  of  dead  bone  in  an  animal.  The  best  treat- 
ment for  the  trees  that  have  been  winter-killed,  is  to  cut 
them  back  very  severely,  in  the  hope  of  producing  a  vig- 
orous wood-growth  the  next  season,  to  repair  the  injury. 

A  partial  winter-killing  often  affects  small  nursery  trees, 
especially  on  low  and  wet,  undrained  soils ;  the  plants  re- 
cover, but  for  years  they  have  a  black  point  in  the  heart 
which  embraces  all  of  the  wood-growth  that  was  affected — 
all  their  wood  at  the  period  of  the  disaster.  This  is  en- 
closed and  surrounded  by  clear,  healthy  wood ;  but  such 
trees  are  not  desirable,  they  are  so  fragile,  as  to  be  easily 
broken. 

The  best  preventive  for  winter-killing  in  the  nursery,  is 


140  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

to  encourage  early  ripening  of  the  wood,  and  to  drain  the 
land,  is  one  of  the  best  means  of  producing  this  effect ;  an- 
other is  the  cessation  of  culture  at  mid-summer,  and  the 
sowing  of  oats  very  thick  at  the  last  cultivation,  has  been 
practiced,  and,  it  is  thought,  with  excellent  effects.  The 
rank  growth  absorbs  the  superfluous  moisture,  robbing 
the  trees,  and  afterwards  forms  a  good  protective  mulch 
during  the  winter.  The  objections  to  it  are,  that  it  en- 
courages the  mice,  which,  by  girdling  the  trees,  effectually 
winter-kills  them. 

Many  nursery  and  orchard  trees  often  present  a  black 
discoloration  of  the  bark,  which  is  quite  unsightly,  and  ex- 
cites alarm  for  the  health  of  the  tree.  This  is  often  caused 
by  trimming  at  unfavorable  periods ;  in  the  spring  pruning 
of  bearing  trees,  the  large  stumps  sometimes  bleed,  but  in 
the  nursery  trees  it  arises  from  cutting  them,  and  especi- 
ally in  the  barbarous  trimming  up,  during  severely  cold 
weather,  when  they  are  frozen. 

INJURIOUS  ANIMALS  AND  INSECTS.  —  The '  nurseryman 
sometimes  suffers  fuom  the  depredations  of  some  of  the 
smaller  animals,  which  cause  him  great  annoyance.  The 
mole,  though  highly  recommended  by  the  naturalists  as  a 
harmless  beast,  who  is  an  aid  to  horticulture  by  his  insec- 
tivorous habits,  is  nevertheless  injurious  in  Jiis  ways  ;  for 
he  often  makes  his  run  in  the  seed  bed,  or  along  a  row  of 
root  grafts,  and  raising  them  from  their  stations  break 
their  tender  rootlets,  when  the  sun  and  air  soon  destroy 
them.  Mice,  of  different  kinds,  are  still  more  destructive, 
particularly  in  the  winter,  when  they  will  often  girdle 
young  trees  near  the  collar,  and  do  much  mischief.  They 
also  devour  many  seeds  after  they  have  been  committed 


PROPAGATION.  141 

to  the  ground,  particularly  those  sown  in  the  autumn. 
For  both  of  these  animals,  the  best  preventive  is  to  catch 
them,  which  may  be  done  with  traps.  They  may  also  be 
poisoned.  The  young  trees  may  be  protected  from  the 
mice  by  keeping  them  clear  of  rubbish,  that  would  shelter 
these  animals,  and  when  snow  falls,  it  should  be  trodden 
down  closely  about  the  trees.  Owls  and  cats  will  do  their 
share  in  the  destruction  also,  but  they  will  also  take  the 
friendly  little  birds. 

Rabbits  are  also  very  apt  to  bite  off  young  shoots,  and 
to  bark  trees  of  larger  growth  in  the  nursery,  as  well  as 
those  that  have  been  set  out  in  the  orchard.  Various 
methods  have  been  suggested  to  prevent  their  injuries. 
Wrapping  the  stems  with  strips  of  rags  or  with  ropes  of 
hay,  was  formerly  the  method  practiced  by  those  who 
wished  to  save  their  young  trees ;  the  process  is  tedious 
and  troublesome.  A  few  pieces  of  corn-stalk  have  been 
placed  by  the  stem  of  the  tree  and  tied  to  it ;  this,  too,  is 
a  troublesome  procedure,  though,  like  the  others,  it  is  ef- 
ficacious. A  still  better  plan  in  this  class  of  preventives, 
is  a  half  sheet  of  common  brown  wrapping  paper,  made 
to  encircle  the  stem,  like  an  inverted  funnel ;  this  need  be 
fastened  only  at  the  top,  by  a  little  thin  grafting  wax  ap- 
plied with  a  brush  at  the  instant,  or  the  paper  may  be 
tied  with  some  common  white  cotton  string.  This  en- 
velope keeps  off  the  rabbits,  and  lasts  through  the  winter ; 
the  string  will  decay  before  the  growing  season  returns, 
so  there  is  no  danger  of  strangulation.  All  the  other 
wrappings  must  be  removed,  or  they  will  injure  the  trees 
and  afford  harbor  for  insects.  It  will  be  observed  that  all 
applications  of  this  class,  are  adapted  only  to  trees  that 


142  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

have  a  clean  bole  without  branches,  but  are  not  suited  for 
those  which  are  made  to  branch  at  or  near  the  ground. 
Besides,  in  countries  where  snow  abounds,  these  little  ma- 
rauders are  elevated  above  the  wrappings,  and  have  fair 
play  at  the  unprotected  parts  of  the  tree — on  this  account 
another  class  of  preventives  has  been  adopted. 

These  consist  in  applications  that  are  obnoxious  to 
rabbits,  which,  being  nice  feeders,  are  easily  disgusted. 
White-wash,  and  white- wash  made  with  tobacco  water, 
soap,  whale-oil  soap,  grease,  blood,  and  especially  the  dead 
rabbit  itself,  freshly  killed,  have  all  been  used  with  happy 
results,  in  that  they  have  driven  these  animals  to  seek 
their  food  elsewhere.  A  very  good  application,  and  one 
that  may  be  used  upon  a  low-branched  tree  as  well  as  to 
the  smooth  clear  stem  of  one  that  is  higher,  is  blood.  This 
is  put  on  with  a  swab ;  a  few  corn  husks  tied  to  a  stick, 
answers  very  well.  Dipping  this  into  the  vessel  of  blood, 
the  swab  is  struck  gently  against  the  stem  or  the  branch- 
es, as  the  case  may  be,  and  the  fluid  is  spattered  over  it. 
A  very  little  will  answer  to  keep  the  rabbits  away,  and 
the  effect  will  continue  all  winter,  notwithstanding  the 
rains. 

Certain  insects  also  prove  injurious  in  the  nursery, 
among  these  the  most  numerous  are  the  aphides^  which  are 
found  upon  the  roots  of  some  fruit  trees,  especially  the 
apple.  Others  of  this  disagreeable  insect  appear  upon  the 
foliage,  among  these  one  of  the  most  disgusting  is  the 
one  which  causes  the  black  curl,  on  young  cherry  trees. 
The  pear  tree  slug,  (Selandria  cerasi),  destroys  the  foli- 
age of  many  young  trees  in  the  nursery ;  caterpillars  also 
do  their  share  of  mischief.  A  serious  trouble  in  old  nur- 


PROPAGATION.  143 

sery  grounds,  especially  where  manure  is  used,  is  the  grub 
of  the  May  beetles,  of  which  there  are  several  species. 
These  grubs  are  whitish,  nearly  as  thick  as  the  little 
finger,  with  a  brownish  head.  They  cut  off  the  young 
nursery  trees  at  three  or  four  inches  below  the  surface. 
We  have  seen  two-year  old  stocks  cut  in  this  manner,  and 
the  work  of  destruction  was  so  complete,  that  the  proprie- 
tor of  the  nursery  was  a  long  time  in  attributing  it  to 
such  an  apparently  inadequate  cause  as  this  sluggish, 
soft-bodied  grub.  All  of  these,  with  other  insects  injurious 
to  fruit,  will  be  considered  in  their  appropriate  place. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

DWARFING. 


DEFINITION    ^J<—OW«rKOTS  — EARLY    FRUITAGE  —  DEFINITION   OF  TERMS 

—  DWAHt-lJyc*  STOCKS  —  OTHER  MEANS  OF  DWARFING  —  DWARFS  AND 
STANDARDS — fYKAMIDS    OR     CONICAL  —  ESPALIERS  —  LAYING  BARE 
THE    MAIN    itOOTS    IN     SUMMER,    TO    DIMINISH    THE     VIGOR    OF    THE 
TREES  —  REMOVING  A  PORTION  OF   THEM  —  ROOT-PRUNING — TRANS- 
PLANTING—  EUROPEAN  ESPALIERS  AND  WALL  FRUITS  —  DU  BREUIL'S 
CORDONS  —  CROWDING,     AS     A     MEANS     OF      DWARFING— PINCHING, 
TWISTING,   AXD  FRACTURE  —  FIELD'S  PEAR   HEDGES  —  OUR  CLIMATE 
DOES  NOT   REQUIRE   THESE   MEANS  OF  TORTURE  —  FACILITY  OF  PRO- 
TECTION MAY  HENDKR   THEM  DESIRABLE  —  GENERAL  INTRODUCTION 
OF    QUINCE-DWARFED    PEARS    IN    THIS    COUNTRY  —  MANY    FAILURES 

—  SUCCESS    DEPENDS    UPON    CARE  —  FRENCH    SUCCESS  —  CHINESE  — 
UNCONGENIAL     STOCKS  —  IMPERFECT     UNION  —  PINCHING — HIGHEST 
PERFECTION  OF  THE  ART  OF  HORTICULTURE  —  EQUALIZE   THE  FLOW 
OF     SAP — NATURALLY    FLOWS    TO    HIGHER    PARTS    AT    EXPENSE    OF 
LOWER,   MAY     BE     REGULATED     BY    TRIMMING  —  BY     DISBUDDING  — 
BENDING  DOWN  —  PINCHING  THE  STRONGER,  AND  ENCOURAGING  THE 
WEAKER — ILLUSTRATION     IN    THE     STRAWBERRY  —  DWARFING  THE 
APPLE  —  PARADISE  STOCK  —  THE   DOUCIN  ;    UNFIT  FOR   ORCHARDS  — 
ROOT-PRUNING  —  HOW     IT    OPERATES  —  TIME    TO    BEGIN  — HOW    TO 

•    BE  PURSUED  —  SEASON  FOK — EXPENSE  —  ROOT-PRUNING  PLOW. 

DWARFING  consists  in  so  controlling  the  growth  of 
plants  as  to  reduce  the  natural  size  of  any  of  our  fruit 
trees,  and  bring  them  within  comparatively  narrow 
bounds.  The  objects  of  dwarfing  are  to  enable  us  to  plant 


DWARFING. 


145 


a  large  number  of  specimen  trees,  or  of  varieties  upon  a 
small  piece  of  ground,  or  to  have  small  trees  beside  the 
alleys  of  onr  gardens.  Such  plants  are  also  well  adapted 
for  growing  in  pots,  or  in  the  borders  of  an  orchard-house. 
It  is  claimed  for  dwarfed  trees,  that  they  are  more  prolific 
than  those  which  are  worked  on  free  stocks,  which  are 
often  erroneously  called  standards,  and  it  is  also  asserted 
that  these  dwarfed  trees  will  bear  sooner  and  produce 
finer  and  larger  fruit. 

The  terms  used  may  as  well  be  explained  at  once. 
When  we  speak  of  dwarfing  stocks,  we  mean  such  as  are 
so  uncongenial  as  to  check  the  wood-growth ;  and  thus, 
while  producing  smaller  trees,  they  have  a  tendency  to 
early  fruitfulness  if  properly  managed.  But  this  condition 
may  be  superinduced  by  other  means  than  these.  Hence 
in  speaking  of  dwarf  pear  trees,  it  does  not  follow  that 
they  have  been  worked  on  the  quince  or  other  unconge- 
nial stock.  A  dwarf  tree,  of  whatever  kind,  is  simply  one 
that  has  been  caused  to  assume  diminutive  proportions. 
Dwarfing  stocks  are  contrasted  with  free  stocks,  or  those 
which  would  have  attained  the  full  size  of  the  species,  and 
which,  when  grafted,  produce  large  trees.  These  are 
often  mis-called  standards,  when  contrasted  with  those 
that  have  been  worked  on  the  quince,  or  other  dwarfing 
stock.  Whereas,  the  trees  propagated  on  free  stocks, 
may  also  be  dwarfed,  by  means  that  will  be  presently  de- 
tailed ;  and  the  term  standard  refers  really  to  the  mode  in 
which  the  training  of  the  specimens  has  been  performed. 
Those  which  are  trimmed  up  as  orchard  trees  are  usually 
treated  as  standards,  and  are  said  to  be  trimmed  to  stand- 
ard hight.  Those  branching  at  a  lower  point  are  called 
7 


146  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

half  standards.  Those  which  are  branched  so  low  as  to 
conceal  the  stem  of  the  tree,  and  in  which  the  limbs  are 
so  well  managed  that  the  lower  ones  are  always  the  long- 
est, and  those  above  them  gradually  contracted  to  the 
point  at  the  top,  are  called  pyramids,  or  more  properly 
conical  trees.  Whether  dwarfed  or  not,  trees  may  be 
trained  in  a  variety  of  forms,  such  as  the  columnar,  some- 
times culled  the  quenouitte  •  the  vase  or  goblet  form  may 
be  given  them,  or  the  parasol  shape,  and  they  may  be 
made  to  assume  the  form  of  a  fan  or  other  mode  of  ex- 
tension laterally,  when  trained  upon  a  wall  or  espalier 
frame,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  illustrations  given  by  Du 
Breuil;  but  it  is  seldom  that  our  gardeners  are  willing  to 
bestow  the  care  and  attention  necessary  to  produce  these 
results. 

The  vertical  and  oblique  cordons  represented  and  re- 
commended by  Du  Breuil  are  very  attractive,  and  admir- 
able methods  of  training  and  dwarfing  fruit  trees,  and  of 
crowding  a  great  many  into  a  small  space.  His  method 
of  making  an  edging  to  the  fruit-border  with  dwarf  ap- 
ples, inarched  together  so  as  to  form  a  connected  tree  for 
its  whole  length,  is  a  capital  illustration  of  the  control  we 
may  exercise  upon  vegetation. 

Standards  and  pyramids  are  often  trained  as  weeping 
trees,  for  the  sake  of  gratifying  the  fancy  of  the  cultiva- 
tor, and  with  a  view  of  bringing  on  that  early  productive- 
ness which  results  from  the  check  of  the  upward  current 
of  sap  that  is  incident  to  such  a  mode  of  treatment.  This 
is  really  a  kind  of  dwarfing  so  far  as  it  goes,  and  if  com- 
menced early  in  the  life  of  che  tree,  it  may  become  very 
effective,  especially  when  combined  with  other  means  of 


DWARFING.  147 

reducing  the  growth.  These  are  formed  by  arching  the 
branches,  tying  their  tips  to  a  ring  of  wire  or  hoop  secured 
near  the  ground,  or  simply  by  fastening  weights  to  them 
sufficient  to  keep  them  in  the  desired  position,  and  by  ty- 
ing the  upper  limbs  to  the  lower  ones.  As  is  well  known, 
the  sap  flows  most  readily  toward  the  shoots  that  occupy 
a  .vertical  line ;  it  will  be  seen  that  its  ascent  will  be  seri- 
ously retarded  in  those  that  are  bent,  and  their  vigor  will 
be  diminished,  and  fruit-bearing  will  be  promoted.  This 
process  must  not  be  continued  too  perseveringly,  lest  the 
tree  become  exhausted  by  over-production. 

Du  Breuil  recommends  laying  bare  the  principal  roots 
of  the  tree  in  the  spring  of  the  year,  so  as  to  expose  them 
for  the  most  of  their  length,  and  leaving  them  in  this  con- 
dition during  the  summer.  This  exposure  of  roots  to  the 
sun  and  air  diminishes  the  vigor  of  the  tree,  and  hence  it 
tends  to  the  production  of  fruit.  He  also  recommends 
the  removal  of  a  part  of  the  roots  in  the  spring,  and  re- 
placing the  earth;  considering  this  a  more  energetic 
operation  than  the  preceding,  he  advises  caution,  lest  we 
injure  the  tree.  This  is  simply  root-pruning,  a  plan  that 
has  been  pretty  thoroughly  tested  in  this  country,  where, 
perhaps,  its  beneficial  effects  are  more  needed  than  in  any 
other,  and  where  we  shall  even  find  it  advantageous  to 
have  recourse  to  mechanical  means  for  its  performance  in 
large  orchards  by  horse-power,  as  will  be  set  forth  in  an- 
other place. 

A  very  successful  method  of  obtaining  the  desired  effect 
oi  dwarfing,  which  is  early  and  abundant  fruiting,  con- 
sists in  transplanting  the  trees  in  the  autumn  ;  this  should 
be  done  very  carefully,  so  as  to  preserve  the  roots  from 


148  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

mutilation  as  much  as  possible.  The  effect  of  this  will  be 
to  check  the  wood-growth  the  ensuing  summer,  and  fruit- 
buds  will  be  formed,  for  it  is  well  known  that  these  two 
opposite  conditions  of  plant  life  are  complementary  the 
one  to  the  other,  and  while  we  always  desire  to  see  them 
both  proceeding  together  in  a  healthy  tree,  the  wood- 
growth  must  have  been  moderated  before  we  can  expect 
to  receive  any  fruit. 

The  French  and  English  excel  us  in  training  upon  walls 
and  espaliers,  and  we  may  willingly  yield  them  the  palm ; 
since,  in  this  country,  it  is  rarely  necessary  to  incur  so 
great  expense  for  the  production  of  good  fruits,  and  as  a 
means  of  dwarfing  our  trees,  it  is  more  expensive  and  re- 
quires more  .skill,  care,  and  watchfulness,  than  other  meth- 
ods of  producing  this  effect.  Espalier  training,  how- 
ever, affords  the  most  beautiful  opportunity  for  the  illus- 
tration of  many  of  the  important  principles  of  vegetable 
physiology,  but  it  should  never  be  undertaken  by  any  one 
who  is  not  familiar  with  these,  and  at  the  same  time  wil- 
ling to  exercise  great  patience  and  perseverance  in  their 
application  to  the  subjects  under  his  control.  No  blind 
pursuance  of  the  abstract  rules  of  the  art  can  enable  the 
mere  routine  gardener  to  become  a  successful  grower  of 
espajier  trees.  The  modes  of  training  are  various,  to  suit 
the  whims  and  necessities  of  the  artist.  Trees  are  fastened 
directly  to  the  walls,  or  to  trellises  of  wood  or  of  iron, 
that  are. placed  at  a  little  distance  from  the  masonry,  or 
they  may  be  entirely  independent  of  any  such  structures, 
and  exposed  to  the  air*  and  light  freely  on  both  sides. 
The  trellises  may  be  either  vertical,  or  inclined.  The 
limbs  may  be  made  to  issue  nearly  opposite  to  one  anoth- 


DWARFING.  149 

er,  and  be  trained  horizontally  in  two  directions,  with 
successive  stages  to  the  top  of  the  wall  or  trellis,  or  they 
may  be  trained  in  a  fan  shape,  with  various  modifications 
of  what  M.  Du  Breuil  calls  the  palmette  form.  And  a 
simple  modification  of  this  method  of  dwarfing  may  be 
made  with  some  varieties  of  fruit,  by  training  a  single 
stem  horizontally  within  a  foot  of  the  ground,  as  a  border 
or  edging  between  the  path-ways  and  the  cultivated 
ground. 

The  favorite  method  of  training  in  France,  at  the  present 
day,  appears  to  be  that  called  the  cordon.  This  may  be 
either  the  vertical  or  inclined.  In  this  kind  of  espalier, 
the  trees  are  dwarfed  by  crowding  them  closely  together, 
and  by  successive  pinching  and  other  mutilation,  such  as 
bending  and  even  breaking  the  shoots,  which  results  in 
early  productiveness.  The  trees  are  planted  sixteen  inches 
apart,  and  are  trained  to  single  stems,  and  so  treated  as 
to  be  furnished  with  the  requisite  number  of  fruit-spurs  on 
their  whole  extent.  This  is  quite  a  new  application  of 
principles,  and  one  which  is  rudely  imitated  by  Mr.  Field's 
pear  hedges,  which,  however,  bear  but  little  resemblance 
to  the  elegant  cordons  of  Du  Breuil  beyond  that  of  dwarf- 
ing by  crowding  and  pinching.  We  are  told  that  among 
the  many  advantages  of  this  method,  are  the  diminished 
time  required  to  cover  a  wall  or  trellis  with  fruit,  and  the 
greater  facility  of  replacing  a  dead  or  defective  tree, 
which,  in  the  usual  espalier  methods,  is  a  very  serious 
matter,  requiring  several  years  for  its  restoration  and  the 
production  of  a  crop. 

We  are  so  blessed,  in  most  parts  of  this  country,  with 
soil  and  climate  that  are  well  adapted  to  the  production 


150  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

of  fruit  in  the  open  field,  upon  sturdy  orchard  trees,  that 
there  is  less  necessity  for  introducing  these  elegant  meth- 
ods of  pursuing  the  fine  art  of  horticulture ;  and  yet  there 
are  reasons  in  the  uncertain  climate  of  our  winters,  why 
these  plans  of  training  and  dwarfing  should  be  pursued 
by  those  who  have  the  talent  and  the  means  for  doing  it. 
Until  within  a  few  years,  there  were  not  many  dwarfed 
pear  or  apple  trees  in  this  country,  and  they  were  confined 
chiefly  to  French  gardens  and  to  the  establishments  of  the 
wealthy.  But  since  their  more  general  introduction,  im- 
mense numbers  have  been  propagated  and  planted,  and 
extensive  orchards,  particularly  of  dwarfed  pears,  have 
been  set  out  with  a  view  to  profit.  Some  of  these  have 
been  eminently  successful,  others  are  failures ;  the  results 
will  very  much  depend  upon  the  amount  of  care  which 
may  be  bestowed  upon  them. 

The  French  have  long  practiced  the  dwarfing  of  certain 
varieties  of  fruits,  and  have  been  very  successful  in  their 
results ;  but  that  wonderful  people,  the  Chinese,  excel  all 
others  in  this  branch  of  horticulture,  for  which  they  dis- 
play a  remarkable  talent. 

DWARFING  BY  UNCONGENIAL  STOCKS.  —  The  usual 
mode,  which  is  literally  a  partial  starvation  of  the  tree 
by  limiting  the  supplies  of  crude  sap,  consists  in  the 
use  of  uncongenial  and  dwarf-growing  stocks,  upon  which 
the  desired  varieties  are  budded  or  grafted.  These  are, 
for  the  dwarfed  pear,  either  Quinces,  Thorns,  the  Mountain 
Ash,  or  the  Amelanchiers ;  for  the  apple,  the  Paradise  and 
the  Doucin  varieties  of  apple  stocks ;  for  the  peach  and 
plum,  the  Chickasas,  or  other  dwarf  plum  stock  may  be 
used.  The  free-growing  cherries  are  worked  on  the  Ma- 


DWARFING.  151 

haleb  or  the  Morello  varieties ;  but  it  must  be  confessed, 
that  some  of  these  do  not  produce  a  perfect  dwarf  with- 
out other  treatment. 

To  produce  a  dwarf  by  grafting  on  an  uncongenial 
stock,  this  should  be  so  uncongenial  as  to  form  an  imper- 
fect union,  which  checks  the  downward  circulation;  the 
sap  that  has  been  elaborated  by  the  organs  of  the  scion  is 
thus  kept  above  the  junction  of  the  two  woods,  and,  being 
so  checked,  the  result  is  the  early  formation  of  fruit-buds, 
and  a  premature  fruitage  of  the  trees  results  in  a  direct 
proportion  to  the  incompleteness  of  the  union  of  scion 
and  stock.  This  is  often  so  very  imperfect  as  to  be  very 
easily  ruptured,  the  grafts  are  often  broken  out  by  #  very 
small  force  being  applied  to  them,  sometimes  even  the 
weight  of  the' fruit  is  sufficient  to  effect  a  separation,  and 
an  examination  of  the  rupture  will  show  how  very  slight 
or  imperfect  the  union  between  the  parts  has  been ;  in 
other  cases,  however,  it  is  difficult  to  trace  the  fibres  of 
wood-growth  that  belong  respectively  to  the  stock  and 
to  the  scion,  even  when  these  have  been  so  different  as 
pear  and  quince,  or  plum  and  peach. 

It  is  also  considered  desirable  that  the  roots  of  the  stock 
should  be  small  and  fibrous,  and  not  long,  naked,  and 
straggling ;  the  former  will  furnish  the  crude  sap  in  more 
limited  amounts,  and  are  less -likely  to  produce  an  exces- 
sively rampant  or  luxurious  growth  in  the  scion. 

Many  persons  have  been  disappointed  in  the  Mahaleb 
cherry,  which  has  been  reputed  to  be  a  dwarfing  stock. 
It  is  found,  that  without  the  application  of  other  means, 
the  so-called  dwarfed  cherries  grow  as  freely,  at  least  in 
their  early  years,  as  those  worked  on  the  free  stock,  known 


152  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

as  the  Mazzard  cherry.  They  will  never  make  such  large 
trees,  however-,  and  those  who  would  enjoy  dwarf  cherry 
trees,  should  combine  the  different  methods  of  producing 
the  result. 

BY  PINCHING. — There  are  other  means  of  producing  the 
desired  effects  of  dwarfing  and  early  fruiting,  which  should 
be  mentioned.  These  consist  in  systematic  efforts  to  cur- 
tail the  development  of  the  wood-growth,  by  judicious 
pinching,  of  the  tips  or  points  of  the  branches,  and  to  pre- 
vent the  rambling  of  the  roots  by  root-pruning.  These  it 
is  designed  now  to  examine.  Pinching  is  practiced  in  the 
green-house  with  the  happiest  effects,  and  it  results  in  the 
production  of  the  most  perfect  form  of  the  plants,  and 
most  abundant  display  of  flowers.  The  constant  check 
which  is  thus  given  to  the  wood  system,  causes  the  sap  to 
seek  new  outlets,  and  instead  of  the  one  Hmb  into  which 
it  had  been  flowing,  and  causing  it  to  be  developed  ;  its 
flow  is  now  directed  to  the  other  buds  along  its  course, 
which  presently  burst  out  into  lateral  growths,  none  of 
which  are  so  strong  as  the  first,  and  these  are  induced  to 
change  the  character  of  the  buds  so  as  to  result  in  thq 
production  of  flowers  and  fruit. 

This  system  applied  to  fruit-trees  has  been  most  thor- 
oughly carried  out  by  the  French,  and  is  admirably  de- 
scribed and  illustrated  by  Du  Breuil,  in  a  work  .called 
Scientific  Culture  of  Fruit  Trees^  and  reproduced  in  our 
own  language  by  Wm.  Wardle,  an  English  gardener  and 
orchardist  of  high  reputation. 

It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  in  this  country,  where  fruits 
are  so  easily  produced,  we  shall  soon  reach  such  a  point 
of  horticultural  practice  as  to  lead  us  to  the  adoption  of 


DWARFING.  153 

the  European  system,  of  walls  and  espalier  training,  but 
we  shall  do  well  to  watch  the  application  of  the  very  im- 
portant principles  involved  in  their  practice,  since  these 
may  be  applied  to  our  orchards  with  manifest  advantage. 
In  reference  to  the  form  and  management  of  trained  trees, 
it  is  established  as  an  axiom  that  their  permanency  is  de- 
pendent upon  an  equal  diffusion  of  the  sap  being  kept  up 
throughout  the  whole  extent  of  their  branches.  This  oc- 
curs naturally  in  all  trees,  because  they  develope  them- 
selves in  the  forms  natural  to  them,  but  in  our  gardens 
and  orchards  we  make  our  trees  assume  unnatural  forms. 
The  sap  flows  to  the  highest  parts  by  a  law  which  is  well 
known,  though  not  so  well  understood  ;  as  a  consequence, 
the  lower  branches  do  not  receive  their  needed  supplies, 
and  being  smothered  by  those  above  them,  they  eventu- 
ally die  and  decay,  leaving  a  naked  stem  supporting  a  top, 
or  the  common  form  of  the  natural  tree.  To  maintain  the 
shape  we  desire — be  this  the  pyramid,  the  vase,  or  the  es- 
palier of  whatever  kind — certain  operations  must  be  per- 
formed from  time  to  time,  as  the  conditions  of  the  tree 
may  indicate. 

Among  these,  Du  Breuil  advises  to  prune  the  strong 
branches  short  and  allow  the  weaker  ones  to  grow  long, 
and  thus  to  restore  the  balance :  This  may  be  done  at  the 
spring  pruning,  and  also  at  any  time  during  the  growing 
season,  when  it  may  be  necessary  to  check  excessive 
growth  at  any  one  point :  and  upon  this  principle  depends 
some  of  the  most  important  practice  of  the  summer  prun- 
ing of  our  vineyards.  The  sap  flows  towards  the  leaves, 
and  by  removing  them  from  one  part,  and  leaving  a  pre- 
ponderance upon  another,  we  change  the  direction  of  its 
7* 


154  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

flow.  As  the  strongest  flow  is  toward  those  parts  that  are 
in  a  vertical  direction,  we  may  also  check  this  tendency, 
or  encourage  it,  by  altering  the  position  of  the  branch,  as 
is  done  in  the  vineyard  by  tying  up  the  canes  we  wish  to 
have  developed,  and  depressing  the  laterals  with  their 
fruit ;  so  in  a  tree,  we  may  depress  the  shoots  which  are 
too  strong,  and  elevate  those  that  are  weak,  to  produce 
the  desired  effect.  We  may  also  greatly  diminish  the  flow 
of  sap  to  a  strong  branch  by  removing  early  all  its  useless 
buds ;  this  is  a  sort  of  premature  pinching  to  be  sure,  but 
when  we  consider  the  powerful  influence  exerted  by  these 
organs  as  centers  of  vitality,  we  can  realize  their  attrac- 
tive force  in  drawing  the  sap  towards  them.  After  the 
production  of  the  full  number  of  shoots  upon  the  weaker 
branch,  if  the  foliage  continue  to  predominate  upon  the 
stronger  shoot,  it  may  be  partially  removed  by  early 
pinching,  or  cutting  through  the  petioles,  not  by  tearing 
them  off;  and  as  late  as  possible,  remove  the  surplus  and 
useless  shoots  from  the  weaker  branches,  which  'were  at 
first  needed  to  encourage  the  flow  of  sap  in  that  direction. 

The  true  pinching  of  the  young  laterals,  or  new  shoots, 
should  also  be  done  as  early  as  possible  to  keep  them  in 
check  on  the  strong  branches,  while  the  same  operation 
may  be  delayed  on  the  weaker,  from  which  we  should  re- 
move only  those  that  will  be  supernumeraries.  M.  Du 
Breuil  also  recommends  the  stimulation  of  the  weaker 
limbs,  by  bathing  all  the  green  portions  with  a  solution 
of  sulphate  of  iron,  made  by  dissolving  twenty-four  grains 
in  a  pint  of  water.  This  should  be  applied  in  the  even- 
ing, when  it  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves,  and  acts  as  a  pow- 
erful stimulant. 


DWARFING.  155 

It  is  a  well  established  principle,  that  the  chief  growth 
by  extension  will  be  made  by  the  terminal  bud,  and  this 
should  either  be  removed  by  cutting  back,  or  left  upon  the 
limb,  according  as  we  desire  to  grow  our  wood ;  if  exten- 
sion of -the  shoot  be  our  leading  object,  all  the  lateral  buds 
must  be  subordinated.  So  also,  it  is  well  known,  that  all 
circumstances,  which  retard  the  circulation,  are  followed 
by  a  diminution  of  the  wood-growth,  and  by  the  develop- 
ment of  flower- buds. 

The  culture  of  the  strawberry  affords  one  of  the  best 
illustrations  of  the  benefits  and  effects  of  pinching.  The 
runners  of  this  plant  may  be  viewed  in  the  light  of  wood- 
growth;  or  the  increase  of  the  plant  by  extension ;  even 
though  these  slender  threads  are  not  permanent,  and  they 
only  serve  to  convey  a  bud  to  a  distance  from  the  parent 
plant,  and  place  it  under  favorable  circumstances  for  the 
formation  of  a  natural  layer.  They  are  but  annual  pro- 
ductions, and  hence  there  is  no  considerable  deposit  of 
woody  matter,  as  in  the  limbs  of  trees,  but  they  are  thrown 
out  from  the  parent  plant  just  like  woody  branches,  and 
are  so  much  substance  withdrawn  from  it,  which,  if  re- 
tained or  thrown  back  upon  the  plant,  would  have  resulted 
in  an  enlargement  of  the  main  stem  of  the  strawberry 
plant,  and  in  the  development  of  buds  upon  the  crown, 
which  become  stored  with  the  proper  juices  that  result  in 
the  production  of  more  abundant  blossom  buds.  The 
lesult,  however,  is  so  admirable  an  illustration  of  this 
important  element  in  the  management  of  permanent  and 
woody  fruit-trees,  that  we  may  well  look  at  an  herbaceous 
plant,  be  it  even  so  humble  an  individual  as  the  prostrate 
earth-berry,  as  our  ancestors  called  the  delicious  Fragaria, 


156  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

DWARFING    THE    APPLE 

Apples  are  generally  dwarfed  by  working  them  upon 
the  French  Paradise  stock,  which  is  a  very  diminutive  tree 
or  bush,  seldom  rising  more  than  a  few  feet  high.  This 
is  the  true  stock  for  those  who  wish  to  indulge  in  the  lux- 
ury of  dwarf  apple  trees.  Such  are  very  appropriate  for 
the  small  garden,  or  for  the  specimen  grounds  of  a  nur- 
sery establishment,  and  they  sometimes  make  beautiful  ob- 
jects in  the  lawn  or  among  the  shrubbery,  but  they  are 
wholly  unsuited  for  orchard  planting,  as  many  a  poor  de- 
luded purchaser  has  found  out  to  his  sorrow,  a  few  years 
after  having  been  beguiled  by  the  smooth-spoken  tree  ped- 
dlers, who  have  sold  many  thousands  through  the  country 
to  farmers  to  plant  as  orchard  trees. 

There  is  a  more  vigorous  stock  which  has  been  used  for 
the  same  purpose,  but  it  possesses  much  less  dwarfing 
power.  It  is  called  the  Doucin,  or  English  dwarfing  stock. 
This,  however,  exerts  so  little  of  the  dwarfing  influence, 
that  at  the  end  of  eight  or  ten  years  the  trees  are  gener- 
ally about  as  large  as  those  worked  upon  free  stocks;  but 
it  happens  unfortunately  that  early  fruitage,  the  great  ob- 
ject of  dwarfing,  is  not  attained  by  their  use,  for  they  will 
not  have  produced  any  more  fruit  than  the  common  trees 
similarly  treated. 

BY  ROOT  PRUNING. — Among  the  many  valuable  hints 
which  horticulturists  have  received,  with  the  beautiful  flow- 
ering and  other  plants,  from  our  antipodes  in  the  "  Flow- 
ery Land,"  none  has  been  of  greater  value  than  the  practice 
of  root-pruning.  In  this  art  of  dwarfing  even  the  large 
forest  trees  by  mutilations  of  the  roots  and  by  other 
means,  this  curious  people  excel  all  others,  as  has  fre- 


DWARFING.  157 

quently  been  stated.  In  Europe,  and  in  this  country  also, 
root-pruning  has  been  extensively  practiced  with  the  effect 
of  partially  dwarfing  the  trees,  but  more  especially  with 
the  object  of  inducing  prematurely  the  fruitfulness  we  so 
much  desire,  and  which  is  a  natural  result  of  the  diminished 
supplies  of  crude  sap  furnished  by  the  contracted  roots  of 
a  tree  that  lias  been  treated  in  this  manner.  The  balance 
between  the  wood-growth  by  extension,  and  that  which 
results  in  fruitful  spurs  is  sooner  established,  and  the  sap 
is  directed  to  the  formation  and  support  of  the  fruit. 

We  should  not  commence  the  application  of  this  severe 
treatment  until  our  trees  have  been  allowed  to  establish 
themselves  firmly  in  their  stations,  unless  we  desire  at  the 
same  time  to  produce  decided  dwarfs  by  means  of  root' 
pruning.  In  this  case  the  treatment  may  be  commenced 
in  the  nursery  itself;  the  stocks  should  be  transplanted 
once  or  oftener  before  being  worked,  and  the  young  trees 
should  be  moved  annually,  which  will  so  shorten  the  roots 
as  to  make  them  a  mass  of  fibres,  occupying  the  whole  soil 
close  about  their  main  divisions,  and  the  subsequent  re- 
movals can  then  be  easily  effected,  with  but  a  slight  check 
to  the  tree,  which  becomes  furnished  with  fruit  spurs  at  a 
very  early  period  of  its  existence,  instead  of  its  requiring 
years  to  reach  its  natural  period  of  fruitfulness,  as  is  the 
case  with  some  varieties,  particularly  of  the  pear. 

As  generally  practiced,  however,  root-pruning  is  post- 
poned until  the  trees  have  made  a  free  and  vigorous 
growth,  and  have  become  well  established  in  their  sta- 
tions. Then  if  the  growth  be  too  vigorous,  and  there  do 
not  appear  any 'indications  of  the  formation  of  fruit  spurs, 
as  is  often  the  case  in  the  fertile  soils  of  the  West,  our  im- 


158  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

patient  orchardists  complain  of  the  barrenness  of  their 
trees,  and  seek  a  remedy  in  root-pruning.  This  is  gener- 
ally performed  with  a  sharp  spade,  with  which  a  trench  is 
dug  in  a  circle  around  the  tree.  The  excavation  should  be 
deep  enough  to  reach  all  of  the  lateral  roots ;  these  are 
generally  within  a  foot  of  the  surface.  The  ditch  need 
not  be  much  wider  than  the  spade,  and  the  soil  can  be 
thrown  back  at  once,  but  all  the  roots  should  be  severed, 
if  we  desire  to  produce  the  effect  of  checking  the  wood- 
growth.  The  diameter  of  this  circle  will  depend  upon  the 
size  and  vigor  of  the  tree  to  be  operated  upon.  As  a 
general  rule,  it  may  be  made  in  the  proportion  of  one  foot 
to  each  inch  of  the  tree's  diameter.  The  work  may  be  done 
at  any  time  after  the  spring  growth  has  begun  to  harden, 
or  during  the  autumn  and  winter,  and  until  the  buds  are 
about  to  break  in  the  spring.  The  operation  is  wonder- 
fully conducive  to  the  end  we  have  in  view,  and  we  often 
see  a  vigorously  growing  but  barren  subject,  transformed 
in  a  single  season  into  a  fruitful  tree,  covered  with  blos- 
som-bearing spurs  that  are  full  of  promise  of  delicious 
fruits.  In  some  varieties,  however,  these  fruit  spurs  re- 
quire more  than  a  single  season  for  their  perfection. 

Now  it  may  be  objected  that  this  labor  will  be  expen- 
sive, and  so  it  is,  as  all  hard  work  with  the  spade  must  be ; 
but  what  of  that,  when  we  consider  the  happy  results  that 
ensue  in  golden  harvests.  But  it  has  been  suggested  that 
this  labor  may  be  performed  by  farm  machinery,  using  a 
strong  plow,  or  rather  a  sharp  cutter  attached  to  a  plow 
beam,  and  drawn  by  a  powerful  team  at  the  requisite  dis- 
tance on  either  side  of  the  rows  of  trees,  and  in  directions 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  This,  of  course,  like 


•     DWARFING.  159 

all  mere  mechanical  applications,  must  be  uniform,  whether 
the  necessities  of  the  trees  be -equal  or  not;  whereas,  by 
hand-labor,  we  may  vary  the  distance  at  which  the  roots 
are  to  be  cut,  according  to  the  vigor  and  size  of  the  trees 
demanding  the  treatment. 

This  topic  will  be  again  referred  to  in  the  chapter  on 
Pruning,  where  also  it  will  be  necessary  to  recur  to  the 
subject  of  Training,  which  was  incidentally  alluded  to  in 
connection  with  Dwarfing. 


CHAPTER   V. 

DISEASES. 


DIFFICULTIES  IN  THE  OUTSET — WHAT    CONSTITUTES    DISEASED  ACTION 

—  NO    ANALOGY    TO  ANIMAL   SICKNESSES  —  CONGENITAL  DEFECTS  — 
DEBILITY  —DEFICIENT  STRENGTH  OF  FIBRES  —  DEFECTIVE  FOLIAGE 

—  IMPERFECT     AND     REDUNDANT     BLOSSOMS — THE     CIVILIZED    AND 
CULTIVATED  PLANT  MAY  BE  ABNORMAL  ALTOGETHER  —  UNSATISFAC- 
TORY ACCOUNTS  OF  DISEASES  IN  PLANTS  —  LANKESTER'S  CLASSIFICA- 
TION CONSIDERED  —  EFFECTS   OF   THE  EXCESS   OR  PAUCITY  OF  MOIS- 
TURE,  HEAT,   AND  LIGHT  —  MODE     OF     ACTION     OF     FROST— INJURY 
RATHER  REFERRIBLE  TO  THE  CONDITION  OF   THE  CIRCULATION  THAN 
TO   THE  DEGREE   OF  COLD   IN  MANY  HARDY  PLANTS  —  INFLUENCE   OF 
THE   SOIL — LIGHT     THE    GREAT    STIMULUS,    ITS    WITHDRAWAL    SUS- 
PENDS HEALTHY  ACTION  —  ITS   SUDDEN  RESTORATION  CAUSES  DEATH 
BY  SUN  SCALD — INJURY  BY  SUNSHINE  IN  WINTER  —  POISONOUS  GASES 

—  MIASMATA  —  POISONS  IN  THESOIL — PARASITIC  PLANTS,  EPIPHITES, 
FUNGI,   PEAR  BLIGHT — VARIOUS   THEORIES —WHAT   WE  KNOW,   AND 
WHAT  WE   DON'T   KNOW  —  TREATMENT  —  ROOT  PRUNING  SUGGESTED 

—  SATISFACTORY  RESULTS  —  MILDEW  BLIGHT   IN  PEACH  AND   APPLE 

—  TWIG    BLIGHT     IN     APPLE     AND    QUINCE  —  THE    APPLE    BLIGHT  — 
BITTER  ROT  —  CRACKED    FRUIT  —  SCAB  —  MILDEWS  —  KIRTLAND'S 
VIEWS  AND   SUGGESTED  REMEDY  —  WOUNDS  AND  INSECTS  —  NEEDING 
THE  AID   OF   SURGERY  RATHER    THAN    MEDICINE  —  DESTRUCTION  OF 
FOLIAGE    BY  INSECTS    IMPAIRS    THE    HEALTHY    CONDITION    OF    THE 
PLANT  —  RESUME  —  SELECT   HEALTHY  TREES  OF  HEALTHY  VARIETIES 

—  EMPIRICAL  CHARACTER  OF   TREATMENT    USUALLY    RECOMMENDED 
FOR  DISEASED   TREES  —  THE  BLACK    KNOT  —  THE    ROT  AND  MILDEW 
OF  THE  GRAPE. 

In  opening  a  discussion  upon  the  nosology  of  vegetation, 
it  may  be  expected  that  one  who  had  spent  many  years 
of  his  life  in  the  investigation  of  the  diseases  of  the  human 


DISEASES.  161 

family,  and  at  the  same  time  was  something  of  a  student  of 
comparative  anatomy  and  physiology,  tracing  analogies  be- 
tween the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms,  should  be  famil- 
iar also  with  the  diseases  of  plants.  Such  an  anticipation,  it 
is  feared,  will  not,  in  the  present  instance,  be  realized.  In- 
deed, the  writer  feels  very  much  at  a  loss  how  to  proceed 
in  discussing  this  branch  of  the  subject,  and  hardly  knows 
what  departures  from  undoubted  health  and  vigor  should 
be  considered  worthy  of  the  title  of  disease.  Nor  is  it 
easy  to  trace  the  causes  of  the  conditions  that  are  gener- 
ally viewed  in  the  light  of  maladies.  We  find  the  mani- 
festations both  in  the  tree  or  plant,  and  in  its  several  parts, 
and  also  in  the  products  which  chiefly  interest  us ;  the  fruits 
themselves,  are  often  deteriorated  by  what  is  called  dis- 
eased action  of  different  kinds.  The  analogy  to  diseases 
of  animals  is  certainly  not  very  distinct.  We  do  not  find 
anything  like  fevers,  or  gout,  or  rheumatism,  in  plants,  but 
we  may  consider  some  of  their  conditions  somewhat  in  the 
light  of  dropsies,  and  plethora  or  hypertrophy  on  the 
one  hand,  and  of  anaemia  or  atrophy  upon  the  other ;  we 
may  consider  canker  and  the  death  of  some  parts  of  a 
plant  analogous  to  gangrene,  and  mortification  in  the  ani- 
mal subject.  Then  again  we  find  congenital  defects  in  in- 
dividuals among  plants,  just  as  we  do  among  animals. 
Some  are  always  less  vigorous  than  others,  and  'thus  cer- 
tain varieties  seem  possessed  of  a  degree  of  inherent  dis- 
ease that  perpetually  prevents  them  from  displaying  the 
requisite  strength  and  vigor  which  we  so  much  desire  in 
our  plantations.  Certain  varieties  that,  from  the  size  and 
excellence  of  their  fruits,  have  attracted  the  attention  of 
pomologists,  are  so  deficient  in  health  and  vigor  as  to  be 


162  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

considered  diseased,  and  are  therefore  very  properly  con- 
demned as  unworthy  a  place  in  our  orchards  and  gardens  ; 
others  appear  simply  deficient  in  the  production  of  some 
one  part,  as  is  illustrated  by  the  inferior  strength  of  the 
woody  fibres  of  some  trees,  which  break  easily 'under  the 
weight  of  their  own  fruit,  and  thus  destroy  the  symmetry 
of  the  tree  and  diminish  its  productiveness.  Others  have 
defective  foliage,  which  is  attended  by  the  imperfect  per- 
formance of  the  functions  of  growth,  both  in  the  fruit  and 
in  the  sustaining  woody  fibres ;  others  again  produce  de- 
fective blossoms  with  either  a  redundancy  or  deficiency  of 
the  parts  that  are  necessary  for  the  production  of  the 
seeds  needed  for  the  perpetuation  of  the  species.  When 
the  parts  are  deficient,  the  flowers  are  called  barren  or  in- 
fertile. A  redundancy  or  multiplication  of  parts  is  seen  in 
double  flowers  of  our  gardens,  where  they  are  much  prized 
for  their  beauty,  though  considered  monstrosities  by  the 
botanist,  and  perhaps  properly  referred  to  diseased  action 
by  the  nosologist.  . 

It  is  evident,  that  very  often  the  conditions  of  a  plant 
and  its  products,  which  we  most  highly  prize,  and  towards 
which  all  our  efforts  in  its  culture  are  directed,  are  really 
departures  from  the  natural  and  healthful  status;  in  other 
words,  what  we  covet,  is  really  a  state  of  diseased  and 
abnormal  action.  With  the  other  secondary  objects  of 
occupying  and  ornamenting  the  barren  wastes  of  the  earth 
with  plants,  and  thus  supplying  food  to  hosts  of  insects, 
and  to  the  higher  animals,  nature  also  has  primarily  in 
view,  the  production  of  perfect  seeds  for  the  perpetuation 
of  their  species,  by  the  plants  that  are  profusely  scattered 
over  the  globe.  Man,  on  the  contrary,  often  rejects  the 


DISEASES.  163 

true  seeds  as  worthless  when  compared  to  their  juicy 
fleshy  envelopes  that  constitute  his  favorite  fruits,  or  thu 
enlarged  and  succulent  roots,  tubers,  stalks,  and  leaves, 
that  characterize  his  garden  vegetables  and  field  crops ; 
while  in  the  grains  proper  he  seeks  sustenance  in  the  true 
seeds,  which  become  the  object  of  his  greatest  care  and 
ingenuity  to  enlarge,  to  increase,  and  to  develope,  parti- 
cularly in  regard  to  their  nutritive  qualities. 

Most  writers  upon  the  diseases  of  plants  have  given  us 
very  indistinct  notions  upon  the  subject,  and  have  done 
very  little  to  enlighten  their  readers;  while  they  have 
written  voluminously  upon  the  unhealthy  and  unsatisfac- 
tory condition  of  certain  vegetables,  and  have  given  us 
most  extensive  accounts  of  the  treatment  by  which  they 
propose  to  remedy  the  evils  complained  of,  we  gather  lit- 
tle of  the  information  needed  to  enable  us  to  understand 
the  true  state  of  the  case,  or  of  the  causes  of  the  disease, 
if  it  is  to  be  considered  such.  The  reader  need  not  expect 
that  he  will  be  more  enlightened  by  this  chapter  than  he 
has  been  by  the  essays  to  which  reference  is  here  made, 
but  he  will  be  led  to  a  consideration  of  some  of  the  causes 
of  those  departures  from  health  and  vigor  which  are  con- 
sidered diseased  action,  and  in  this  way  he  may  possibly 
be  put  upon  the  track  which  will  lead  him  to  the  avoid- 
ance of  disastrous  results.  More  than  this  'will  not  be  at- 
tempted. 

Perhaps  the  most  satisfactory  account  of  diseases  of 
plants  is  that  given  by  Lankester,  in  which  he  divides 
them  according  to  their  causes,  as  follows : 

1st — Those  produced  by  changes  in  the  external  condi- 
tions of  life,  such  as  redundancy  or  deficiency  of  the  in- 


164  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

gredients   of   soil,   of  light,   of  heat,   air,  and   moisture. 

2d — Those  produced  by  poisonous  agencies,  as  by  in- 
jurious gases,  miasmata  in  the  air,  or  by  poisons  in  the 
soil. 

3d — Those  arising  from  the  growth  of  parasitic  plants, 
such  as  the  various  Fungi,  Dodder,  Mistletoe,  etc. 

4th — Such  as  are  caused  by  mechanical  injuries  or 
wounds,  and  by  the  attacks  of  insects. 

These  may  be  considered  separately:  1st — It  may  be 
assumed,  and  has  been  already  well  established  by  botan- 
ists, that  every  plant  has  its  own  peculiar  constitution, 
adapting  it  to  certain  atmospheric  conditions,  and  that  for 
its  healthful  and  successful  culture,  these  must  be  under- 
stood and  adhered  to,  within  comparatively  narrow  limits. 
Tropical  plants,  as  is  well  known,  cannot  be  cultivated 
beyond  their  natural  limits,  except  under  circumstances 
where  their  natural  conditions  are  nearly  imitated  by  the 
gardener;  and  even  in  our  stoves  and  hot-houses,  these 
plants  do  not  compare  in  vigor  with  their  fellows  that  lux- 
uriate in  the  hot  and  steaming  atmosphere  of  the  tropics, 
under  the  stronger  light  of  such  a  clime  as  is  natural  to 
them.  On  the  contrary,  the  plants  of  northern  latitudes 
will  not  grow  and  produce  seeds  where  temperature  is  too 
elevated.  Those  from  a  humid  atmosphere  suffer  in  an 
arid  clime,  and  those  which  thrive  in  dry  sandy  regions 
suffer  equally  when  introduced  into  a  humid  atmosphere. 

Thus  we  find,  that  where  there  is  too  much  moisture  for 
some  of  our  cultivated  plants,  they  are  inclined  to  be  too 
succulent,  and  this  very  excess  may  produce  a  dropsical 
condition  that  is  really  a  state  of  disease.  Thus  we  suf- 
fer in  a  loss  of  fruit,  which  will  fall  badly  before  its  pe- 


DISEASES.  165 

riod  of  maturity,  and  that  which  remains  its  full  time  is 
found  to  be  thin  and  watery,  deficient  in  the  high  spicy 
aromatic  flavor  which  is  so  highly  appreciated  by  the  con- 
noisseur of  these  choice  products.  When,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  arid  character  of  the  soil  and  climate  prevail  ta 
an  extent  that  is  uncongenial  to  any  particular  fruit,  we 
shall  find  that  its  growth  is  arrested,  and  that  its  highest 
qualities  are  not  adequately  developed :  this  is  frequently 
observed  in  an  unusually  dry  season  —  and  in  California, 
where  irrigation  is  required  to  enable  the  orchardist  to 
produce  some  of  the  succulent  fruits,  the  most  remarkable 
size  and  beauty  have  been  attained,  but  we  are  told  that 
it  was  often  at  the  expense  of  the  desired  flavor  that  the 
same  varieties  acquire,  under  circumstances  more  advan- 
tageous to  the  development  of  their  superior  qualities. 

So  in  many  of  our  fruits,  the  successful  results  depend 
upon  the  hygrometric  condition  of  the  atmosphere,  and 
Liebig  suggests  that  a  very  prolific  source  of  diseased  ac- 
tion in  plants,  arises  from  the  suppressed  evaporation  and 
transpiration  consequent  upon  such  atmospheric  condi- 
tions. 

Too  much  moisture  prevailing  at  the  time  of  the  blos- 
soming of  our  fruits,  especially  moisture  precipitated  in  the 
form  of  rain  during  this  period,  is  sometimes  disastrous 
to  our  crops,  both  of  cereals  and  of  orchard  fruits.  Con- 
tinuous showers  prevent  the  development  of  the  pollen- 
grains,  and  their  transfer  to  the  stigmas  of  the  blossoms, 
so  that  the  fruit  does  not  set  well.  Fortunately  this  does 
not  often  occur  in  our  glorious  climate,  which  is  so  highly 
favored  by  an  abundance  of  light  and  sunshine,  which  are 
the  great  and  essential  stimuli  of  the  higher  orders  of 


166  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

plants.  The  loss  of  our  fruit  crops  in  some  parts  of  tlio 
Ohio  Valley  in  the  years  1862,  1865,  and  1866,  was  fairly 
attributed  to  this  cause. 

We  must  not  overlook  the  unhealthy  influences  produced 
by  an  excess  of  moisture  in  the  earth.  Many  plants  that 
naturally  delight  in  a  dry  porous  soil,  become  weak,  un- 
fruitful, or  even  seriously  diseased  when  they  are  planted 
in  low  wet  grounds,  or  upon  such  as  are  underlaid  by  a 
very  tenacious  sub-soil,  while  an  opposite  condition  is 
equally  unfavorably  to  those  that  are  naturally  more 
aquatic  in  their  tastes  and  habits.  In  the  former  case  we 
learn  to  avoid  such  soils  and  situations,  unless  we  are 
able  to  change  their  character  in  this  respect  by  thorough 
under-draining,  which  will  completely  remove  the  evil,  and 
the  remedy  becomes  merely  a  question  of  expense. 

A  certain  amount  of  temperature  may  be  assumed  as 
requisite  to  every  plant,  or  rather  it  may  be  affirmed  that 
some  plants  cannot  exist  and  thrive  except  within  a  certain 
range,  and  it  has  been  asserted  that  each  class  of  plants 
requires  a  mean  temperature  for  the  year  that  shall  not 
vary  many  degrees :  the  range  of  this  variation  has  per- 
haps never  been  satisfactorily  ascertained.  But  it  is  well 
known,  that  both  heat  and  frost  act  injuriously  upon. vege- 
tation. Mr.  Lindley  tells  us  that  "  the  extreme  limits  of 
temperature  which  vegetables  are  capable  of  bearing, 
without  destruction  of  their  vitality,  have  not  been  deter- 
mined with  precision."  When  the  temperature  is  main' 
tained  at  a  higher  point  than  is  natural,  the  plant  is  ex- 
cited to  undue  activity  of  growth ;  but  this  is  attended 
with  an  enfeebled  condition,  often  seen  in  badly  managed 
green-houses.  Mr.  Knight  found  that  certain  plants  were 


DISEASES.  1(J7 

rendered  abortive  by  the  production  of  male  flowers  only, 
when  exposed  to  too  great  heat,  and  by  an  opposite  treat- 
ment, when  subjected  to  .a  low  temperature  fora  long 
time,  others  produced  only  female  flowers.  In  some 
plants  a  high  degree  of  heat,  with  moisture,  results  in  the 
production  of  leaves  only,  and  Humboldt  found  that 
wheat  was  grown  about  Xalapa,  Mexico,-  as  a  fodder 
plant,  because  it  produced  an  abundance  of  grass,  but  did 
not  form  ears  nor  grain. 

A  diminished  temperature,  on  the  contrary,  removes 
the  stimulus  of  growth,  and  le.ads  to  the  suspension  of  all 
vital  action  in  proportion  to  its  reduction.  At  the  freez- 
ing point  it  is  probable  that  all  such  action  ceases,  though 
in  this  regard  there  is  great  difference  among  plants ;  the 
mosses  and  lichens  w  11  flourish,  and  the  Chickweed  will 
vegetate  and  blossom  at  a  temperature  very  little  above 
freezing.  The  access  of  frost,  after  vegetation  has  some- 
what advanced,  often  proves  very  disastrous,  and  we  not 
unfrequently  lose  our  crops  of  fruit  by  such  an  occurrence 
during  the  period  of  blossoming,  or  even  afterward. 

Some  plants  in  a  dormant  condition,  will  endure  unin- 
jured a  great  depression- of  temperature,  while  others  will 
be  destroyed  by  the  slightest  approach  of  frost.  Accord- 
ing to  De  Candolle,  this  may  depend  upon  the  greater  or 
less  amount  of  water  they  contain,  upon  the  greater  or 
less  viscidity  of  their  fluids,  or  the  rapidity  with  which 
these  fluids  circulate.  Those  with  larger  cells  he  thinks 
most  easily  injured  by  frost,  and  those  which  contain  a 
great  deal  of  air  are  able  to  resist  it  best.  The  freezing 
point  will  vary  according  to  the  quality  of  the  sap,  for  we 
know  that  different  vegetable  juices  congeal  at  different 


168  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

temperatures.  The  manner  in  which  cold  acts  upon  plants 
depends  upon  their  physical  structure.  Lindley  says, 
freezing  is  attended  with  tha  following  effects:  —  The 
fluids  contained  within  the  cells  of  tissue  are  congealed 
and  expanded — this  produces  a  laceration  of  the  cell-walls, 
and  impairs  excitability  by  the  unnatural  extension  to 
which  the  cells  are  subjected  ;  the  air  is  expelled  from  the 
air-vessels  and  introduced  Into  parts  naturally  intended  to 
contain  only  fluid;  the  green  coloring  matter  and  other 
secretions  .are  decomposed,  and  the  vital  fluid  or  latex  is 
destroyed,  and  the  action  of  its  vessels  is  paralyzed.  The 
interior  of  the  tubes,  in  which  fluid  is  conveyed,  is  ob- 
structed by  a  thickening  of  their  sides.  So  we  have  as  a 
result,  both  mechanical,  chemical,  and  vital  changes.* 

Our  hardy  fruit  trees  are  woody  perennials  that  hyber- 
nate  during  the  winter.  Yet  we  find  that  even  these  suf- 
fer upon  some  occasions  from  a  great  depression  of  tem- 
perature ;  it  has  been  asserted  that  a  certain  degree  of 
cold  would  inevitably  destroy  the  blossom  buds  at  least, 
and  we  often  find  that  the  bark  is  burst  off  from  the  wood, 
and  in  some  instances  the  wood  itself  is  so  injured  as  to 
suffer  from  a  kind  of  decomposition,  and  to  become  affect- 
ed with  a  change  generally  known  as  the  dry  rot,  losing 
its  elasticity  and  hardness,  and  acquiring  a  whitish  color, 
which  is  supposed  may  arise  from  the  introduction  of  the 
mycelia  of  fungous  growths.  Now  it  is  believed  th&t 
these  injuries  do  not  arise  so  directly  from  the  degree  of 
cold  to  which  the  tree  has  been  exposed,  as  to  the  condi- 
tion of  its  circulation  at  the  time  of  the  exposure.  If  the 

*  Trans.  Horticultural  Society,  London,  Vol.  II,  p.  308 ;  and  Am.  Journal  of 
Science  and  Arts,  March,  1840. 


DISEASES.  1(J9 

sap  have  been  excited  by  mild  or  warm  weather,  as  is  so 
apt  to  be  the  case  in  our  changeable  climate,  the  sudden 
depression  of  temperature  will  produce  disastrous  effects, 
even  when  the  cold  has  not  been  very  severe.  This  is 
manifested  by  the  bursting  of  the  bark  in  young  trees  in 
the  early  part  of  winter,  while  they  are  yet  holding  their 
.  leaves,  and  of  course  having  a  circulation  somewhat  active. 
Hence  the  importance,  now  very  well  understood  by  our 
nurserymen,  of  checking  the  growth  of  young  trees  in 
time  to  have  their  terminal  buds  thoroughly  ripened  be- 
fore the  approach  of  frost.  This,  to  a  certain  extent,  is 
subject  to  our  control;  but  we  cannot  foresee  the  charac- 
ter of  the  seasons  upon  which  the  safety  of  our  orchard 
trees  will,  in  a  great  measure,  depend,  and  they  are  less 
easily  managed.  When  the  autumn  is  dry,  and  continued 
late  into  winter,  as  sometimes  happens,  we  see  a  per- 
fect ripening  of  the  wood,  with  a  great  development  of 
blossom  buds,  and  then  we  may  confidently  calculate  up- 
on the  safety  of  our  fruits,  provided  they  be  not  exposed 
to  a  warm  period  at  mid-winter,  that  shall  excite  some  ac- 
tivity in  their  circulation,  which  would  suffer  terribly  from 
any  sudden  and  great  depression  of  temperature  such  as 
frequently  occurs,  carrying  the  mercury  from  summer 
heat  to  a  point  below  zero,  in  a  few  hours.  Such  a  change 
has  amounted  to  68  degrees  iu  nine  hours.* 

O 

The  influence  exerted  by  the  soil  upon  the  healthiness 
or  unhealthiness  of  our  trees  has  already  been  alluded  to 
incidentally,  but  it  is  an  important  subject  of  inquiry 
whether  this  may  arise  from  a  redundancy  or  a  paucity  of 
some  particular  ingredients  necessary  to  sustain  the  plants 

*  Trans.  Cincinnati  Horticultural  Society,  1SG5. 


170  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

we  desire  to  cultivate.  Liebig  has  pointed  out  how  chem- 
istry may  be  brought  to  our  assistance  in  solving  such  a 
question.  As  all  the  inorganic  elements  found  in  a  tree 
and  its  fruits,  must  have  been  derived  from  the  soil  in 
which  it  grew,  he  suggested  that  the  ashes  of  the  plant 
would  show  us  exactly  what  it  needed,  and  then  an  exami- 
nation of  the  soils  would  inform  us  whether  they  contained 
all  the  necessary  elements,  and  in  the  right  proportion. 
Hence  arose  the  doctrine  and  the  practice  of  applying 
special  manures,  which  has  been  so  fashionable  in  our  day. 
Though  there  be  many  doubters  as  to  the  efficacy  of  such 
investigations  and  practices,  most  sensible  and  enlightened 
agriculturists  admit  the  truths  which  Liebig  has  pro- 
pounded. 

Light  is  the  great  stimulus  of  vegetation,  an  essential 
element  to  its  existence :  its  withdrawal  is  followed  by  an 
arrest  of  some  of  the  most  important  functions  of  vitality, 
and  yet  we  find  that  there  is  a  great  difference  among  dif- 
ferent species,  as  to  their  requirements  of  this  element, 
and  also  that  various  parts  and  several  products  of  vege- 
tation require  very  different  degrees  of  light  for  their  per- 
fection. It  is  also  found  that  a  sudden  exposure  of  parts 
from  which  it  had  been  withheld,  is  often  attended  with 
disastrous  consequences.  Its  withdrawal  does  not  so  im- 
mediately destroy  the  plant,  being  attended  with  the  etio- 
lation of  the  parts  that  are  usually  colored,  but  a  sudden 
re-exposure  to  the  sun's  rays  will  now  destroy  the  plant.  So 
the  removal  of  a  portion  of  the  foliage  from  a  tree,  or  the 
exposure  of  the  bare  stem  of  one  that  had  been  previously 
sheltered,  is  often  attended  with  severe  effects,  known  as 
sun-scald — for  which  there  is  no  remedy,  but  very  easy 


DISEASES.  171 

modes  of  prevention.  The  best  of  these  is  to  provide 
against  the  evil  by  reserving  the  lower  branches  to  shade 
the  stem.  There  are  other  excellent  reasons  for  this  prac- 
tice, which  will  be  brought  forward  in  the  chapter  on 
Pruning. 

Frequently,  however,  the  nurseryman,  or  perhaps  the 
injudicious  efforts  of  the  planter  himself,  may  have  re- 
moved all  the  side  branches  of  the  young  tree,  and  as 
these  cannot  be  replaced,  we  may  substitute  for  them  a 
shelter  from  the  scorching  sun  to  which  the  newly  planted 
tree  is  exposed.  This  may  be  done  by  tacking  two  nar- 
row boards  together  at  their  edges,  like  a  gutter  spout, 
and  setting  them  upright  on  the  south  side  of  the  tree  to 
shade  it.  A  wisp  of  straw,  tied  loosely  to  the  stem,  will 
answer  a  very  good  purpose ;  but  both  of  these  appli- 
ances are  objectionable,  because  they  furnish  a  shelter  for 
insects,  and  thus  they  fall  short  of  the  natural  shading 
of  the  stem  by  the  foliage  of  its  own  branches. 

It  is  not  only  the  scorching  suns  of  summer  that  damage 
our  young  trees  that  are  thus  exposed  by  injudicious  trim- 
ming. Even  the  bright  rays  of  a  mid-winter  sun,  falling 
upon  the  frozen  stem,  will  often  effect  the  most  serious 
damage,  and  should  be  guarded  against  with  equal  care ; 
but  here  the  natural  protection  wilt  answer,  for  the  shade 
of  the  naked  spray  of  the  laterals  is  found  all-sufficient  in 
the  well-trained  tree. 

2d — To  resume  the  consideration  of  Lankester's  causes 
of  disease,  it  must  be  admitted  that  some  diseased  condi- 
tions may  be  produced  by  poisonous  gases,  but  the  usual 
result  will  be  the  death  of  plants  confined  in  such  an  at- 
mosphere. .  The  natural  power  of  diffusion  of  all  gases 


172  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

among  one  another  in  the  open  air,  prevents  the  danger 
that  would  ensue  in  a  confined  situation.  The  accidental 
production  of  sulphurous  and  other  poisonous  gas,  or  the 
escape  of  smoke  from  the  flues^  or  from  the  tobacco-pan 
in  the  green-house,  sometimes  produces  the  most  disas- 
trous effects  upon  the  plants  subjected  to  their  action. 
So,  in  crowded  cities,  it  often  happens  that  the  effects  of 
coal  smoke  and  other  gases,  generated  in  the  furnaces  and 
manufactories,  are  very  injurious  to  vegetation.  The  coal 
soot  falls  in  flakes  like  lamp-black,  which  covers  the  sur- 
face and  obstructs  the  transpiration  of  the  stomata,  and 
thus  seriously  affects  the  health  of  plants  in  such  situations. 

The  action  of  miasmata,  suggested  by  Lankester,  is  as 
obscure  in  the  effects  produced  upon  plants  as  in  those  up- 
on animals.  The  presence  of  these  atmospheric  conditions 
cannot  be  detected  by  any  of  our  tests,  nor  can  their  ef- 
fects be  prevented  by  any  means  in  our  power ;  we  know 
little  or  nothing  about  their  characters,  yet  we  cannot  de- 
ny their  existence :  finally,  they  serve  as  a  very  convenient 
explanation,  though  a  very  unsatisfactory  one,  for  the  in- 
cursions of  maladies  that  are  of  an  obscure  or  unknown 
character.  Whether  of  a  miasmatic  nature  or  not,  no  one 
can  deny  the  existence  of  certain  atmospheric  conditions, 
wnich  appear  to  produce  disastrous  effects  upon  some  of 
our  vegetable  productions  whether  these  be  inherent  to 
the  air  itself,  or  are  only  conveyed  by  it  from  one  place  to 
another.  The  inexplicable  potato  disease  may  owe  its 
origin  and  diffusion  to  such  a  cause,  and  the  grape  malady, 
which  appears  to  be  dependent  upon  atmospheric  causes, 
may  at  least  be  carried  from  one  vine  to  another  upon 
this  medium,  in  the  form  of  the  minute  spores  or  seeds 


DISEASES.  173 

of  the  ftmgi  that  are  believed  to  be  the  cause  of  the 
trouble.* 

Poisons  in  the  soil  are  frequently  very  deleterious  to 
vegetation,  and  we'  often  find  extensive  injuries  to  our 
plants  produced  by  this  class  of  agents.  When  these  are 
of  a  chejaical  nature,  as  is.  usually  the  case,  they  may  be 
satisfactorily  treated  by  applications  that  will  neutralize 
their  effects.  In  cities  the  escape  of  the  illuminating  gas, 
that  is  carried  in  subterranean  pipes,  has  often  so  poisoned 
the  soil  as  to  destroy  the  shade  trees  by  the  side  of  the 
streets. 

An  excess  of  certain  saline  and  alkaline  ingredients 
often  produces  barrenness  in  the  soil,  by  a  sort  of  poison- 
ing, even  with  those  articles  that  in  smaller  quantities  are 
used  as  manures  with  the  happiest  effects. 

3d — The  influence  exerted  upon  vegetation  by  the 
growth  of  parasitic  plants,  cannot  be  observed  without 
forcing  us  to  the  conclusion  that  they  are  prejudicial  to 
the  health  of  the  plants  they  infest — since  they  either  cover 
and  smother  the  foliage  by  twining  upon  it,  as  is  the  case 
with  the  Dodder;  or  fasten  themselves  upon  a  limb,  ap- 
propriating the  sap  that  was  intended  for  its  support,  and 
thus  starve  it,  as  does  the  Mistletoe ;  or  attaching  them- 
selves to  the  bark,  they  interfere  with  its  functions,  as  is 
done  by  the  lichens  and  mosses ;  or,'  following  the  descend- 
ing scale,  in  the  size  of  these  parasites,  but  meeting  in 
them  foes  of  much  greater  importance,  we  find  the  minute 
but  innumerable  fungi  attacking  the  wood,  the  bark,  the 
foliage,  and  the  fruits,  of  our  gardens  and  orchards,  and 
committing  incalculable  damage — thus  entailing  serious 

*  Cincinnati  Hort.  Soc.  Report. 


174  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

disease.  A  very  important  question  has  arisen,  however, 
as  to  whether  the  inroads  of  fungi  were  the  cause  or  the 
consequence  only  of  disease.  A  question  which  it  will  be 
necessary  to  leave  to  wiser  heads,  only  observing  that 
these  epiphytes  do  appear,  under  certain  atmospheric  con- 
ditions, to  invade  some  plants  that  had  previously  seemed 
to  be  in  perfect  health.  That  they  are  transported  upon 
the  air,  in  the  form  of  very  minute  sporules,  is  unquestion- 
ed, and  that  their  growth  is  dependent  upon  certain  at- 
mospheric conditions,  is  equally  admitted,  but  whether 
they  induce  disease,  or  are  only  able  to  take  possession  of 
a  plant  that  is  not  in  a  perfectly  healthy  condition,  does  not 
yet  appear  so  clear.  The  very  eminent  Mr.  Solly  is  of 
the  opinion,  that  in  the  potato  at  least,  the  existence  of 
parasitic  fungi  is  a  secondary  result  of  previous  disease. 
So  it  may  be  with  our  fruits,  and  there  is  considerable  tes- 
timony to  favor  such  a  belief  in  many  cases,  where  we 
find,  with  the  appearance  of  these  fungi,  other  causes  of 
unhealthiness. 

The  leaves  of  the  apple  trees  in  some  seasons  become 
coated  with  a  black  efflorescence,  that  gives  the  tree  a  very 
sombre  appearance,  and  seems  to  affect  its  health.  I  am 
not  aware  that  any  one  has  yet  made  any  microscopical 
investigations  of  this  condition  of  the  foliage,  which  looks 
as  though  it  were  dusted  with  coal-smoke.  It  has  been 
supposed,  however,  to  be  the  result  of  a  fungous  growth. 

PEAK  BLIGHT. — This  is  a  subject  upon  which  so  much 
has  been  said  and  written,  that  any  one  may  well  shrink 
from  its  discussion.  The  condition  in  which  the  invasion 
of  the  malady  finds  the  tree  has  been  pretty  thoroughly 
ascertained,  and  the  sad  state  in  which  it  is  left  after  the 


DISEASES.  175 

attack,  is  too  well  known  to  need  any  learned  description. 
It  is  well  called  the  blight,  for  nothing  short  of  scorching 
by  fire  can  more  effectually  destroy  the  life  of  the  tree  and 
blight  our  hopes  of  its  usefulness.  The  varied  theories 
and  suggestions  that  have  been  advanced  in  attempted  ex- 
planation of  this  state  of  things  are  altogether  unsatisfac- 
torn,  so  that  it  may  be  said  we  know  nothing  about  the 
disease,  nor  whether  it  be  occasioned  by  frozen  sap,  by 
fungous  invasion,  or  by  insect  attacks,  all  of  which  have 
been  set  forward  as  causes  of  the  difficulty.  None  of . 
these  explanations  have  been  clearly  proved,  and  they 
seem  rather  guesses  than  "established  facts  in  the  history 
of  the  disease,  which  breaks  out  in  the  midst  of  the  season 
of  growth,  and  attacks  those  trees  that  are  in  the  midst 
of  the  most  vigorous  production  of  succulent  shoots ;  but 
it  is  not  confined  to  the  young  wood ;  on  the  contrary,  it 
appears  first  in  the  hard  bark  of  limbs,  that  are  two  or 
more  years  old.  This  turns  brown,  becomes  desiccated,  and 
thus  the  circulation  is  arrested,  and  the  foliage  as  well  as  the 
bark  is  affected.  The  outer  extremities  of  the  leaves  wilt, 
die,  and  turn  suddenly  brown  and  then  black,  and  often  re- 
main adhering  by  their  petioles  for  months — sad  testimoni- 
als of  the  destruction  caused  by  the  blight.  The  disease 
appears  to  extend  in  some  instances,  but  it  is  not  proved  that 
there  is  any  poisonous  matter  generated  by  a  blighted 
limb  that  could  have  entered  the  circulation,  and  then  have 
been  transmitted  to  other  parts  of  the  tree.  The  apparent 
extension  of  the  disease  is  rather  believed  to  have  been 
the  successive  development  of  the  trouble  from  different 
foci,  which  had  successively  invaded  so  much  of  the  bark 
as  to  have  more  or  less  completely  arrested  the  flow  of 


176  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

the  sap.  In  some  limbs  of  small  size,  a  patch  of  dead  tis 
sue  of  moderate  dimensions  would  entirely  arrest  healthy 
action  early  in  the  season,  and  destroy  the  portion  of  the 
branch vbeyond  it ;  in  other  branches  of  greater  size,  quite 
a  large  patch  of  the  dead  bark  might  exist  for  a  long  time 
without  entirely  surrounding  them,  and  arresting  the  cir- 
culation, which  would  thus  be  kept  up  until  a  later  period, 
when  at  length  this  occurred,  the  symptoms  of  blight 
would  appear. 

The  treatment  of  this  malady  is  quite  unsatisfactory, 
and  gives  us  no  clue  to  the  cause  of  the  trouble.  Various 
plans  have  been  suggested,  the  most  satisfactory  is  the  re- 
moval of  the  affected  limbs — not  that  it  cures  the  disease, 
but  because  it  takes  from  us  the  sad  mementos  of  our  loss. 
We  have  been  advised  to  pare  away  the  diseased  portion 
of  old  bark  with  a  spoke-shave,  or  some  similar  instrument ; 
but  it  is  apprehended  that  few  persons  would  ever  find 
this  patch  of  deadlbark  until  they  have  the  fatal  evidence 
of  the  blighted  foliage,  and  no  possible  good  can  result 
from  its  removal  at  that  time. 

This  trouble  is  connected,  in  many  instances,  with  an  ex- 
cessively vigorous  growth  of  shoots ;  indeed,  some  of 
those  varieties  which  are  most  thrifty,  suffer  the  most, 
while  those  which  make  firm  and  moderately  short  shoots, 
seldom  blight.  Hence  it  has  been  inferred  by  some,  that 
if  we  can  check  this  excessive  vigor,  and.  reduce  the  wood 
growth  to  a  moderate  amount,  not  exceeding  ten  or 
twelve  inches,  annual  extension,  we  shall  be  able  to  pre- 
vent the  occurrence  of  blight.  This  object  is  easily  at- 
tained by  root-pruning  the  trees  severely  in  the  spring  of 
the  year.  So  far,  we  can  only  say  that  trees  so  treated, 


DISEASES.  177 

have  not  blighted ;  but  it  does  not  follow  that  they  would 
have  suffered  if  let  alone. 

Another  form  of  blight  may  often  be  seen  in  the  peach 
and  in  the  apple ;  it  consists  in  a  loss  of  vitality  of  small 
twigs  and  their  foliage  in  several  parts  of  the  tree,  'espe- 
cially in  the  inner  portions  that  are  not  freely  exposed  to 
the  air  and  light.  In  the  peach,  this  disease  is  accompanied 
with  the  decay  of  the  fruit  upon  these  twigs,  which  rots 
and  becomes  moldy.  This  trouble  is  usually  attributed 
to  mildew,  and  it  is  probably  owing  to  some  form  of  fun- 
gus invasion. 

Quite  a  different  affection  of  the  twigs  is  that  known  ns 
the  "  blight "  in  apples  and  quinces.  This  attacks  only 
the  young  shoots  of  the  current  season's  growth,  which 
suddenly  wither  and  become  brown  at  mid-summer.  The 
same  condition  occurs  also  in  the  shoots  of  the  Italian 
mulberry.  The  cause  of  this  malady  is  not  very  apparent ; 
by  some  persons  it  is  attributed  to  the  punctures  of  mi- 
nute insects,  but  they  have  escaped  the  scrutiny  of  other 
observers,  who  attribute  this  blight  to  atmospheric  causes. 

The  true  apple  blight  is  a  malady  of  very  serious  char- 
acter, that  invades  many  orchards  in  the  Western  States. 
In  its  nature,  and  in  the  mode  of  its  invasion,  it  very  much 
resembles  the  dreaded  fire-blight  of  the  pear,  with  which 
most  oichardists  have  unfortunately  become  already  but 
too  familiar.  Like  it  too,  all  the  guesses  which  Solons  have 
offered  for  the  explanation  of  its  cause,  appear  equally  un- 
satisfactory. 

A  whole  branch  or  limb  of  the  tree  becomes  simultane- 
ously affected ;  sometimes  one  quarter  or  even  one  half  of 
the  top  is  destroyed  by  the  disease,  and  the  removal  of 


178  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

the  dead  portions  is  not  followed  by  the  reproduction  of 
healthy  branches.  Certain  varieties  are  more  subject  to 
this  blight  than  others,  and  they  seem  to  poison  the  grafts 
that  are  inserted  into  them,  to  produce  a  new  top  to  the 
tree  with  a  more  healthy  variety. 

BITTER  ROT. — Our  excellent  and  observing  friend,  H. 
N".  Gillett,  of  Lawrence  Co.,  Ohio,  furnishes  the  following 
description  of  this  disease  to  the  Ohio  Cultivator : 

"  The  disease  generally  .  presents  itself  on  the  skin 
of  the  apple  in  very  minute  brown  spots,  from  one  to 
a  dozen  or  more  in  number,  generally  after  the  fruit  is 
pretty  well  grown.  These  gradually  spread  and  penetrate 
the  flesh  of  the  apple,  producing  a  black  rot,  almost  as 
bitter  as  aloes,  but  this  taste  is  confined  to  the  discolored 
portion.  .The  fruit  ceases  growing,  and  falls  prematurely. 
The  rot  occasionally  begins  at  the  center,  and  extends  out- 
ward, so  that  the  fruit  appears  perfectly  sound  for  some 
time,"  on  which  account  he  advises  against  too  early 
gathering  of  the  fruit. 

The  late  Dr.  Barker,  of  McConnellsville,  Ohio,  who  was 
one  of  our  most  observing  pomologists,  referring  to  this 
disease  as  peculiar  to  certain  varieties,  concludes  in  an 
article  in  the  paper  above  quoted,  vide  Vol.  VI.,  p.  283, 
that  this  malady  is  different  from  what  is  called  Bitter 
Rot  in  other  places,  and  which  affects  other  varieties  with, 
a  discoloration  of  the  flesh  and  a  bitter  taste.  He  thinks 
this  malady  is  different  from  that  described  by  Mr.  Gillett, 
and  that  it,  the  true  Bitter  Rot,  is  caused  by  a  fungous 
growth,  the  spores  of  which  are  carried  on  the  air  from 
tree  to  tree,  like  a  similar  fungus  producing  mold  in  the 
cherry,  plum,  and  peach.  He  also  traces  a  resemblance 


DISEASES.  179 

of  this  disease  to  the  vaccination  in  the  human  subject, 
except  that  the  scab  does  not  separate  and  fall  off.  Heiice 
he  suggested  the  name  of  pock,  instead  of  Bitter  Rot. 
High  culture,  manure,  .lime,  trimming,  and  pasturing  hogs 
in  the  orchard,  have  all  been  recommended  as  remedies. 

CRACKED  FRUIT — MILDEW. — Certain  fruits  become  par- 
tially covered  with  what  appears  to  be  a  fungous  growth, 
which  occupies  the  skin  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  the 
development  of  the  succulent  tissues  beneath  it.  This  may 
result  in  a  deformity  consequent  upon  the  irregular  growth, 
and  the  fruit  is  called  scabby,  or  it  may  strike  deeper  into 
the  tissues,  which  become  dry  and  corky  and  crack  open, 
being  thus  utterly  worthless.  Some  varieties,  which  former- 
ly produced  the  most  beautiful  fruits,  have  been  so  severely 
affected  by  this  malady  as  to  yield  absolutely  nothing  in 
certain  localities,  and  are  only  rendered  profitable  by  top 
grafting  with  other  sorts  that  are  not  affected  with  the 
cracking.  That  this  is  not  caused  by  the  wearing  out  of 
the  variety,  as  has  been  suggested,  it  may  be  added  that 
the  same  fruit  ripens  perfectly  and  is  quite  fair  in  other  re- 
gions of  the  country.  The  trouble,  however,  is  extend- 
ing, and  it  is  hardly  safe  to  plant  largely  of  those  varieties 
that  have  proved  subject  to  the  malady.  No  explanation 
has  been  satisfactory  as  to  the  cause,  nor  has  any  treat- 
ment been  successful. 

Dr.  Kirtland  addressed  the  Ohio  Pomological  Society 
upon  this  subject,  and  an  abstract  of  his  remarks  is  here 
given :  — 

"  The  disease  known  as  the  blight  or  the  fire-blight,  is  at 
this  day  proving  the  most  serious  obstacle  to  the  success- 
ful cultivation  of  the  pear,  in  many  sections  of  the  coun- 


180  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

try.  Early  in  the  present  century  it  prevailed  extensively 
in  New  England,  coincidently  with  the  spotted  fever,  and 
other  disorders  of  a  low  grade  of  action,  which  at  that 
period  swept  epidemically  over  that  region  of  the  country. 
It  was  a  popular  opinion  that  all  these  diseases,  -both  of  the 
human  family  and  vegetable  kingdom,  arose  from  one 
cause ;  —  an  opinion  not,  however,  tolerated  by  medical 
men  and  men  of  science  in  that  day. 

"  Various  theories  have  been  advanced  to  account  for 
the  origin  of  this  blight.  Insects,  frozen  sap,  electricity, 
excessive  evaporation,  and  exhaustion  of  the  soil,  have,  at 
different  times,  been  assigned  as  the  cause.  Investigation 
of  each  fails  to  meet  and  explain  the  phenomena  attendant 
on  the  rise,  progress,  and  results  of  that  disease.  It  is 
time  they  all  should  be  abandoned,  and  that  researches  for 
a  cause  be  extended  in  some  other  direction. 

"  As  a  starting  point  in  this  undertaking,  I  will  suggest 
another  hypothesis,  which  may  perhaps  explain  the  pa- 
thology of  the  blight,  and  call  into  use  an  effectual  reme- 
dy or  preventive.  Pathology,  Dr.  Webster  defines  to 
be  '  the  doctrine  of  the  causes  and  nature  of  diseases.' 

"  1.  The  Pear-tree  blight  is  produced  by  the  poisonous 
impression  of  the  seeds  (sporules)  of  a  microscopic  fungus. 

U2.  Several  combinations  of  iron,  especially  the  sul- 
phate (copperas),  will,  to  some  extent,  counteract  that 
impression. 

"It  will  be  understood  that  these  two  propositions  are 
merely  hypothetical.  If  sustained  by  analogies,  subse- 
quent observations,  and  experience,  they  will  be  accepted 
as  truths ;  if  not  thus  sustained,  they  will  of  course  be 
rejected. 


DISEASES.  181 

"  The  extensive  prevalence  of  the  cholera,  over  large 
portions  of  the  globe,  commencing  in  the  year  1818,  led 
medical  men  to  seek  for  its  cause.  Dr.  Cowdell,  of  Lon- 
don, in  1848,  published  'A  Disquisition  on  Pestilential 
Cholera,  being  an  attempt  to  explain  Hs  phenomena,  na- 
ture, cause,  prevention  and  treatment,  by  reference  to  an 
extrinsic  fungous  origin.' 

"In  1849,  Prof.  J.  K.  Mitchell,  of  Philadelphia,  issued 
a  more  elaborate  work,  *  On  the  Oyptogamous  Origin  of 
Malarious  and  Epidemic  Fevers.'  Jt  abounds  in  numerous 
facts  and  correct  reasoning,  and  should  be  consulted  by 
every  investigator  of  disease,  animal  and  vegetable. 

u  These  publications  attracted  the  attention  of  the  med- 
ical profession,  both  in  America  and  Europe,  so  long  as 
that  epidemic  continued  its  ravages,  and  the  theories  they 
advanced  gained  extensive  credence  during  that  time. 
They  were,  however,  lost  sight  of  when  that  epidemic 
subsided.  Recently  they  have  been  substantiated  as  plain 
matters  of  fact,  so  far  as  malarious  diseases  are  concerned, 
by  the  labors  and  investigations  of  Prof.  J.  H.  Salisbury, 
of  Cleveland. 

• "  It  is  well  established,  then,  that  a  number  of  diseases 
of  the  animal  system  are  produced  by  fungi.  '  Under  this 
name  botanists  comprehend  not  only  the  various  races  of 
mushrooms,  toadstools,  and  similar  productions,  but  a 
large  number  of  microscopic  plants,  forming  the  appear- 
ances called  mouldiness,  mildew,  smut,  rust,  brand,  dry 
rot,  etc.'  They  are  universally  diffused  in  nature.  It  is 
difficult  to  conceive  of  a  place  where  they  do  not  exist. 
They  are  among  the  most  numerous  of  all  plants,  in  re- 
gard to  genera  and  species,  and  with  very  few  exceptions 


182  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

are  deleterious  in  their  impressions  on  the  animal  system. 
Even  the  palatable  mushroom  is  always  poisonous  to  some 
persons,  and  may  become  so  to  all  under  certain  circum- 
stances. It  is  equally  evident  that  fungi  frequently  oc- 
casion diseases  in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  The  smut  of 
wheat  and  maize,  the  rust  of  wheat,  ergot  of  rye  and 
grass-seeds,  and  specks,  cracks,  and  discoloration  of  the 
skin  of  the  apple  and  pear  are  of  this  nature. 

"The  microscopical  examinations  of  Prof.  Salisbury  and 
others  have  detected  the  presence  of  certain  species,  in- 
festing extensively  pear  trees  about  the  period  of  attack 
by  the  blight*  They  have  made  similar  discoveries  that 
lead  to  the  conclusion  that  the  curl  of  the  peach  leaf, 
the  potato  disease,  and  the  blight  of  pear  trees,  all  have 
their  origin  from  the  cause  assigned  in  my  second  prop- 
osition. 

"Under  this  head  still  another  disease  of  our  fruit 
should  be  noticed.  I  have  watched  carefully  the  sudden 
and  premature  decay  of  our  plum  crop,  at  the  period  of 
its  ripening,  for  the  last  fifteen  years.  From  hints  afford- 
ed by  the  work  of  Prof.  Mitchell,  and  several  microscopic 
observations  of  my  own,  I  was  induced  to  publish  an  ar- 
ticle in  '  The  Florist,'  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  year  1855,  in 
which  I  imputed  the  origin  of  the  disease  to  the  Torula 
or  some  analagous  species  of  parasitic  fungi.  The  disease 
still  prevails  among  us,  and  it  is  sure  to  destroy  all  the 
plums  which  escape  puncture  by  the  curculio.  It  is,  how- 
ever, generally  overlooked  by  pomologists,  and  its  effects 
are  charged  to  the  depredations  of  that  insect.  Similar 
disease  occasionally  impairs  our  peach  and  apple  crops,  to 
a  less  extent.  Whenever  it  occurs  on  either  of  these  va- 


DISEASES.  183 

rietics  of  fruit,  the  spurs  and  young  wood  blight  or  cank- 
er, and  cease  to  be  fruitful  for  several  years 

"  If  these  discoveries  and  analogies  establish,  with  any 
degree  of  certainty,  the  hypothesis  of  the  cryptogamous 
origin  of  the  pear  tree  blight,  we  have  made  important 
progress  in  laying  down  true  indications  for  its  cure  or 
prevention.  Among  the  means  suggested  for  effecting 
that  end,  certain  combinations  of  iron  have  already  been 
named.  The  authority  for  such  practice  is  founded  on  the 
following  facts: 

"  1.  It  is  a  popular  belief  that  iron  exerts  a  favorable 
influence  over  the  health  of  fruit  trees.  Hence  arises  the 
practice  of  driving  nails  into  the  body  of  such  trees,  and 
loading  their  limbs  with  scraps  of  iron.  Both  the  be- 
lief and  the  practice  may  be  visionary,  yet  in  such  in- 
stances of  popular  belief,  investigation  usually  discovers 
them  to  be  founded  on  some  shadow  of  truth. 

"  2.  An  intelligent  and  observing  gentleman  of  Cleve- 
land informs  me  that  he  prevents  the  curl  of  the  peach  leaf 
by  depositing  in  the  earth,  about  the  bodies  of  the  trees, 
fragments  of  rusty  stove  pipe  and  worthless  pieces  of  iron. 

"  3.  Twenty-four  years  since  I  called  the  attention  of 
the  public  to  the  isolated  fact,  without  reference  to  any 
theory,  that  a  large  pear  tree  in  C.olumbiana  county,  Ohio, 
with  its  body  surrounded  with  many  wagon  loads  of  boul- 
ders, scoria,  scales  of  iron  and  accumulations  from  a  black- 
smith shop,  retained  its  health,  vigor,  and  fruitfulness, 
while  all  other  pear  trees  in  that  region  of  country  had 
either  died,  or  were  suffering  from  blight.  Vide  New 
England  Farmer,  December  3,  1840,  page  153.  At  this 
late  dav  this  tree  still  continues  healthy. 


184  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

"4.  I  recollect  reading  in  that  reliable  journal,  Hovey'a 
Magazine  of  Horticulture,  some  years,  since,  a  statement 
that  the  finest  prize  pears  seen  in  'the  Parisian  market, 
were  produced  by  investing  the  growing  fruits  with  folds 
of  cotton  or  linen  cloth,  and  daily,  or  oftener,  moistening 
them  with  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  iron.  This  treatment 
was  said  to  result  in  developing  the  size,  beauty,  and  quali- 
ty of  the  fruits  to  a  high  degree,  and  especially  to  free 
them  from  parasitic  blotches. 

"  5.  Four  years  since,  Mrs.  Weller  Dean,  of  Rockport, 
Ohio,  informed  me  that  blight  might  not  only  be  prevented 
in  healthy  pear  trees,  but  might  be  successfully  arrested, 
in  many  trees,  after  it  had  made  considerable  progress,  by 
means  of  repeatedly  washing  the  bodies  of  the  trees  with 
a  saturated  solution  of  sulphate  of  iron  (copperas),  at  a 
time  when  the  sap  is  in  active  circulation. 

"  This  was  a  confidential  communication,  with  the  condi- 
tion annexed  that  I  should  thoroughly  test  the  plan,  and  if 
it  should  prove  successful,  I  was  to  publish  it ;  and  further- 
more, if  any  merit  or  more  substantial  reward  should  be 
deemed  due  to  any  one  by  the  public,  she  was  to  be  the 
recipient. 

"  This  plan  has  yet  been  only  imperfectly  tried.  Age 
and  infirmities  will  probably  prevent  its  completion  by 
me.  I  will  therefore  report  that  I  have  tested  it  on  a 
number  of  my  partially  blighted  pear  trees,  while  a  greater 
numbers  has  been  left  to  die  unmedicated.  Of  the  former, 
not  one  has  yet  perished,  while  of  the  latter  very  few  sur- 
vive. It  has  appeared,  in  every  instance,  to  arrest  the 
progress  of  the  disease,  and  to  impart  a  healthy  condition 
to  the  bark  wherever  applied.  The  apparent  results  may 


DISEASES.  185 

have  been  coincidences  and  not  the  effect  of  the  remedy. 
There  is  much  false  experience  in  horticulture  and  agri- 
culture, as  well  as  in  medicine. 

"  These  views  suggest  the  expediency  of  extensively 
applying  a  solution  of  the  sulphate  of  iron  by  means  of  a 
green-house  syringe  or  garden  engine  to  the  tops  and  foli- 
age of  trees,  laboring  under  any  of  the  diseases  suspected 
of  a  cryptogamous  origin.  It  also  becomes  a  query  whether 
the  same  agent  may  not  be  successfully  employed  at  some 
period  to  counteract  the  potato  disease,  either  by  water- 
ing with  it  the  growing  plant,  or  washing  the  tubers  in  it 
in  autumn,  after  they  are  dug.  No  injury  has  ever  arisen 
to  pear  trees  by  a  free  use  of  a  saturated  solution  of,  cop- 
peras. 

"In  conclusion,  I  would  observe  that  the  discovery  of 
the  cryptogamous  origin  of  the  many  disorders  of  the 
human  system  is  effecting  important  changes  in  their 
treatment.  May  we  not  hope  that  an  extension  of  these 
discoveries  to  the  vegetable  kingdom,  may  result  as 
favorably  in  shaping  the  practice  in  diseases  of  fruits  and 
fruit  trees  ?  " 

4th — Wounds,  and  the  attacks  of  insects,  may  bo  con- 
sidered more  in  the  light  of  mechanical  injuries  by  a  loss 
of  substance,  hence  they  belong  rather  to  the  department 
of  surgery,  and  can  scarcely  be  considered  as  disease. 
The  breaking  of  a  branch,  or  the  removal  of  a  portion  of 
the  bark,  may  inflict  a  serious  injury,  but  it  is  one  which, 
under  ordinary  circumstances,  will  be  recovered  from, 
without  any  impairment  of  the  health  of  the  tree — unless 
where  the  wound  is  so  large  that  the  new  growth  will  not 
soon  cover  it  over,  in  which  case  exposure,  to  the  moisture 


186  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

of  the  atmosphere  may  result  in  decay  of  the  woody  tis- 
sues, or,  if  the  sap  exudes,  at  certain  seasons,  it  may  pro- 
duce canker  and  fungous  growths.  In  some  varieties  of 
our  cultivated  fruits,  wounds  of  this  character  are  often 
attended  by  an  effusion  of  gummy  matter ;  this  is  particu- 
larly the  case  with  those  that  are  known  as  stone-fruits, 
and  in  these  the  excision  of  a  large  limb  is  seldom  fol- 
lowed by  a  deposit  of  woody  matter  in  the  way  of  healing 
over  the  wound,  which  is  always  desirable ;  hence  in  such 
cases  particularly,  it  is  well  to  cover  the  exposed  surface 
with  something  to  exclude  atmospheric  moisture,  whether 
this  be  paint,  varnish  of  shellac,  or  common  grafting  wax. 

Insects,  by  eating  the  foliage  extensively,  very  materi- 
ally injure  the  healthy  condition  of  a  tree  —  even  the 
minute  aphides  that  suck  the  sap  from  the  leaves  and  ten- 
der bark,  will  seriously  impair  the  health  of  our  plants ; 
but  the  borers  that  mine  under  the  bark,  extensively  con- 
suming the  vital  cambium,  and  even  burrow  into  the  solid 
wood,  reducing  it  to  a  honeycomb,  cannot  fail  to  affect 
the  healthy  condition  of  the  tree  materially,  and  often 
cause  its  premature  death.  Some  knowledge  of  the  habits 
of  these  little  creatures  is  considered  of  so  great  import- 
ance, that  the  subject  will  be  brought  before  the  reader's 
notice  more  at  length  in  another  part  of  this  volume. 

There  is  no  doubt,  however,  that  many  unhealthy  con- 
ditions of  our  trees,  that  might  be  traced  to  other  causes, 
but  which  are  not  manifestly  dependent  upon  a  want  of 
care  on  the  part  of  the  orchardist,  nor  upon  a  deficiency 
in  the  constitution  of  the  soil,  are  often  attributable  to  the 
inroads  of  these  minute  foes,  which,  in  some  cases  at  least, 
are  made  the  scape-goats  upon  which  is  laid  the  blame 


DISEASES.  187 

that  should  be  applied  to  our  own  neglect,  or  want  of 
forethought  and  care.  • 

After  having  reviewed  the  whole  subject,  it  may  be  safe 
for  us  to  conclude  that  what  is  called  disease  in  our  culti- 
vated vegetables  of  whatever  kind,  is  a  departure  from 
full  health  and  productiveness  of  sound  fruits.  And 
further  that  this  may  arise  from  a  lack  of  the  necessary 
ingredients  in  the  soil,  from  a  want  of  proper  conditions 
as  to  its  quality  and  constitution,  particularly  with  regard 
to  the  important  elements  of  moisture,  heat,  and  light ; 
and  especially,  that  this  condition  of  unhealthiness  and 
unproductiveness,  when  not  an  inherent  failing  of  the  va- 
riety, may  in  many  instances  be  attributable  to  want  of 
proper  care  on  our  part,  and  to  our  allowing  the  trees  to 
injure  themselves  by  overbearing,  while  we  neglect  to  keep 
up  the  proper  supply  of  nourishment. 

In  making  selections  of  trees  for  planting,  it  is  import- 
ant that  all  weak  or  unhealthy  varieties  should  be  avoided. 
Secure  healthy  and  vigorous  stocks,  that  appear  to  be  pos- 
sessed of  a  sound  constitution,  even  though  the  fruit 
should  not  be  quite  so  fine  and  beautiful  as  that  produced 
by  some  of  the  sickly  and  less  vigorous  varieties.  There 
is  more  difference  apparent,  in  this  respect,  among  pears 
than  among  apples ;  but  of  the  latter  there  are  varieties 
that  should  be  avoided  on  account  of  their  deficient  vigor. 
There  are  others  that  might  be  considered  as  coming  un- 
der the  ban,  because  the  trees  are  not  long-lived ;  and  yet 
some  of  these  appear  to  be  perfectly  healthy  in  every 
other  respect,  and  seem  literally  to  wear  themselves  out 
by  excessive  bearing,  producing  annual  crops  of  large  and 


188  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

handsome  fruit,  until,  utterly  exhausted,  they  reach  a  pro 
mature  end. 

Some  varieties,  that  for  many  years  yielded  very  fine 
crops  of  the  most  beautiful  fruit,  and  of  the  highest  char- 
acter for  flavor,  have  afterward  ceased  to  furnish  any  per- 
fect specimens  —  the  whole  crop  being  covered  and  de- 
formed with  the  black  seal)  or  fungus,  that  prevents  their 
development,  or  else  ruined  by  the  disagreeable  bitter-rot 
which  entirely  spoils  them  for  any  use.  Various  remedies 
have  been  suggested  for  these  maladies,  all  of  which  are 
more  or  less  unsatisfactory,  because  from  our  ignorance  of 
the  causes  of  the  troubles ;  these  applications  are  wholly 
empirical. 

The  Black-knot,  which  has  become  very  common  in 
some  parts  of  the  country,  is  well  discussed  by  Benjamin 
D.  Walsh,  in  the  Practical  Entomologist,  for  March,  1866, 
page  48. 

This  essay  is  the  more  valuable  because  of  the  absence 
of  the  empiricism  just  complained  of:  — 

"  It  is  a  black,  puffy,  irregular  swelling  on  the  twigs  and 
smaller  limbs  of  plum  and  cherry  trees,  and,  in  one  in- 
stance that  came  under  my  personal  observation  of  peach 
trees,  making  its  first  appearance  in  the  latitude  of  New 
York  early  in  June,  and  attaining  its  full  growth  by  the 
end  of  July.  Usually  a  tree,  that  is  attacked  in  this  man- 
ner, is  affected  worse  and  worse  every  year,  until  it  is 
finally  killed ;  and  wherever  one  tree  of  a  group  is  affect- 
ed, the  malady  usually  spreads  to  them  all  in  process  of 
time.  In  1865  whole  cherry  orchards  were  destroyed  in 
Western  New  York  by  this  disease,-  and  I  have  myself  seen 
many  groups  of  wild  plum  trees  in  Illinois  that  were  gradn- 


DISEASES.  189 

ally  perishing  by  it ;  but  in  Southern  Ohio,  as  I  am  told, 
the  Black-knot  is  never  met  with.  In  the  Eastern  States 
it  has  been  observed  from  time  immemorial,  and  various 
contradictory  opinions  have  been  broached  as  to  its  real 
nature  and  origin. 

"  In  1&65  I  watched  the  Black-knot  carefully  through 
all  its  stages,  from  its  earliest  commencement  to  its  com- 
plete maturity,  experimenting  at  the  same  time  on  numer- 
ous specimens  collected  week  after  week,  so  as  to  ascertain 
what  insects  bred  in  it.  The  practical  conclusion  I  have 
arrived  at,  is  simply  this : — If  the  diseased  twigs  are  all 
cut  off  and  destroyed  early  in  July  in  the  latitude  of  New 
1'ork,  or  a  little  earlier  or  later  according  to  the  latitude, 
taking  care  to  cut  a  few  inches  below  the  affected  part,  the 
Black-knot  can  be  checked  and  probably  entirely  eradicat- 
ed ;  but  if  this  operation  is  delayed  till  August,  it  will  be 
nf  no  benefit  whatever.  Hence  we  can  easily  account  for 
a  circumstance  which  has  puzzled  many  men  wonderfully, 
viz.:  That  cutting  off  and  burning^the  diseased  twigs  is 
pronounced  by  some  to  be  a  sovereign  remedy,  and  by 
others  to  be  a  delusive  humbug.  Those  that  do  this 
early  enough,  find  it  effectual ;  those  that  delay  it  till  too 
late,  find  it  of  no  use. 

"This  perhaps  will  be  sufficient  for  some  few  impatient 
souls,  who  take  everything  upon  trust  that  they  see  in 
print,  and  care  nothing  about  the  rationale  of  a  mode  of 
treatment,  so  long  as  it  be  practically  available.  But  for 
the  benefit  of  that  large  class  of  intelligent  agriculturists, 
who  have  been  deluded  by  too  many  quack  prescriptions 
to  place  much  faith  in  any  man's  ipse  dixit,  and  who  in  any 
case  like  to  understand  the  principle  of  a  remedy  before 


190  AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 

they  apply  it,  I  subjoin  a  full  account  of  all  that  is  at 
present  known  on  this  subject,  and  of  the  different  theo- 
ries respecting  it  entertained  by  different  writers. 

"  Three  radically  different  theories  have  been  broached 
as  to  the  nature  and  origin  of  Black-knot :  1st,  that  it  is 
a  mere  disease  of  the  tree,  like  the  cancer  or  tlie  gout  in 
the  human  race,  which  is  the  view  maintained  by  Dr. 
Fitch,  the  State  Entomologist  of  New  York ;  2d,  that  it 
is  what  naturalists  term  a  "  gall,"  produced  by  some  un- 
known insect  depositing  its  eggs  in  the  twig — just  as  the 
well-known  "  oak-apples "  are  produced  by  a  GaJl-fly, 
(Cynips))  depositing  its  egg  in  the  bud  of  the  oak  — 
which  is  the  opinion  that  I  myself  formerly  held  and  main- 
tained, before  I  had  fully  examined  into  the  subject ;  (Pro- 
ceedings JEJnt.  Soc.,  Phil.,  Ill,  p.p.  613-618  ;)  and  3d,  that 
it  is  what  botanists  term  an  epiphytous  fungus,  growing 
on  the  tree  as"  a  mushroom  or  toad-stool  grows  on  the 
ground,  which  is  th^  opinion  of  the  botanist  Schweinitz, 
and  which  lias  recently  been  re-asserted  by  Mr.  Glover, 
the  Entomologist  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture  at  Wash- 
ington, (Ag'lRep.,  1863,  p.  572.)  This  last  is  the  opinion 
which,  upon  full  inquiry,  I  have  now  adopted. 

"Before  discussing  these  theories,  the  facts  arrived  at 
by  myself  in  the  summer  of  1865,  must  first  be  briefly 
noticed.  It  should  be  premised  that  the  old,  dry  Black- 
knot  remains  on  the  tree  for  many  years,  and  that  the 
place  to  look  for  the  new  Black-knot  is  on  such  trees  as 
have  been  already  attacke.d  and  are  loaded  with  old  Black- 
knot,  without  being  as  yet  completely  killed  by  it. 

"  1st.  By  the  middle  of  June  the  new  Black-knot  is 
pretty  well  developed,*  and  may  then  be  readily  distin- 


DISEASES.  191 

guished  from  the  old  by  its  dull,  opaque,  brown-black 
color,  while  the  old  is  coal-black  and  more  or  less  glossy. 
When  cut  into,  it  is  found  to  be  fleshy  inside,  like  an  ap- 
ple, but  not  juicy,  and  of  a  pale  greenish-yellow  color, 
with  fibres  radiating  from  the  axis  of  the  twig,  while  thd* 
old  Black-knot  is  internally  hard  and  woody,  and  of  a 
reddish-brown  or  rust-red  color.  The  brown-black  color 
of  the  external  surface  is  retained  till  the  last  week  in  Ju- 
ly, when  the  surface  of  the  new  Black-knot  becomes  gradu- 
ally covered  all  over  with  little,  coal-black,  hemispherical 
plates^  appearing  when  viewed  through  a  pocket  glass, 
about  the  size  of  the  head  of  a  pin,  each  of  these  is  a  dis- 
tinct fungus,  named  long  ago  by  Schweinitz  {  Spfyceria 
morbosa,?  Even  on  the  old  Black-knot  this  fungus  may 
be  readily  seen,  at  any  time  of  the  year,  covering  its  en- 
tire surface.  So  far  I  have  added  little  to  the  information 
already  published  on  this  subject,  except  by  the  specifica- 
tion of  dates.  But  in  addition  to  these  facts,  I  discovered 
that  about  the  last  of  July  or  the  first  week  in  August, 
there  grows  from  each  fungus  on  the  surface  of  the  Black- 
knot  a  little  cylindrical  filament  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
long,  which  no  doubt  bears  the  "seed  or  "  spores,"  as  they 
are  technically  termed,  of  the  fungus,  and  that  these  fila- 
ments very  shortly  afterwards  fill  off  and  disappear, 
leaving  behind  them  the  hemispherical  plates,  which  alone 
had  been  hitherto  noticed  by  the  botanists.  In  another 
Epiphytous  fungus,  which  grows  commonly  and  abund- 
antly in  Illinois  on  the  Red  Cedar,  but  which  differs  from 
the  Black-knot  in  being  attached  to  the  twig  by  a  very 
short  stalk  or  peduncle,  and  in  being  roundish  and  exter- 
nally of  a  reddish-brown  color  instead  of  elongate  and 


192  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

black,  there  is  a  precisely  similar  phenomenon ;  except 
that  the  plates  and  filaments  are  very  much  larger,  and 
that  eacty  filament,  when  it  falls  off,  leaves  a  ragged  scar 
behind  it.  In  a  single  specimen  of  Black-knot  noticed 
•August  6th,  I  discovered  that  the  filaments  not  only  cov- 
ered the  entire  surface  of  the  Black-knot  itself,  except 
where  a  few  of  them  had  already  fallen  off,  but  that  they 
were  thinly  studded  over  the  twig  for  an  inch  or  two 
above  and  below  the  swollen  black  part ;  thus  proving 
that  the  fungus  sometimes  extends  rather  further  than  on 
a  cursory  view  it  would  appear  to  do.  Towards  the  mid- 
dle of  August,  the  new  Black-knot,  having  perfected  its 
seed,  gradually  dries  up  and  becomes  internally  of  a  red- 
dish-brown color.  In  other  words,  like  so  many  other  an- 
nual plants,  it  dies  shortly  after  it  has  perfected  its  seed, 
just  as  a  stalk  of  wheat  or  of  corn  dies  shortly  after  the 
grain  is  ripe. 

"2d.  During  the  months  of  June  and  July  I  collected 
from  time  to  time  very  numerous  specimens  of  Black- 
knot,  some  of  which  I  cut  into  to  see  what  larvffi  they  con- 
tained, and  some  I  preserved  to  see  what  perfect  insects 
could  be  bred  from  them.  Besides  seven  specimens  of 
the  common  "  Curculio,"  which  many,  persons  had  previ- 
ously bred  from  Black-knot,  I  bred  for  the  first  time  there- 
from no  less  than  five  distinct  species  of  insects,  none  of 
which  can  be  considered  as  gall-makers,,  but  not  a  single 
true  gall-maker ;  and  I  can  confirm  Dr.  Fitch's  assertion, 
that  some  specimens  are  wholly  free  from  larvae  of  any 
kind  when  cut  into. 

"  We  will  now  take  up  in  order  the  three  different  theo- 
ries respecting  the  nature  and  origin  of  Black-knot,  which, 


DISEASES.  193 

as   already   stated,   have  been   maintained    by   different 
writers.  .    . 

"  1st.  That  Black-knot  is  a  mere  disease  like  the  can- 
cer.— Dr.  Fitch,  who  maintains  this  opinion,  allows  that 
the  black  granules  found  on  the  Black-knot  are  a  true  fun- 
gus, 'that  the  surface  of  these  excrescences,  when  mature, 
is  always*  covered  with  this  plant,'  and  that  'this  plant 
never  grows,  or  at  least  has  never  been  found,  in  any 
other  situation.'  (Address  JST.  T.  State  Ag'l  Soc.,  1860, 
p.  21.)  *  *  * 

"  2d.  That  Slack-knot  is  a  gall. — As  already  stated, 
there  is  no  true  gall-making  insect  that  inhabits  the  Black- 
knot,  so  far  as  I  can  discover  on  the  fullest  and  most  ex- 
tensive investigation  that  I  have  been  able  to  give  to  the 
subject.  The  minute  holes  commonly  found  in  the  old 
dry  Black-knot,  which  are  too  large  either  for  the  '  Cur- 
culio '  or  for  the  small  moths  bred  by  myself  from  Black- 
knot,  are  of  a  suitable  size  for  either  of  the  two  dipterous 
insects  which  I  have  enumerated  in  a  note  as  bred  by  my- 
self from  Black-knot.  Consequently  the  argument  which 
I  based  upon  the  existence  of  these  minute  holes  (Proc. 
Ent.  Soe.  Phil.  Ill,  p.  614)  falls  to  the  ground ;  and  al- 
though I  found  on  one  occasion  the  larva  of  a  Gall-gnat 
embedded  in  a  cell  in  a  Black-knot,  yet  this  was  most 
probably  that  of  the  Guest  Gall-gnat  which  I  actually 
bred  from  Black-knot,  as  stated  in  the  note,  and  not  of  a 
true  gall-making  Gall-gnat. 

"  3d.  That  Black  knot  is  a  fungus.— Just  as  Dr.  Fitch, 
having  proved  to  his  own  satisfaction  that  Black-knot  is 
neither  a  gall  nor  a  fungus,  infers  by  the  method  of  ex- 
haustion that  it  must  be  a  disease ;  so,  having  proved  that 
9 


194  AM  ERIC  AN   POMOLOGY. 

it  is  neither  a  disease  nor  a  gall,  we  may  infer  by  the 
method  of  exhaustion  that  it  must  be  a  fungus,  or  rather 
an  assemblage  of  funguses.  In  confirmation  of  this  theory 
may  be  adduced  the  very  remarkable  analogies  between 
the  structure  of  the  Black-knot  and  that  of  the  fungus, 
described  above  as  occurring  on  Red  Cedar.  That  this 
last  is  really  and  truly  a  fungus  and  not  a  gall,  is  shown 
by  the  fact,  that  it  is  scarcely  ever  inhabited  by  insects ;  for 
out  of  hundreds  of  specimens  that  I  have  cut  into,  both 
green  and  dry,  not  more  than  two  or  three  contained  the 
larvae  of  the  moths,  but  one  contained  what  was  prob.ibly 
the  larva  of  an  Ichneumon-fly,  and  all  the  rest  were  per- 
fectly solid  and  unbored.  On  the  other  hand,  Black-knot 
is  so  infested  by  insects,  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to 
find  a  mature  specimen  that  is  not  all  bored  up  by  them. 
The  cause  of  this  remarkable  difference  may  be  attributed 
to.  the  well-known  repugnance  of  almost  all  kinds  of  in- 
sects for  Red  Cedar. 

"If,  then,  Black-knot  is  a  fungus,  and  if,  as  I  think  I 
have  shown,  it  is  an  annual  plant  propagating  itself  by 
seed  or  the  so-called  '  spores,'  and  the  '  spores '  make  their 
appearance  about  tlu>  end  of  July  in  latitude  41°  30',  then 
it  must  be  obvious  that  if  all  the  Black-knot  on  a  parti- 
cular tree  is  cut  off  and  destroyed  in  the  fore-part  of  July, 
or  a  little  earlier  or  later  as  you  go  further  south  or  further 
north,  an  effectual  stop  will  by  put  to  its.  further  propaga- 
tion. It  is  true  that  the  '  spores '  are  in  the  form  of  an  im- 
palpable powder,  so  that  they  may  be  carried  some  con- 
siderable distance  from  other  infected  trees  by  the  wind ; 
and  it  may  possibly  be  further  true,  that  certain  c  spores ' 
may  lie  dormant  in  the  bark  for  over  a  yeur,  as  the  seads 


DISEASES.  195 

of  weeds  will  often  lie  dormant  in  the  ground.  Still,  with 
all  these  possible  drawbacks,  I  have  little  doubt  that  the 
above  remedy  will,  as  a  general  rule,  if  applied  according 
to  directions,  be  found  effectual." 

The  foregoing  is  interesting  as  giving  the  conclusions 
of  an  entomologist  who  had  investigated  the  subject,  and 
arrived  at  the  same  result  that  had  been  reached  by  a 
botanist  many  years  before.  Schweinitz,  in  1832,  published 
the  correct  history  of  the  Black-knot  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society.  In  the  American 
Agriculturist,  April,  1863,  p.  113,  Mr.  C.  F.  Austin  con- 
firmed Schweinitz's  observations,  and  gave  a  popular  ac- 
count of  the  botany  of  this  fungus,  with  figures.  It  may 
be  considered  as  fully  established  that  the  knot  is  of  vege- 
table origin ;  and  whenever  insects  or  larvas  are  found  in 
it,  it  is  only  because  they  find  a  diseased  portion  of  the 
tree  suited  to  their  necessities. 

ROT  AND  MILDEW  upon  the  grape  both  destroy  our 
crops,  and  render  the  vines  unhealthy.  Would  that  I 
were  able  to  give  the  reader  some  encouragement  as  to  its 
cause  and  prevention,  or  cure ;  but  some  of  our  oldest  and 
most  experienced  vine-planters  have  come  to  the  con- 
clusion, as  to  treatment,  that  "  the  more  they  find  out, 
the  more  they  don't  know."  It  is  now  generally  conceded 
that  it  is  caused  by  a  fungus  growth.  That  on  the  leaves 
is  probably  the  Oidium  Tuckeri,  and  it  is  generally  sup- 
posed that  the  mildew  and  rot  of  the  berries  is  owing  to 
the  same  cause.  The  microscope  clearly  indicates  its  fun- 
goid character.  As  to  the  causes,  it  must  be  admitted 
that  the  weather  favors  or  prevents  its  access,  and  that 
so  far  it  is  a  proximate  cause,  but  that  the  spores  are  the 


196  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

true  origin  of  the  trouble.  The  Cincinnati  Horticultural 
Society,  whose  members  have  long  had  opportunities  of 
studying  this  malady,  have  come  to  the  following  con- 
clusions, which,  it  will  be  seen,  are  not  very  satisfactory. 

To  the  Cincinnati  Horticultural  Society:  —  We  have 
been  appointed  by  you  to  discharge  a  certain  function. 
Having  examined  the  premises  and  considered  the  subject, 
we  do  now  report :  That,  notwithstanding  the  discourage- 
ments attendant  upon  the  experience  of  most  vine-dressers 
during  the  past  season,  we  are  determined  to  persevere  in 
viticulture,  for  the  following  among  other  reasons : 

We  have  our  capital  invested  in  a  way  which  has  been 
profitable,  and  we  believe  will  be  so  again. 

Our  lands  are  occupied  with  a  growth  that  has  required 
time  and  labor  to  produce,  and  which  we  are  unwilling  to 
sacrifice. 

We  do  not  believe  that  the  diseases  to  which  the  vines 
and  fruit  have  been  subjected,  are  dependent  upon  long 
pruning  or  short  pruning,  upon  deep  culture  or  shallow, 
nor  any  of  the  causes  to  which  it  has  been  attributed, 
that  are  under  the  immediate  control  of  man,  but  that  the 
cause  is  CLIMATIC. 

We  do  not  believe  that  the  rot  and  mildew  can  be 
warded  off  by  leaving  the  wood  upon  the  vines,  nor  that 
the  usual  vineyard  method  called  short  pruning,  will  ren- 
der our  vineyards  more  subject  to  this  disease. 

We  do  believe,  however,  that  we  have  yet  much  to 
learn  in  regard  to  the  philosophy  of  prun  ing  which  it 
were  well  for  us  to  study,  and  that  by  so  doing  we  may 
gather  some  useful  hints  in  relation  to  this  very  important 
part  of  a  vine-grower's  duties. 


DISEASES.  197 

We  do  believe,  as  a  result  of  our  observations,  that 
some  varieties  of  grapes  are  more  healthy  and  vigorous 
than  others ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  that  some  are  pecu- 
liarly subject  to  the  inroads  of  these  maladies  which  have 
so  terribly  affected  the  fruit,  the  foliage,  and  the  green 
wood  of  our  vines.  We  do  firmly  believe,  that  our  so- 
cieties should  avoid  recommending  the  extensive  planting 
of  any  trees  or  vines  that  have  not  proved  themselves 
general  healthy,  and  free  from  the  maladies  in  question, 
for  a  number  of  years,  after  trial  in  different  situations. 

We  do  believe  that  systematic  efforts  should  be  made 
with  different  remedial  and  preventive  agents,  to  avert  the 
disasters  that  have  overtaken  our  vine-crops  of  late  years, 
and,  with  this  view,  as  we  have  reason  to  believe  that  the 
difficulty  depends  upon  the  existence  of  some  epiphytic 
plant,  and  as  we  are  informed  that  sulphur  and  sulphate 
of  iron  exert  an  obnoxious  influence  upon  the  whole  class 
of  fungi,  we  recommend  our  brother  vine-dressers  to  take 
courage,  and  to  make  vigorous  and  systematic  efforts  to 
ward  off  the  difficulty  the  coming  season,  by  the  regular 
and  persevering  applications  of  these  substances  to  their 
grape  vines. 

For  your  encouragement,  we  will  also  refer  you  to  the 
history  of  the  vineyards  of  Europe,  which  have  suffered 
in  like  manner,  and  which  have  at  length  recuperated  their 
energies  and  become  productive.  Why  may  not  the  same 
good  fortune  await  us  ? 

Very  respectfully  submitted,  by 

R.  BUCHANAN,  Chairman. 


CHAPTER   VI. 

THE    SITE   FOE    AN    ORCHARD. 


A  MATTER  OF  IMPORTANCE,  NOT  OF  MEKE  CONVENIENCE  —  LOW  VALLEYS 
LEAST  DESIRABLE  —  BASINS,  EVEN  IF  ELEVATED,  SUBJECT   TO  FROSTS 

—  LOCAL  DIFFERENCES  OF  TEMPERATURE,  OFTEN   FATAL   TO   TENDER 
VEGETATION  —  THE   FROST    LINE    NOT   DEPENDENT   UPON  MERE  ELE- 
VATION, BUT  UPON  RELATIVE  ALTITUDE — MODERATE  BLUFFS  BESIDE 
VALLEYS,   OR  RIDGES   IN  A  PRAIRIE,   ARE    BETTER    THAN  HIGH  VAL- 
LEYS  AMONG  MOUNTAINS  —  DRIFT   FORMATIONS,    PRESENT   INEQUALI- 
TIES  OF   SURFACE — FAVORABLE   INFLUENCE  OF   THE  WATER   OF  RIV- 
ERS    AND     LA.KES     UPON     THE     CLIMATE  —  INSULAR     POSITIONS    AND 
LACUSTRINE   SITUATIONS   HAVE    A    PECULIAR   CLIMATE  —  FOGS  —  LA- 
TENT   HEAT    BECOMING    SENSIBLE  —  METEOROLOGY     WILL     FURNISH 
AID     TO    THE    ORCHARDIST  —  COLD     STORMS  —  Aspect  —  PROTECTION 
FROM  WINDS,   ESPECIALLY  A  PRAIRIE   QUESTION  —  EFFECTS   OF  AGI- 
TATION    IN     THE     ATMOSPHERE  —  BELTS     AND    SCREENS    OF    TIMBER 
DESIRABLE — WINTER  KILLING    OFTEN    DEPENDENT   UPON   THE   CON- 
DITIONS  OF   THE   TREE  —  VARIETIES  MOST   SUBJECT   TO   THIS  —  LISTS 

—  SOILS,   PERMEABLE    AND     TENACIOUS  —  ADAPTATION    OF   SORTS   TO 
SOILS — GEOLOGICAL     FORMATIONS     TO     BE     OBSERVED     IN     MAKING 
SELBCTIONS. 

SITE. — The  selection  of  a  suitable  site  for  an  orchard  is 
a  matter  of  no  small  moment  to  him  who  would  be  a  suc- 
cessful grower  of  fine  fruits.  Without,  at  this  time,  pans- 
ing  to  inquire  into  the  characters  of  the  soil,  let  us  ex- 
amine more  particularly  the  aspect  of  the  field  to  be  ap- 
198 


SITE   FOR    A>*    ORCHARD.  J99 

preprinted  to  this  important  crop ;  for  the  orchard  is  a 
permanent  investment,  and  so  much  depends  upon  the  site, 
that  we  should  make  some  sacrifice  of  our  convenience, 
rather  than  commit  any  error  in  this  particular.  In  the 
first  place,  then,  let  it  be  understood  that  the  orchard 
should  be  well  exposed  to  the  sun  and  air.  The  least  de- 
sirable positions  for  orchard  planting  are  narrow  valleys, 
particularly  limestone  valleys  in  a  mountainous  country, 
traversed  by  a  small  brook,  or  where  the  surface  is  spouty 
from  springs  or  sudjacent  water.  Even  if  such  depres- 
sions are  considerably  elevated,  but  surrounded  by  higher 
and  abrupt  elevations,  they  will  be  found  obnoxious  to 
late  and  early  frosts  in  spring  and  fall,  especially  the  for- 
mer, which  are  often  disastrous  in  such  situations,  after 
the  fruit-buds  have  expanded  in  these  sheltered  nooks.  Ev- 
ery one  at  all  conversant  with  meteorological  observations 
made  in  a  broken  country,  is  aware  of  the  different  range 
of  temperature  that  will  be  indicated  by  instruments  sus- 
pended at  different  elevations.*  When  the  cooling  influ- 
ence of  radiation  has  lowered  the  temperature  of  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth  and  of  objects  near  it,  the  stratum  of 
air  in  immediate  contact  will  be  chilled,  and  growing 
heavier,  will  flow  down  into  the  most  depressed  situations, 
and,  accumulating  there,  will  cause  a  difference  of  several 
degrees  of  temperature.  This,  when  near  the  freezing 
point,  will  be  of  the  greatest  consequence  to  tender  vege- 
tation, which  may  be  preserved  in  perfect  safety  at  forty 
degrees,  but  will  be  destroyed  at  thirty  degrees,  or  even 
at  a  higher  point,  in  some  cases. 

*  See  Lawrence  Young's  Experiment.*,  in  Western  Horticultural  Review.  Vol. 
I,  page  190,  in  Report  of  Kentucky  State  Fruit  Committee  to  American  Pomolo- 
gical  Cony  re-. s,  for  1850. 


200 


AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 


The  frost  line  becomes  a  very  important  subject  of  in- 
quiry in  the  selection  of  an  orchard  site,  and  in  some 
countries  we  find  that  its  position  may  be  definitely  settled 
within  a  limited  range  of  elevation ;  not  that  a  certain 
level  can  be  indicated,  above  which  there  will  always  be 
an  immunity  from  frost,  while  all  below  will  suffer,  but 
we  may  approximate,  in  certain  situations,  so  nearly  as  to 
indicate  that  certain  sites  are  safe  or  unsafe. 

Nor  is  it  the  absolute  elevation  alone  that  is  to  be  taken 
into  the  account ;  in  any  given  locality,  we  may  assume 
that  the  higher  the  orchard  is  situated  above  the  water 
levels,  the  safer  it  will  be,  and  that  the  lowest  depressions 
are  the  most  unsafe  or  frosty.  It  is  not  always  the  mere 
elevation,  but  rather  the  relative  elevation  of  the  site,  that 
renders  it  more  desirable  than  another  in  the  same  region. 
There  are  many  orchards  that  are  situated  upon  a  moder- 
ate bluff,  with  a  rapid  descent  of  only  a  few  feet  or  yards, 
into  a  swale  or  valley  of  moderate  extent ;  these  we  find 
to  be  uninjured,  when  another  at  a  greater  elevation,  but 
in  a  depresssd  basin  surrounded  by  higher  lands,  will  be 
found  to  have  suffered  from  the  influence  of  frost.  In  the 
one  case,  the  cold  air  could  flow  off  rapidly  into  the  ad- 
joining depression,  while  in  the  other,  the  cold  air  from 
adjoining  slopes  would  collect,  and  accumulate  in  the  situa- 
tions described. 

In  the  great  plateaus  of  the  world,  we  often  find  im- 
mense tracts  of  land  so  nearly  of  the  same  level  as  scarce- 
ly to  afford  sufficient  drainage  for  the  surplus  water;  of 
course,  we  should  expect  to  find,  in  such  places,  little  va 
riation  of  temperature  arising  from  difference  in  elevation. 
But  even  in  such  situations,  whether  we  examine  the  ta* 


SITE    FOE   AN    ORCHARD.  201 

ble-lands  of  our  timbered  regions,  or  the  extended  areas 
of  the  prairie  country,  we  shall  find  that  the  drift  forma- 
tion which  covers  these  vast  tracts,  lias  not  been  distrib- 
uted evenly,  but  that  there  are  successive  rolls  or  swells 
frequently  recurring,  which  give,  in  some  instances,  con- 
siderable variations  of  level.  A  bold  ridge,  of  fifty  feet 
or  more  in  hight,  rises  abruptly  from  the  level  prairie, 
stretching  along  for  miles,  and  affording  admirable  expos- 
ures for  orchard  sites.  Such  places  are  observed  to  be 
free  from  late  and  early  frosts.  In  other  places,  there  is 
an  abrupt  depression  of  the  surface,  answering  the  same 
purpose  —  drawing  off  the  cold  air.  These  may  be  very 
moderate  in  their  extent,  as  the  prairie  sloughs,  or  they 
may  be  small  vales,  the  courses  of  the  minor  streams,  or 
of  larger  extent,  the  valleys  of  rivers,  or  the  depressions 
of  lakes.  In  these  latter  cases,  the  modifying  influences 
of  considerable  bodies  of  water  enter  into  the  frost  prob- 
lem as  an  element  of  no  mean  value. 

It  may  be  asked :  How  do  these  masses  of  water  affect 
the  frost  ?  Science  answers  :  By  their  evaporated  mois- 
ture influencing  the  atmosphere.  This  may  save  us  from  the 
blighting  influence  of  frost,  by  enveloping  the  frozen  vege- 
tation in  a  wet  blanket  of  fog ;  enabling  it  to  be  thawed 
in  the  dark,  as  it  were,  by  which  we  avoid  the  influence 
of  a  bright  sunshine,  that  would  have  destroyed  the  tissues 
had  they  been  suddenly  exposed  to  it  when  frozen.  An 
equally  important  result  is  derived  from  the  direct  influ- 
ence of  the  humidity  of  the  atmosphere,  which  modifies 
the  temperature  remarkably,  as  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  large  bodies  of  water.  Insular  sit  nations  especially,  even 
when  low,  are  known  to  have  a  more  genial  climate  in 


202  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY, 

consequence  of  this  condition  of  the  atmosphere,  which 
depends  upon  the  large  amount  of  caloric  that  is  present 
in  the  latent  form,  in  the  vapor,  and  which  becomes  sensi- 
ble heat  as  fast  as  the  moisture  is  condensed ;  as  well  as 
by  the  sensible  caloric,  the  absolute  warmth  of  the  water, 
affecting  the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere. 

We  thus  see  that  very  opposite  situations,  in  regard  to 
mere  elevation,  may  both  be  recommended  for  orchards ; 
but  the  latter  are  the  exceptions  rather  than  the  rule,  for 
we  can  not  always  count  upon  the  saving  influence  of  a 
fog,  nor  are  the  modifying  effects  of  a  moderate  sheet  of 
water  always  to  be  depended  upon  at  the  time  when  most 
needed.  Still,  we  may  find  a  few  favored  spots,  where  an 
insular  position,  in  a  lacustrine  situation,  receives  a  double 
influence  —  acting  at  both  extremities  of  the  season  of 
vegetation,  in  quite  an  opposite  way,  but  in  both  acting 
favorably.  In  such  places  we  shall  discover  that  the  spring 
opens  late,  being  retarded  by  the  cold  atmosphere  flowing 
over  the  chilled  waters,  that  may  be  even  icy,  when  inland 
places  in  the  same  latitude  are  rejoicing  in  a  mild  and  ge- 
nial temperature,  tempting  the  expansion  of  the  flower- 
buds.  Vegetation  on  an  island  thus  situated  is  retarded 
until  all  danger  of  frost  has  passed,  and  the  air  has  re- 
ceived the  full  benefit  of  warmth  from  the  water. 
Then,  again,  in  the  autumn,  when  we  are  in  danger  from 
the  access  of  an  early  frost,  such  as  sometimes,  north  of 
latitude  forty  degrees,  destroys  the  whole  crop  of  corn, 
almost  universally,  over  hundreds  of  miles,  these  favored 
spots  have  really  a  warmer  atmosphere,  from  the  influence 
of  a  great  extent  of  water,  that  has  enjoyed  a  summer's 
Bunshine,  and  which  warms  the  air  by  giving  off  its  heat 


SITE   FOR   AX    ORCHARD.  203 

very  steadily,  but  slowly;  and  besides,  as  the  surface  of 
the  land  cools  by  radiation  and  condenses  the  watery  va- 
por, it  receives  accessions  of  temperature  that  had  been 
locked  np,  or  was  insensible  in  the  vapor.  Hence  we  find 
that  in  these  places,  though  the  opening  of  spring  was  re- 
tarded a  month,  the  approach  of  winter  and  autumnal 
frosts  is  warded  off  for  two  months,  making  the  season 
really  one  month  longer  than  in  the  same  latitude  inland. 

It  must  be  confessed,  however,  that  the  subject  of  me- 
teorology is  not  fully  understood.  We  have  but  a  glim- 
mering of  the  light  that  we  hope  is  to  be  shed  upon  the 
subject  when  the  deductions  from  millions  of  observations, 
long  continued  and  systematically  conducted,  shall  have 
been  wrought  out  for  the  benefit  of  the  orchardist  and  the 
general  agriculturist. 

We  also  have  storms  accompanied  by  a  low  temperature, 
passing  across  the  country,  in  which,  at  times,  the  great- 
est intensity  of  cold  is  at  the  southern  border.  Such  a 
one  passed  from  the  west  to  the  east  in  January,  1852,  in 
which  the  mercury,  near  Marietta,  O.,  sank  to  thirty  de- 
grees below  zero ;  at  Zanesville,  O.,  on  the  same  river,  it 
was  twenty-seven  degrees ;  at  Lancaster,  O.,  thirty-two 
degrees;  while  at  Cleveland,  O.,  it  was  only  fifteen  de- 
grees below,  and  at  Aurora,  on  Cayuga  Lake,  N.  Y., 
influenced  by  the  unfrozen  water,  its  greatest  depression 
was  only  fou.r  degrees  below  zero.* 

ASPECT. — When  considering  the  orchard  site,  the  best 
aspect  of  the  ground  becomes  a  matter  of  interesting  in- 
quiry. To  all  vegetation,  the  morning  .sun  is  a  welcome 
visitant  after  the  night's  repose ;  for  plants,  as  well  as  ani- 

*  Western  Horticultural  Review;  also,  Statistics  of  Sform,  Jan.  I,  1864. 


204  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

raals,  rest  from  their  functions  at  night,  and  all  nature  re- 
joices in  the  return-of  day ;  hence  an  eastern  or  a  south- 
eastern exposure  is  generally  preferred,  but  we  find  that 
practically  there  is  little  difference  in  the  different  parts  of 
an  orchard  that  can  be  fairly  referred  to  this  cause.  Some 
planters  prefer  a  southern  slope,  thinking  that  the  fullest 
exposure  to  the  sun  is  essential ;  others  select  a  northern 
aspect,  in  the  hope  that  they  may  there  avoid  a  too  early 
excitation  of  vegetable  life,  and  also  that  the  heats  of 
summer  may  be  thus  moderated.  In  my  own  opinion,  the 
aspect  is  a  matter  of  little  consequence  to  the  success  of 
an  orchard,  though  my  predilections  are  "in  favor  of  an  eas- 
terly exposure.  The  danger  of  a  southern  aspect  in  sum- 
mer, and  the  advantages  of  the  northern  slope,  may,  in  a 
great  degree,  be  obtained  or  obviated  by  judicious  plant- 
ing and  pruning,  as  will  be  set  forth  in  another  place. 

A  theory  has  been  started  by  those  who  are  opposed  to 
a  northerly  slope,  that  vegetation  continues  later  in  the 
season  in  such  situations,  especially  with  young  trees,  and 
that  hence  they  are  not  in  so  good  a  condition  to  resist  the 
access  of  very  severe  weather  at  the  sudden  setting  in  of 
winter.  The  hypothesis  is  not  sustained  by  long-continued 
observation,  although  many  facts  no%ted  in  the  autumn  and 
winter  of  1859  induced  persons  to  embrace  the  theory ; 
these  were  particularly  the  killing  of  the  peach-buds,  up- 
on northern  slopes,  by  the  December  frosts.*  There  is  no 
evidence  that  there  was  any  want  of  perfect  ripening  of 
the  wood  in  these  situations ;  on  the  contrary,  it  is  well 
known  that,  long  before  December,  the  growth  of  these 
very  trees  had  been  checked,  the  wood  had  been  well  rip- 
ened, and  the  foliage  had  been  cast  to  the  ground. 


SITE   FOE   AN    ORCHARD.  205 

The  warmer  exposure  of  a  southern  slope  may,  and  ofteu 
does,  favor  the  premature  swelling  of  the  buds  and  starting 
of  the  sap  during  mild,  pleasant,  and  bright  weather  in  the 
winter,  and  vegetation  is  often  seriously  injured  from  this 
cause.  -<%•'} 

In  many  parts  of  the  country,  it  is  much  more  im- 
portant to  consider  the  exposure  to  the  prevailing  winds 
of  the  region,  and  to  select  the  site  and  aspect  that  shall 
enjoy  the  benefit  of  protection.  This,  I  am  aware,  is  a 
proposition  that  has  had  opponents,  as  well  as  advocates,  in 
the  broad  savannas  of  the  West,  where,  especially,  it  be- 
comes a  question  of  the  greatest  importance.  There  are 
benefits  as  well  as  evils  attendant  upon  the  motions«of  the 
atmosphere.  The  swaying  of  the  limbs,  when  agitated 
by  the  breeze,  gives  them  tone  and  strength,  and  may  as- 
sist in  the  circulation  of  the  sap  within  their  cells ;  and 
the  constant  agitation  of  the  atmosphere,  commingling  the 
warmer  with  the  colder  portions,  will  often  modify  the 
temperature  to  such  an  extent  as  to  give  an  immunity  from, 
the  frost  in  the  open  prairie,  at  the  same  moment  that  the 
more  tranquil  air,  within  a  limited  clearing  of  forest  lands, 
has  been  cooled  down,  by  radiation,  to  the  frost  point.  On 
every  account,  therefore,  the  moderate  and  reasonable  ex- 
posure to  the  influences  of  a  mobile  atmosphere  is  rather 
to  be  courted  than  shunned. 

The  views  that  have  been  advanced  by  the  advocates 
of  protection  for  orchards  on  the  prairies,  have  been  some- 
what modified  since  they  were  first  promulgated.  We  are 
now  told,  by  those  who  have  opposed  "protection,"  that 
narrow  timber-belts  of  evergreens  and  deciduous  trees, 
should  be  planted  on  the  windward  sides  of  orchards,  to 


206  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

moderate,  not  to  cut  off,  the  aerial  currents ;  in  this  all 
will  agree,  and  those  who  have  any  sympathy  for  a  tree 
will  surely  prefer  to  have  the  blasts,  that  sweep  over  miles 
of  open  country,  somewhat  checked  and  tempered  before 
reaching  either  themselves  or  their  orchards.  The  testi- 
mony as  to  the  effects  of  cold  in  sheltered  and  in  exposed 
situations,  it  must  be  confessed,  appears  somewhat  contra- 
dictory; but  this  is  because  we  have  not  all  the  elements 
of  a  complex  problem. 

WINTER-KILLING. — A  most  serious  evil,  both  to  the  nur- 
seryman and  orchardist,  is  the  severe  injury  sometimes 
done  to  the  trees  by  frost.  This  is  commonly  known  by 
the  term  "  winter-killing,"  which  has,  at  times,  destroyed 
millions  of  trees,  and  thus  blighted  the  hopes  of  long-con- 
tinued labor  and  large  investments  of  capital.  Some  or- 
chardists  have  been  disheartened,  and  have  given  up  in 
despair.  The  investigation  of  the  causes  of  this  disaster, 
and  the  conditions  under  which  it  occurs,  will  be  of  great 
value  to  future  planters  ;  and  though,  perhaps,  we  have 
not  yet  at  command  sufficient  data  for  the  full  explanation 
of  the  phenomenon,  it  may  be  well  to  look  into  the  attend- 
ant circumstances  that  have;  been  observed ;  and  as  some 
of  the  most  important  considerations  depend  upon  the  soil 
and  exposure,  they  may  be  well  introduced  in  this  place. 

'I  have  already  alluded  to  the  theory,  that  the  north  hill- 
sides maintain  a  later  growth  than  other  situations,  and 
have  slated  that  the  facts  do  not  sustain  the  position. 
The  warm  exposures  on  southern  slopes  and  sheltered 
nooks,  are  apt  to  favor  the  premature  starting  of  the  sap 
in  the  mild  weather  that  often  occurs  during  the  winter, 
in  our  changeable  climate.  On  the  prairies,  and  on  flat 


SITE   FOR   AN   ORCHARD.  207 

lands  elsewhere,  an  excess  of  humidity  in  the  soil  will 
contribute  to  this  disaster;  and  in  such  situations  we  may 
often  observe  the  most  terrible  destruction  following  a 
great  and  sudden  change  of  temperature.  Exposure  to 
long-continued  cold,  with  severe  winds,  seems  to  dry  up 
the  juices  of  the  plants,  in  some  instances,  and  thus  effect 
their  destruction.  This,  in  the  far  North,  is  believed  to 
be  a  frequent  cause  of  the  evil.  The  condition  of  the  tree 
upon  the  access  of  severe  cold  is  too  important  a  subject 
to  be  lost  sight  of,  and  has  already  been  alluded  to. 

Of  any  given  variety,  the  more  perfectly  dormant  the 
x)lant,  and  the  more  complete  its  condition  of  hybernation, 
the  greater  will  be  its  immunity  from  this  evil.  The  at- 
mospheric changes  and  conditions  we  can  not  control,  and 
we  can  modify  them  only  in  a  very  limited  degree,  by 
uedges,  by  timber-belts,  and  by  evergreen  screens,  the 
value  of  which  begins  to  be  appreciated.  The  state  of  the 
soil,  as  to  its  moisture,  is  under  our  control,  and  by  thor- 
ough and  surface-drainage,  we  may  obviate  one  very  im- 
portant condition  that  conduces  largely  to  the  injury  under 
consideration  —  the  excess  of  moisture  in  and  upon  the 
ioil.  •..%•>: 

The  more  perfect  ripening  of  the  wood,  is  likewise  a 
matter  of  great  moment',  and  this  is  also  subject  to  our 
control,  particularly  in  young  trees  in  the  nursery  and 
orchard. 

Certain  varieties  are  much  more  subject  to  injury  from 
cold  than  others.  Among  these  are  some  of  the  most 
thrifty  and  free  growing  sorts.  There  appears  to  be  an 
inherent  quality  of  hardiness  in  others,  that  enables  them 
to  resist  the  most  trying  alternations  of  temperature. 


208  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

Why  some  should  be  thus  hardy,  and  others  tender,  we 
do  not  know,  but  it  is  not  their  Northern  or  Southern  ori- 
gin ;  some  having  the  former  are  most  tender.  Sad  experi- 
ence has  taught  us  the  fact,  and  since  the  dreadful  win- 
ters of  the  past  decade,  in  some  parts  of  the  West,  the 
first  question  asked,  respecting  a  new  variety  of  fruit,  is 
that  regarding  its  hardiness.  Pomological  societies  have 
endeavored  to  collate  the  names  of  the  hardy  and  tender 
kinds,  and  have  thus,  by  their  united  experience,  been  en- 
abled to  present  lists  of  a  few  of  the  known  hardy  apples, 
for  the  guidance  of  planters. 

SOILS. — It  will  be  proper,  in  this  place,  to  say  something 
about  the  soils  best  adapted  to  orcharding.  *The  apple  is  a 
gross  feeder,  but  a  good-natured  one,  and,  like  a  good  citi- 
zen and  a  cosmopolite,  it  submits  to  surrounding  circum 
stances.  In  our  own  country,  it  nourishes  alike  on  the  gran 
ite  hills  of  New  England,  or  the  mountain  ranges  stretch- 
ing thence  to  the  southwest,  in  the  limestone  valleys  amid 
these  ridges,  on  the  sandstones  and  shales  that  form  the 
southeastern  rim  of  the  great  valley  of  the  West,  upon 
the  vast  drift  formations  that  overlie  the  rocks  from  the 
tide-waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence*  to  the  sources  of  the  Mis- 
souri, upon  the  rich  diluvial  and  alluvial  deposits  of  our 
river  bottoms,  and  our  vast  prairies.  I  have  said  that  the 
apple  nourishes  alike  upon  these  various  soils  and  under 
these  so  different  circumstances ;  perhaps  this  expression 
should  be  somewhat  modified ;  there  are  varieties  that  ap- 
pear peculiarly  adapted  by  their  nature  for  all  of  these 
different  situations  ;  there  are,  perhaps,  none  that  will 
thrive  equally  well  in  all. 

The  orchardists  of  each  section  of  the  country  must  as- 


SITE   FOR   AN    ORCHARD.  209 

certain  for  themselves  what  varieties  are  best  adapted  to 
the  peculiarities  of  their  soil  and  climate ;  hence,  no  one 
region  can  furnish  lists  of  varieties  to  be  taken  as  a  guide 
for  the  planting  of  others  differently  situated.  Hence, 
too,  the  importance  of  local  organizations  for  pomological 
study,  and  the  great  value  of  the  labors  of  those  who  are 
engaged  in  the  prosecution  of  these  investigations  in  the 
American  Pomological  Society,  which  will,  it  is  fondly 
hoped,  ultimately  give  us  corrected  lists  of  fruits  that  are 
adapted  to  all  the  varying  circumstances  of  soil  and 
climate,  in  each  of  the  great  geological  regions  of  our 
country.  This  has  already  been  proposed  by  the  excellent 
general  chairman  of  Fruit  Committees,  as  an  important 
wurk  for  the  National  Society ;  and  so  soon  as  the  subject 
receives  a  fail1  consideration,  its  merits  will  be  appreciat- 
ed, and  a  union  of  the  best  minds,  and  the  best  experience 
of  the  pomologists  of  each  district,  will  be  concentrated 
upon  this  labor. 

Let  me  not  be  misnpprehende  1  in  the  statement,  just 
made,  with  regard  to  the  wide  distribution  of  which  the 
apple  appears  to  be  capable.  There  are  soils  and  situa- 
tions, in  all  of  the  widely-separated  regions  alluded  to, 
that  are  wholly  unfitted  to  orchard  culture,  upon  which  it 
were  folly  to  plant  an  apple-tree  ;  and  yet,  many  of  those 
may  be  rendered  entirely  suitable,  if  subjected  to  treat- 
ment, suggested  by  science,  and  executed  by  human  inge- 
nuity and  industry ;  the  missing  element  may  be  supplied, 
the  compactness  of  the  soil  may  be  overcome  by  mechani- 
cal comminution,  and  by  that  effected  by  aeration  ;  the  ex- 
cessive moisture  may  be  removed  by  surface  and  thorough 
drainage;  other  disqualifications,  such  as  those  of  situa- 


210  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

tion  and  climate,  may  not  be  so  readily  overcome ;  they 
have  already  been  alluded  to ;  and  even  in  them  we  may 
hope  for  improvement  with  the  advance  of  science. 

Different  soils  may  be  designated  as  porous  and  compact. 
Leaving  out  of  view  for  the  present,  their  chemical  com- 
position, let  us  look  to  their  mechanical  structure.  Porous 
soils  are  composed  of  materials  that  always  allow  of  the 
escape  of  superabundant  moisture  ;  they  are  generally  un- 
derlaid by  beds  of  diluvial  gravels,  or  by  rocks  of  a  po- 
rous character.  Such  lands  are  peculiarly  adapted  to  or- 
chard planting.  The  compact  soil,  on  the  contrary,  is 
made  up  of  the  finest  materials,  among  which  alumina 
largely  predominates.  Such  are  called  clayey  soils  or 
clays,  and  are  among  the  most  valuable  upon  the  surface 
of  the  earth,  not  because  alumina  is  a  component  of  vege- 
tation, but  because  the  elements  associated  with  it,  are  all 
of  them  in  a  state  of  extreme  comminution. 

Clays  are  compact  soils,  not  only  by  reason  of  the  fine- 
ness of  their  particles,  but  because  the  predominating 
alumina  swells  and  becomes  pasty  when  it  is  wet,  and 
thus  prevents  the  passage  of  water  through  them.  On 
this  account,  soils  that  are  too  compact,  especially  if  they 
be  underlaid  by  stiff  clay  subsoils,  are  not  so  well  adapted 
to  orcharding  as  those  that  are  more  porous.  This,  is  es- 
pecially true  of  level  lands,  upon  which  water  accumulates, 
to  the  great  injury  of  the  fruit-trees  planted  upon  them  ; 
but  even  in  hilly  situations,  with  good  natural  surface 
drainage,  the  excess  of  clay  is  indicated  by  a  "  spouty  "  con- 
dition of  the  surface.  So  many  varieties  succeed  in  clayey 
lands,  however,  and  some  are  so  superior  in  their  products 
when  planted  upon  clays,  that  we  need  not  be  discouraged 


SITE   FOB   AN    ORCHARD.  211 

by  this  apparent  difficulty ;  it  may  be  overcome  by  the  inge- 
nuity of  the  skillful  farmer.  Thorough  or  under-drainage 
will  remedy  all  the  evils  of  clay  soils,  and  bring  out  their 
superior  advantages.  This  will  be  more  fully  explained  in 
another  place.  Much  may  be  done  toward  removing  the 
redundant  moisture,  even  in  the  flat  clay  lands  of  the 
prairies  and  other  extended  plateaus,  by  the  simple  means 
of  ridging  up  the  lands  with  the  plow.  What  is  familiar- 
ly called  "back-furrowing"  enables  the  plowman  to  raise 
a  ridge  upon  which  to  plant  his  trees,  and  at  the  same 
time  he  opens  a  furrow  for  the  escape  of  surface  water. 
While  a  portion  of  the  redundant  moisture  is  thus  remov- 
ed, another  great  object  of  drainage  is  not  attained;  I  al- 
lude to  the  aeration  of  the  soil. 

From  what  has  been  said  upon  a  previous  page,  it  might 
be  inferred,  that  as  the  apple  may  be  cultivated  upon  soils 
of  such  great  diversity  as  those  that  occur  over  the  range 
of  territory  indicated,  as  well  as  upon  the  western  coast 
of  this  continent,  and  in  the  temperate  regions  of  the  Old 
World,  the  peculiar  soils  that  are  characterized  by  their 
underlying  rocks,  would  be  equally  acceptable,  whether 
these  were  granites,  shales,  sandstones,  or  limestones. 
Such  is  not  the  fact,  however,  and  we  have  found,  in  this 
utilitarian  age,  that  geology  has  much  to  do  with  the 
planting  of  an  orchard.  There  are  varieties  that  succeed 
better  upon  one  rock  than  upon  another,  and  there  are 
those  that  fail  to  be  remunerative  when  transplanted  to  a 
rock,  which  to  them  is  obnoxious,  though  it  may  be  a  very 
paradise  to  other  varieties. 

These  observations  are  becoming  a  matter  of  great  im- 


212  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

portance  to  orchardists,  and  we  may  hope  that  the  study 
of  this  subject  will  be  developed  into  some  certain  data, 
and  that  the  future  discussions  of  our  pomological  soci- 
eties will  furnish  reliable  information  to  orchard  planters. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

PREPARATION  OF  THE  SOIL  FOR 
AN-  ORCHARD. 


DRAINAGE  — ITS  ADVANTAGES —SUES' AGE  DRAINS  —  MADE  WITH  THE 
PLOW — MAT  BE  FOLLOWED  BY  TILES,  OR  MOLE  PLOW  —  THOROUGH 
PLOWING  —  TRENCHING  —  TRENCH-PLOWING  —  SUBSOIL  PLOWING  — 
MANURING  NOT  OFTEN  NEEDED  IN  A  NEW  COUNTRY — CHARACTER 
OF  MANURES — LIME,  ALKALIES  —  CLOVER  —  HOW  CLOVER  ACTS  — 
EXHAUSTED  FIELDS  TO  BE  IMPROVED  BEFORE  PLANTING  —  DIGGING 
THE  HOLES  —  DONE  WITH  THE  PLOW  —  STAKES  —  THEIR  FUNCTION 
AND  OBJECTS — NOT  TO  TIE  TO — HOW  TO  TIE  A  TREE  WHEN  NEC- 
ESSARY —  PLANTING  —  PREPARING  THE  TREES  —  TRIMMING,  BRANCH- 
ES AND  ROOTS  —  PUDDLING  —  SET  TO  THE  NORTH  OF  THE  STAKES 
—  DEPTH  TO  PLANT  —  LEANING  TREES  TO  THE  SOUTHWEST  —  SEASON 
FOR  PLANTING  —  FALL  OR  SPRING  BANKING  UP  AFTER  FALL  PLANT- 
ING—  MULCHING,  ITS  OBJECTS  —  MATERIAL  TO  BE  USED  —  CLOVER 
MULCH. 

The  more  thoroughly  the  preparation  of  the  soil,  the 
greater  will  be  the  success  of  the  orchardist.  Good  re- 
sults, fair  crops  amply  remunerating  all  outlay,  often  fol- 
low the  most  careless  or  almost  accidental  orchard  plant- 
ing ;  but  trees  that  are  properly  set,  in  well-prepared  land, 
213 


214  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

upon  a  judiciously  selected  orchard  site,  and  for  a  few 
years  subjected  to  proper  culture,  are  infinitely  more  satis- 
factory in  their  results,  and  much  more  profitable  to  their 
owner. 

The  importance  of  drainage  can  not  be  too  often  reiter- 
ated, not  merely  for  the  sake  of  leading  away  the  excess 
of  water  that  at  some  seasons  prevails  in  much  of  our 
best  lands,  but  on  account  of  the  more  thorough  admission 
of  the  beneficial  air  to  the  soil  and  the  roots ;  this,  of 
course,  can  only  be  had  by  thorough  under-draining  of  the 
land.  Spouty  or  springy  land  is  not  to  be  selected  for  an 
orchard,  and  yet  we  often  find  spots  of  this  character  in 
fields  that  we  wish  to  appropriate  to  orcharding ;  these 
should  certainly  be  drainecL 

Mere  surface  drainage  may  be  cheaply  effected  by  the 
plow,  and  should  always  be  done  in  level  lands,  especially 
where  the  subsoil  is  compact  and  tenacious.  *  The  expense 
of  thorough  drainage  is  so  great,  and  the  success  of  our 
orchards,  as  commonly  planted,  even  on  ill-prepared 
ground,  is  so  generally  good,  that  we  can  not  expect  the 
majority  of  farmers  to  use  drain  tile  at  present.  Still,  the 
importance  of  draining  can  not  be  doubted :  the  best  re- 
sults follow  its  u.se,  and  he  who  would  reap  the  best  har- 
vests, and  attain  the  highest  success,  will  underdrain  his 
land.  For  the  most  of  us,  surface  drainage  alone,  is  all 
that  we  can  do ;  this  should  never  be  neglected,  for  no 
crop  can  be  successful  in  land  that  is  subject  to  an  occa- 
sional drenching  with  a  surplus  of  water  that  stands  for 
days,  filling  it  to  the  surface,  causing  the  fermentation  and 
souring  of  the  organic  matter  it  contains.  The  fruit  tree, 
certainly,  will  not  thrive  in  such  a  situation,  and  is  as  sure 


PREPARATION    OP    SOIL   FOR    ORCHARD.  215 

to  fall  into  a  decline,  or  consumption,  if  condemned  to 
wet  feet,  as  would  a  delicate  girl  under  similar  exposure. 

The  expense  of  under-draining  is  the  only  objection  that 
can  possibly  be  urged  against  it ;  even  this  is  no  real  ob- 
jection, for  it  lias  been  repeatedly  proved  that  the  outlay, 
whatever  it  be,  insures  such  increase  of  crops  as  to  pay  a 
good  interest  upon  the  investment,  except  where  the  nat- 
ural under-drainage  of  the  soil,  by  a  porous  stratum  of 
rock  or  gravel,  already  provides  a  ready  discharge  of  the 
superabundant  water.  It  is  thus  only  a  question  of  the 
cash  capital  to  be  invested  in  the  business,  for  most  of  our 
orchard  sites  are  of  such  a  character  of  soil  as  to  be  im- 
mensely benefited  by  the  process.  With  many  of  u,s,  in 
this  country,  the  capital  is  not  to  be  "had,  or  can  not  be 
spared,  to  put  underground ;  our  means  are  limited,  and 
we  do  not  drain  our  farms,  as  we  should. 

Surface  drainage  may  be  more  cheaply  effected,  and,  on 
land  at  all  flat  and  retentive  of  moisture,  it  should  never 
be  neglected.  It  may  be  done  while  preparing  the  soil 
for  planting  —  done  with  the  plow.  It  has  already  been 
premised  that  the  orchard  site  should  be  elevated ;  such 
land  is  generally  somewhat  undulating ;  indeed,  the  flat- 
test field  that  should  ever  be  planted,  will  always  present 
some  inequalities  of  surface.  Let  these  be  noted  before 
laying  oif  the  lands  for  the  plow ;  calculate  to  have  the 
furrows  cross  these  inequalities  of  surface,  and  gather  the 
furrows  in  narrow  lands,  lapping  them  together  just  where 
the  row  of  trees  is  to  be  placed.  This  process  may  be  re- 
peated, and  thus  quite  a  ridge  will  be  thrown  up  for  the 
trees,  and  a  corresponding  depression  will  be  left  in  the 
middle  of  the  space  between  the  rows,  which .  will  serve 


216  AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 

as  a  gutter  to  carry  off  an  excess  of  surface  water;  thus, 
a  cheap  method  of  superficial  drainage  may  be  effected 
by  the  mere  plowing  of  the  land  judiciously ;  and  this 
will  be  found  of  great  advantage  in  level  lands  with  a  stiff 
subsoil.  When  such  fields  are  selected  for  the  orchard, 
this  plan  should  always  be  pursued ;  nor  does  it  preclude 
the  subsequent  use  of  tile,  which  is  the  best  draining  ma- 
terial, at  any  period  afterward.  These  gutters  being  at  a 
distance  from  the  tree  rows,  can  be  deepened,  and  the  tile 
laid,  without  disturbing  the  roots ;  or  the  mole  drain  plow 
may  be  drawn  through  these  furrows,  if  the  subsoil  be  of 
a  suitably  tenacious  character  to  admit  of  the  use  of  this 
implement. 

Very  satisfactory  preparation  of  the  soil  is  done  with  the 
plow  and  a  good  team ;  indeed,  except  for  the  limited  sur- 
face of  a  small  fruit  garden,  no  other  and  no  better  imple- 
ment need  be  desired.  With  it  we  can  produce  a  very  thor 
ough  disintegration  and  perfect  subversion  of  the  soil;  these 
are  the  objects  we  have  in  view.  But  here  we  have  a  choice 
of  instruments,  in  which  we  must  be  guided  by  the  chai 
acter  of  the  soil  to  be  dealt  with.  If  this  be  shallow,  01 
thin,  and  underlaid  by  a  sterile  subsoil  that  would  be  un- 
fit for  the  surface,  we  must  plow  more  shallow,  but  there 
are  few  sites,  in  the  Western  country,  where  we  do  not  find 
a  sufficient  depth  of  soil  to  satisfy  the  most  thorough 
plowman,  and  beneath  it,a  subsoil  that  .will  be  benefited 
by  aeration,  and  which  will  become  good  surface  soil  if 
subjected  to  the  influences  of  the  atmosphere.  • 

We  have  few  soils  that  may  not  be  trenched  with  the 
plow  or  spade  to  any  depth  that  is  attainable.  And  here 
let  me  explain  what  is  meant  by  trenching  :  it  is  the  trans- 


PREPARATION    OF   SOIL   FOR    ORCHARD.  217 

position  of  two  layers  of  the  soil  more  thoroughly,  and  to 
a  greater  depth,  than  is  done  by  simply  digging  or  plow- 
ing, in  which  a  limited  amount,  only  a  thin  layer  of  the 
soil,  is  inverted.  In  trenching  with  the  spade,  a  narrow 
strip  of  land  is  excavated  across  one  end  of  the  piece  to 
be  trenched,  eighteen  or  twenty  inches  wide,  and  as  deep 
as  the  spade  can  take  it  out  at  two  diggings.  The  earth 
thus  removed  is  thrown  aside,  to  be  used  at  the  end  of  the 
work.  The  trench  being  now  open,  a  similar  space  is  laid 
oif,  and  the  surface  soil,  to  the  depth  of  the  spade,  is  dug 
and  thrown  into  the  bottom  of  the  first  trench,  after  which 
the  subsoil  is  dug  to  the  same  depth,  the  length  of  the 
space,  and  thrown  on  top  of  the  surface  soil  that  was  put 
into  the  bottom  of  the  first  trench.  A  second  trench  is 
thus  opened,  and  a  third  strip  being  then  marked  off,  the 
same  processes  are  continued,  until  the  whole  piece  is 
trenched,  when  the  pile  of  earth  first  excavated  is  brought 
into  requisition  to  complete  the  work,  by  filling  up  the  last 
trench.  This  is  common  trenching,  which  reverses  the 
two  layers  of  soil,  and  stirs  the  whole  to  the  depth  of 
eighteen  or  twenty  inches.  It  is  an  expensive  operation, 
but  very  desirable  in  a  small  fruit-garden — not  at  all  ap- 
plicable for  extensive  orchard  planting,  though  often  ap- 
plied to  the  preparation  of  extensive  vineyards. 

Trench  plowing  is  conducted  upon  the  same  principle, 
and  is  done  by  using  two  plows  in  the  same  furrow,  the 
first  taking  off  the  surface  soil  and  throwing  it  into  the 
deep  furrow  of  the  second  plow,  which  is  so  constructed 
as  to  lift  the  lower  soil  and  throw  it  high  up  over  the  fur- 
row slice  laid  by  the  first,  and  at  the  same  time,  leaving 
a  deep  furrow  open  behind  it  to  receive  the  next  cut  of 
10 


218  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

surface  soil.  The  two  layers  are  thus  inverted  and  reversed 
at  the  same  time,  and  with  a  proper  plow,  the  whole  soil 
is  finely  comminuted  and  reduced  to  a  perfect  seed-bed, 
suitable  for  a  garden.  To  perform  this  work,  the  Double 
Michigan  plow  is  the  favorite  implement.  It  should  be 
properly  constructed,  for  much  depends  upon  having  the 
plow  well  made ;  the  mold-boards  should  be  formed  upon 
the  best  models  for  their  respective  offices  of  reversing 
the  surface  soil,  and  of  upheaving  and  comminuting  that 
which  lies  below  it ;  and  these  mold-boards  should  be 
made  of  steel.  Such  plows  are  manufactured  at  several 
points,  but  all  the  Double  Michigan  patterns  are  not 
equally  good,  and  some  are  quite  unsatisfactory. 

The  Deep  Tiller  plows  will  do  very  good  work  in  cer- 
tain soils,  and  may  often  be  used  to  advantage  in  the  pre- 
paration of  the  orchard  grounds,  either  alone,  or  to  follow 
another  plow  when  trench  plowing  is  desired,  and  the 
trench  plow  is  not  at  hand.  These  plows,  as  made  at 
Moline,  Illinois,  are  much  used,  and  give  great  satisfaction 
in  that  State. 

Subsoiling  is  a  very  useful  addendum  to  deep  plowing ; 
its  object  is  to  stir  the  deep  layers  of  the  soil  without 
bringing  the  earth  to  the  surface.  This  aerates  and  loosens 
the  subsoil,  and  thus  effects  the  combined  objects  of  in- 
creasing the  fertility  of  the  land,  of  retaining  moisture 
for  the  crops,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  of  allowing  any 
excess  of  moisture  to  percolate  away.  Subsoiling  is  most 
efficacious  when  combined  with  draining,  but  it  is  of  great 
use  without,  unless  where  permanent  water  is  found  near 
the  surface.  There  is  a  great  improvement  in  the  subsoil 
plows.  Those  first  made  were  provided  with  a  share  on 


PREPARATION  OF  SOIL  FOR  ORCHARD.        219 

one  side,  and  this  wing,  as  it  was  called,  was  tilted  up 
several  inches,  thus  increasing  the  draft  unnecessarily. 
We  now  use  a  sharp  steel  share,  of  diamond  shape,  cut- 
ting on  both  edges,  right  and  left,  and  very  slightly  ele- 
vated in  the  centre,  only  two  inches,  or  two  and  a  half  at 
the  most.  If  the  soil  is  stirred  with  this  implement,  the 
hard  earth  at  the  bottom  of  the  furrow,  made  by  the  turn- 
ing plow,  is  thoroughly  broken  up,  and  it  does  not  fall 
directly  back  into  its  place,  but  the  crumbled  portions 
support  one  another,  and  the  furrow  appears  to  be  filled 
with  loose  earth.  The  result  is  astonishing,  when  we  con- 
sider the  flat,  diamond-shaped  plow  sole  that  has  done 
the  work. 

The  depth  to  which  this  implement  may  be  made  to  dis- 
integrate the  soil,  depends  upon  its  strength,  the  power 
of  the  team,  and  the  character  of  the  subsoil.  I  have 
seen  it  tear  up  several  inches  of  the  shales  and  other 
rocks,  and  aid  in  making  a  good  soil  of  them.  I  have 
seen  it  sink  to  the  beam  in  the  alluvium  of  our  river  bot- 
toms, and  I  have  seen  it  almost  refuse  to  do  its  office  in 
some  of  the  hard  white  clay  subsoils,  when  drawn  by  a 
heavy  team,  while  in  more  yielding  but  tenacious  clays  I 
have  seen  it  trembling  under  the  strain  of  three  yoke  of 
good  cattle,  that  were  scarcely  able  to  pull  it  through  the 
adhesive  soil. 

MANURING. — The  importance  of  the  application  of  ma- 
nures to  the  orchard,  as  a  part  of  the  preparation  of  the 
soil,  will  depend  entirely  upon  its  strength  and  condition. 
Trees  are  great  feeders ;  they  need  a  reasonably  fertile 
soil,  for  though  their  roots  run  wide  and  deep,  in  search 
of  nourishment,  if  the  necessary  food  be  not  in  the  soil, 


220  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

they  will  certainly  fail  to  thrive  as  they  should.  The  anal- 
ysis of  the  ashes  of  our  fruit  trees,  which  contain  the  ele- 
ments they  have  derived  from  the  soils  on  which  they 
grew,  enables  us  to  ascertain  what  kinds  of  plant-food 
should  be  present  in  the  soil  we  are  about  to  use,  or  what 
materials  we  may  safely  and  judiciously  add  to  it  as  ma- 
nures. Lime,  and  the  alkalies,  are  generally  safe  and  use- 
ful additions,  in  connection  with  clover  as  a  green  manure ; 
these  may  be  applied  to  almost  any  worn  soils  with  great 
advantage.  Clover  is  an  invaluable  assistant.  Its  long 
roots  pierce  deeply  into  the  soil,  bringing  up  from  below 
hidden  treasures,  which  are  left  in  the  upper  layers,  modi- 
fied by  the  digestion  of  the  plant,  and  by  new  chemical 
changes  and  combinations,  rendered  fit  food  for  succeed- 
ing crops.  The  mere  disintegration  of  the  soil  produced 
by  the  roots  of  clover,  is,  in  itself,  a  valuable  mechanical 
preparation,  quietly  performed,  without  plow  or  team. 
The  clover  lea  may  be  limed  with  great  advantage;  an 
application  of  twenty-five  to  fifty  bushels  of  slacked  lime 
to  the  acre  will  improve  the  growth  of  clover,  and  will 
exert  its  appropriate  influence  upon  the  soil,  with  very 
happy  results  for  the  succeeding  crop  of  orchard  trees. 
Alkalies  may  be  applied,  in  the  form  of  wood  ashes,  either 
at  the  preparation  of  the  soil,  or  at  any  subsequent  period, 
as  may  be  found  most  convenient.  Stable  manure,  and 
composts,  will  seldom  be  required  in  lands  that  have  not 
been  nearly  ^  exhausted,  and  therefore  unfit  for  an  orchard. 
In  case  it  becomes  necessary  to  use  such  a  field,  the  ma- 
nuring should  be  done  all  over  the  surface,  and  a  crop  of 
clover  should  be  grown  and  plowed  in  before  planting  the 
trees ;  upon  no  account  should  fresh  stable  manure  be 


PREPARATION  OF  SOIL  FOR  ORCHARD.       221 

brought  into  immediate  contact  or  close  proximity  with 
the  roots  of  the  young  tree.  If  the  necessity  for  planting 
on  such  a  piece  of  land  impel  immediate  action,  very  thor- 
oughly decomposed  composts  may  be  applied,  mixed  with 
the  soil  about  the  tree,  but  successive  applications  of  ma- 
nures will  be  needed  over  the  entire  surface,  for  the  roots 
are  destined  to  occupy  the  whole  extent  of  soil  between 
the  trees. 

The  next  step  in  the  preparation  is  the  digging  of  the 
holes  for  planting  the  trees.  Some  persons  lay  great  stress 
upon  the  importance  of  having  these  made  large  and  deep, 
which  may  be  very  well  in  a  grass  lawn  with  a  few  trees, 
but  it  is  a  very  expensive  matter  for  the  orchard  of  thous- 
ands or  even  of  hundreds.  The  holes  should  be  prepared 
as  wide  as  the  field,  and  as  deep  as  the  plow  can  stir  it,  as 
already  directed ;  that  is  the  kind  of  holes  that  should  be 
dug ;  if  the  land  have  been  prepared  in  this  manner,  the 
opening  of  the  holes  and  planting  the  orchard,  either  deep 
or  shallow,  becomes  a  very  simple  matter. 

Having  determined  the  distance  at  which  the  trees  shall 
stand  from  one  another,  and  the  order  or  plan  of  planting, 
flag  poles  are  to  be  set  in  the  line  to  be  occupied  by  the 
first  row  of  trees,  and  a  deep  furrow  is  then  opened  with 
a  large  plow,  drawn  by  a  pair  of  steady  horses.  The  poles 
are  moved  and  set  for  the  next  row  of  trees,  and  so  on, 
until  the  whole  is  laid  off,  making  the  furrows  as  straight 
as  possible.  This  done,  a  single  horse  with  a  lighter  plow 
is  driven  across  these  deep  furrows  at  the  proper  distance, 
so  that  the  intersections  shall  indicate  the  stations  for  the 
trees.  Strong  stakes,  about  four  or  five  feet  long,  are  then 
driven  firmly  at  these  intersections,  and  if  the  marking- 


222  AMERICAN"   POMOLOGY. 

out  has  been  well  done,  they  will  range  in  six  directions 
— N.  and  S.— E.  and  W.— N.-E.  and  S.-W.— N.-W.  and 
S.-E.,  or  to  corresponding  points  of  the  compass ;  for  it  is 
not  a  matter  of  much  consequence  in  what  direction  the 
rows  of  trees  stand.  The  holes  are  the  deep  furrows,  and 
tree  stations  are  the  spaces  beside  the  stakes,  always  main- 
taining the  same  relative  position  throughout  the  orchard ; 
the  nort^rn  side  is  to  be  preferred,  on  account  of  the  par- 
tial shade  of  the  stake.  By  adopting  this  plan,  there 
need  be  no  trouble,  as  is  often  experienced,  in  sighting  the 
trees  to  have  them  straight,  for  if  the  stakes  have  been 
correctly  placed,  the  trees  will  also  be  right,  and  will 
range  in  every  direction,  when  planted. 

Before  dismissing  the  subject  of  stakes,  let  us  under- 
stand their  object  and  function :  it  is  not  to  tie  up  the 
trees,  and  to  force  them  to  attain  an  erect  posture ;  no, 
that  is  not  to  be  effected  by  staking,  as  will  be  set  forth  in 
another  place.  Rather  than  tie  a  tree  to  a  stake,  it  were 
better  to  cut  it  down  to  the  ground,  and  grow  it  over 
again.  The  real  objects  of  the  stakes  are,  first,  to  show 
the  planter  where  to  set  a  tree ;  second,  to  show  where 
the  tree  has  been  planted ;  third,  to  indicate  to  the  plow- 
man and  to  his  horse  where  to  exercise  care  in  passing  the 
infant  tree  during  the  first  years'  culture,  for  an  intelligent 
animal  will  very  soon  learn  what  objects  it  is  intended  for 
him  to  avoid  injuring  during  his  labors  in  the  field  ;  a 
fourth  function  of  the  stake  is  to  ward  off  the  single-tree 
which  the  careless  laborer  may  allow  to  strike  the  tree  to 
its  manifest  injury,  tearing  the  bark,  and  even  breaking 
the  stem.  The  passage  of  the  wagon  through  the  field 
will  also  be  directed,  by  these  stakes,  to  the  interspaces, 


PREPARATION  OF  SOIL  FOE  ORCHARD. 


223 


instead  of  passing  over  the  trees.  Here  are  reasons 
enough  for  the  use  of  stakes,  but  tying  the  trees  to  them 
is  not  among  the  number ;  indeed,  it  might  be  called  the 
abuse  of  the  stakes  rather  than  their  use,  except  in  rare 
cases.  Even  in  the  windy  prairie  country,  no  stakes 
should  be  used,  as  supports,  in  a  properly  regulated  or- 
chard. 

When  necessary  to  support  a  tree  with  stakes,  after 
an  injury  or  accident,  the  plan  of  C.  Rosenstiel,  Free- 
port,  111.,  is  the  best  I  have  seen. 
He  adopts  it  as  a  means  of  keep- 
ing his  trees  from  being  inclined 
by  the  wind.  He  drives  a« stake 
firmly  into  the  ground,  about  a 
foot  to  the  southwest  of  his  tree ; 
a  band  of  rye  straw  is  cast  about 
the  tree  a  few  feet  from  the 
ground;  the  two  ends  are  twisted 
and  entwined  together,  forming 
a  stiff  rope  from  the  tree  to  the 
stake,  about  which  it  is  then  cast, 
and  the  ends  are  secured  with  a 
piece  of  twine.  By  this  appliance, 
the  tree  is  maintained  in  an  erect 
position  without  chafing;  it  can 
only  yield  to  the  wind  by  wav- 
Fig.  25.—  MANNER  OF  STAR-  ing  to  the  right  or  left;  the 
ING  A  TREE.  band,  by  i^s  tension,  prevents  it 

from  leaving  the  stake,  and,  by  its  stiffness,  holds  it  at  a 
proper  distance,  and  prevents  its  approach. 

PLANTING  comes  next  in  order  to  the  marking  out,  or 


224  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

hole-digging,  for  these  are  synonymous ;  it  should  be  done 
as  soon  as  possible  after  the  plow,  on  account  of  the  fresh 
furrow  with  its  mellow  soil.  It  is  really  a  simple  matter 
and  upon  this  method  may  be  executed  with  great  rapidi- 
ty. The  trees  now  receive  their  necessary  trimming, 
which  consists  in  a  liberal  shortening  of  the  branches,  a 
careful  inspection  of  the  roots,  and  a  removal  with  a  sharp 
knife  of  such  as  may  have  been  bruised  or  torn,  and  cut- 
ting away  any  mat  of  fibres ;  after  this,  they  should  be 
puddled,  and  then  carried  out  to  their  stations  by  a  boy. 
The  planter  follows ;  with  a  bright  spade  he  removes  any 
excess  of  soil  at  the  station,  scraping  away  such  portions 
of  earth  as  he  may  find  in  the  way  of  the  roots  when  the 
tree  is  placed  by  the  stake.  If  the  furrow  has  not  been 
recently  made,  it  will  be  well  always  to  remove  a  portion 
of  the  surface,  so  as  to  have  fresh  soil  next  the  roots. 
The  tree  being  placed  near  the  stake,  the  roots  are  care- 
fully spread  out  in  their  natural  direction,  and  the  moist 
mellow  earth  is  filled  in  among  them,  using  the  fingers 
when  necessary,  and  gently  shaking  the  tree  so  as  to  leave 
no  empty  cavities  among  the  fibres.  Pretty  firm  pressure 
should  now  be  made  with  the  foot,  especially  upon  the  fine 
earth  placed  above  the  ends  of  the  roots ;  this  excludes 
the  air,  by  bringing  the  particles  of  soil  in  clos<3  proximity 
to  the  roots,  ready  to  receive  the  new  fibres  that  will  soon 
be  emitted  from  them.  It  also  secures  the  tree  in  its  place 
better  than  tying  to  the  stake,  for  each  root  acts  as  a  guy 
rope.  In  this  manner  the  work  may  progress  very  rapid- 
ly, and,  at  the  same  time,  may  be  well  done.  Some  plant- 
ers always  pour  a  liberal  supply  of  water  upon  the  mellow 
earth,  instead  of  pressing  it  with  the  foot.  This  will  set- 


PREPARATION    OF    SOIL   FOR    ORCHARD.  225 

tie  the  fine  soil  about  the  roots  very  effectually ;  fresh 
earth  should  always  be  thrown  on  after  the  water,  to  pre- 
vent the  surface  from  being  caked  and  cracked. 

The  depth  at  which  the  tree  should  be  planted  is  a  ques- 
tion of  interest.  Most  authorities  and  most  successful 
planters  endeavor  to  regulate  this,  so  that,  when  settled, 
the  original  collar  of  the  young  tree  may  be  at  the  surface 
of  the  ground ;  deep  planting  has  few  advocates.  The 
position  of  the  tree  as  to  the  points  of  the  compass,  is  now 
believed  to  be  a  matter  of  very  little  moment,  although 
there  are  still  those  who  insist  that  the  north  side  of  the 
tree  in  the  nursery  row  should  be  made  to  occupy  the 
same  position  in  the  orchard.  With  low-headed  trees  this 
can  make  no  Difference ;  no  others  are  recommended  ;  on 
the  contrary,  if,  unfortunately,  none  but  tall  trees  with 
naked  stems  can  be  procured,  it  is  advised  to  cut  them 
back  severely  at  planting  time,  so  as  to  form  a  new  head 
where  wanted.  Those  who  have  not  the  heart  to  cut  back 
a  fine  tree,  may  attempt  and  will  sometimes  succeed  in 
bringing  out  branches  below,  by  nicking  the  bark  with  a 
large  sharp  p  run  ing-knife,  at  several  points  along  the  stem, 
on  all  sides,  but  especially  to  the  southwest,  where  the 
shelter  of  the  branches  is  most  needed.  This,  however, 
requires  us  to  wait  at  least  one  season,  and  that  the  most 
trying  one  to  the  young  tree,  during  which  the  naked  bark 
is  exposed  to  the  sun  and  insects ;  and  the  winds  may  add 
to  the  difficulty,  by  inclining  the  stem  from  the  southwest. 
All  this  may  be  avoided  by  planting  trees  with  low 
branches,  which  are  becoming  more  and  more  common 
as  their  merits  are  more  highly  appreciated.  Some  of  the 
most  judicious  planters,  especially  in  windy  districts,  have 
10* 


226  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

adopted  the  plan  of  inclining  all  their  trees  to  the  south- 
west at  the  time  of  planting,  expecting  thus  to  overcome 
the  difficulty  so  commonly  observed  everywhere  with  tall 
trees — their  leaning  to  the  northeast,  and  then  becoming 
scorched  and  injured  by  the  frost  and  sun,  and  damaged 
by  the  borers. 

The  season  for  planting  is  a  question  of  some  impor- 
tance, and  must  be  settled  by  the  attendant  circumstances. 
Fall  planting  has  many  advocates  and  many  advantages, 
but  the  fewest  practice  it.  In  the  far  north,  with  a  long, 
trying  winter  approaching,  it  can  not  be  recommended ; 
but,  as  the  spring  advances,  there  is  a  great  press  of  work ; 
everything  is  to  be  done  at  once,  and  all  is  hurry ;  hence, 
for  the  milder  latitudes,  with  our  charming  autumnal 
weather,  comparative  leisure,  and  the  soil  in  good  condi- 
tion, everything  invites  us  to  plant  in  the  autumn,  and 
with  those  south  of  latitude  forty  degrees,  the  planting 
season  will  often  continue  until  mid-winter.  If  we  com- 
mence this  work  before  the  fall  of  the  leaves,  care  should  be 
taken  to  strip  these  appendages  from  the  trees  in  the  nur- 
sery, before  digging  them.  Instead  of  leaving  the  soil 
about  the  tree  at  or  a  little  above  the  general  level,  it 
should  be  heaped  up  in  a  little  mound,  which  will  shed  cff 
the  rains,  support  the  stem,  and,  to  some  extent,  protect 
the  roots  from  frost.  This  last  suggestion  is  a  matter  of 
much  importance,  for  one  of  the  great  advantages  of  au- 
tumnal planting,  depends  upon  the  fact  that,  except  in  the 
most  severe  weather,  the  tree  is  not  dormant — the  hyber- 
nation  is  not  complete ;  in  mild  weather  there  is  some  ac- 
tion in  the  buds  and  branches,  and  considerable  activity 
exists  in  the  roots ;  new  fibres  are  emitted,  and,  with  the 


PREPARATION    OF    SOIL   FOR    ORCHARD.  227 

first  opening  of  spring,  the  young  tree  is  ready  for  its 
cummer's  growth.  Such  is  not  the  case  with  trees  that 
have  been  badly  planted  in  the  fall,  in  a  wet,  tenacious 
soil,  where  their  roots  have  been  immersed  in  mud  and 
water  for  months,  and  the  swaying  top  has  strained  them 
in  every  direction.  For  such  a  soil,  draining  is  needed  ; 
but,  even  then,  the  mound  will  be  of  material  advantage 
in  fall  planting. 

MULCHING  is  a  process  about  which  much  has  been  said 
and  written,  but  of  which,  it  is  to  be  feared,  very  little  is 
known  and  understood.  The  very  objects  of  mulching 
do  not  appear  to  be  properly  appreciated  by  many  per- 
sons. Its  uses  are  two-fold :  primarily,  to  keep  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth  moist  by  preventing  evaporation,  and  to 
maintain  that  open,  friable  condition  we  always  find  in  the 
forest,  under  the  natural  mulching  of  the  leaves.  •  Mulch- 
ing keeps  the  earth  cooler  in  summer  and  warmer  in  win- 
ter ;  the  first,  by  shading  from  the  burning  rays  of  the  sun, 
the  second,  by  protecting  from  frost ;  the  material  itself, 
and  the  confined  air  among  it,  being  bad  conductors  of 
heat.  Now,  what  material  shall  we  use  for  producing 
these  results  ?  Almost  anything  that  will  fulfill  these  in- 
dications will  answer — either  stones,  chips,  boards,  twigs, 
saw-dust,  tan-bark,  weeds,  straw,  either  long  or  cut, 
coarse  manure,  hay,  freshly-cut  grass,  or,  perhaps  the  very 
best  for  all  the  purposes  of  mulching,  leaves  themselves, 
except  that  they  are  difficult  to  retain  in  their  place.  A 
combination  of  leaves  and  twigs,  small  branches  or  weeds, 
may  be  made  to  answer  a  very  good  purpose,  for  winter 
mulching  especially.  For  summer  mulching  there  is  an- 
other material  which  has  been  found  to  answer  an  admir- 


AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

able  purpose,  though  not  mentioned  in  the  above  list ;  it 
is  mellow  earth — yes,  mellow  earth  admirably  fulfills  most 
of  the  conditions  of  a  good  mulching  material,  but  it 
must  be  kept  mellow  by  constant  stirring.  The  air  is  thus 
admitted,  and  deposits  its  moisture  whenever  the  earth  is 
cooler  than  the  atmosphere ;  the  presence  of  the  air  among 
the  particles  of  the  soil  makes  it  a  worse  conductor  of 
heat  than  when  it  is  compacted  together. 

Mulching*  the  newly-planted  trees  is  a  very  valuable 
application,  whether  in  summer  or  winter,  and  should  be 
practiced  wherever  it  is  possible,  always  remembering  that 
we  can  not  well  combine  with  it  culture,  which,  for  the 
summer  treatment,  is  most  essential  to  the  successful 
growth  of  trees,  and  in  winter  we  shall  present  a  harbor 
to  the  mice  if  the  mulch  be  placed  too  near  the  tree.  He 
who  may  have  been  induced,  by  the  recommendations  of 
high  authority,  to  plant  an  orchard  in  a  stiff  blue-grass 
sod,  or  who  may  allow  such  sod  to  surround  his  trees,  in 
the  belief  that  this  constitutes  a  good  mulch,  will  be  sadly 
disappointed;  for,  though  the  surface  is  shaded,  the  grass 
will  absorb  the  moisture  from  the  soil  at  the  expense  of 
the  young  trees.  Clover,  on  the  contrary,  makes  a  denser 
shade,  and  seeking  its  supplies  more  deeply,  is  less  injuri- 
ous, while  its  abundant  broad  foliage  attracts  ample  sup- 
plies of  dew  to  irrigate  the  soil.  In  this  respect  it  resem- 
bles the  Indian  corn,  which  is  considered,  the  best  crop 
to  put  among  young  trees,  as  it  produces  shade,  attracts 
the  dew,  and,  more  than  all,  it  demands  and  receives  the 
thorough  culture  which  the  trees  also  require. 


CHAPTER    VIII. 

SELECTION    AND    PLANTING. 


IMPORTANCE  OF  JUDICIOUS    SELECTION  —  LARGE  TREES  NOT  DESIRABLE 

—  THRIFTY  YOUNG   TREES  PREFERRED  — REASONS  FOR   THE   PREFER- 
ENCE—  ADVANTAGES    OF    SMALLER    TREES  —  LOW    HEADS    AND    THE 
PROTECTION    BY  LATERAL    BRANCHES — PERSONAL    INSPECTION  AND 
SELECTION      RECOMMENDED  —  DIGGING      THE      TREES  —  CAREFULLY 
AVOID  MUTILATION  OF  THE  ROOTS  —  PUDDLING  —  TYING  AND  LABEL- 
ING—  PACKING — AVOID   EXPOSURE   TO   SUN,  AND  WIND,  AND   FROST 

—  TREATMENT    OF    FROZEN     TREES    IN    COLD   WEATHER  —  HEELING- 
IN  —  MULCHING  —  MAKING  RECORD  —  DRIED   TREES,  HOW   RESTORED 

—  SEASON     FOR     PLANTING  —  BANKING     THE     TREES  —  MULCHING  — 
DISTANCE   BETWEEN   TREES  —  DEPENDENT    UPON   THE  HABIT   OF   THE 
VARIETY  —  ASSORTING      THE      VARIETIES      ACCORDING      TO      SIZE  — 
CLOSE    PLANTING  —  COMBINATION   PLANTING — DIFFERENT    CROPS  — 
APPLES   AND    PEACHES,    OR   CHERRIES  —  SMALL    FRUITS    BETWEEN  — 
ORDER      OF      PLANTATION  —  QUINCUNX  —  ASSORTING      VARIETIES  — 
CONVENIENCE      IN     HARVESTING     TO     HAVE     EACH     KIND     GROUPED 
TOGETHER. 

We  now  come  to  the  consideration  of  a  matter  of  great 
importance  to  the  success  of  the  future  orchard  —  the 
selection  of  the  plants  we  are  to  set  therein.  No  matter 
how  favorable  the  site,  how  good  the  soil,  nor  how  thor- 
ough the  preparations  may  have  been ;  all  may  be  spoiled 
by  a  bad  selection  of  trees,  and  subsequent  disappoint- 
ment will  be  the  consequence. 
229 


230  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

Formerly,  and  in  some  sections  of  the  country  even 
now,  very  erroneous  notions  prevailed  upon  this  subject. 
Large  trees,  of  several  years'  growth  in  the  nursery,  were 
preferred  by  those  who  were  planting  orchards :  trees, 
ready  to  bear  fruit,  were  eagerly  inquired  for,  and  prefer- 
red ;  even  if  they  had  been  crowded  together  so  as  to  be 
drawn  up  to  a  great  hight  without  any  lateral  branches, 
and  had  formed  their  heads  at  the  hight  of  seven  or  eight 
feet,  so  as  to  be  out  of  the  way  of  browsing  by  cattle  and 
horses,  they  were  the  more  admired  by  the  purchasers. 
Now-a-days  there  is  a  great  change  in  the  sentiment  of 
tree-planters  as  to  the  age,  size,  and  shape  of  the  trees 
that  are  to  be  set  out. 

Thrifty  young  trees  are  preferred  to  older  and  larger 
ones  on  many  accounts.  They  are  more  vigorous  and  will 
endure  the  disturbance  of  digging,  transportation,  and 
change  of  locality  from  the  nursery  to  the  orchard,  much 
better  than  larger  and  older  trees.  They  are  more  easily 
dug,  and  will  have  a  larger  proportion  of  roots  removed 
with  them  than  those  which  have  stood  longer  in  the  nur- 
sery-rows, so  as  to  have  pushed  their  fibres  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  spade.  Such  trees  are  more  stocky,  and  are 
furnished  with  lateral  branches,  or  they  should  be  so  fur- 
nished, but  these  would  be  smothered  and  removed  from 
older  trees  in  crowded  rows,  as  they  are  usually  found  in 
the  nurseries.  If  these  younger  trees  be  not  already  fur- 
nished with  laterals  and  elements  for  the  formation  of  low 
heads,  by  the  judicious  treatment  of  the  nurserymen  who 
produced  them,  the  orchardist  can  at  least  bend  them  to 
his  will.  He  may  make  of  them  just  what  he  pleases  by 
his  own  manipulations  at  the  time  of  planting  or  after- 


SELECTION   AND   PLANTING.  231 

wards,  without  feeling  that  be  is  sacrificing  to  his  fancy 
and  judgment  the  growth  of  two  or  three  years,  by  freely 
using  the  knife  and  saw,  in  the  removal  of  the  surplus 
and  overgrown  top,  leaving  him  only  a  bare  and  mu- 
tilated stock  to  set  out  at  the  beginning  of  his  orchard. 

Another  advantage  of  selecting  small  trees,  especially 
to  those  at  a  distance  from  the  nursery,  is,  that  they  are 
so  much  more  easily  transported,  and  freight  bills  are  a 
serious  item  in  the  expense  account  of  a  large  orchard 
plantation — these  may  be  reduced  to  a  minimum  by  the 
selection  of  small  instead  of  large  trees.  As  to  forming 
the  heads  of  our  trees,  if  we  cannot  get  the  nurserymen 
to  do  this  for  us,  since  we  are  unwilling  to  remunerate 
them  for  the  extra  labor,  and  greater  space  required  to 
form  such  stocky  specimens  as  we  prefer,  the  difficulty  is 
obviated  by  planting  out  young  trees  upon  which  we  may 
form  the  heads  where  we  please. 

As  already  suggested,  there  is  a  great  revolution  going 
on  in  the  minds  of  tree-planters  as  to  the  proper  age  for 
planting.  Instead  of  the  inquiry  for  huge  and  cumbrous, 
overgrown  trees,  that  had  stood  four  or  five  years  or  more 
in  the  nursery,  we  now  find  a  growing  demand  for  small, 
stocky  trees,  of  two  or  three  years,  or  even  less.  Of  many 
thriftily  growing  kinds,  good  yearlings  are  much  better 
for  the  orchard  than  large  trees,  especially  such  as  have 
been  crowded  in  the  nursery  and  are  devoid  of  side 
branches,  and  whose  tall  naked  stems  are  exposed  to  the 
burning  heats  and  blasting  cold  of  their  new  homes  in  the 
open  field,  and  to  the  depredations  of  hosts  of  insects. 
Those  purchasers,  who  seek  after  the  tall  trees,  with  bare 
stems,  running  up  like  fishing  poles,  they  who  desire  to 


232  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

buy  their  trees  by  the  running  yard  and  to  get  as  great  a 
length  as  possible  for  their  money,  can  be  accommodated 
by  the  nurseryman,  who  will  produce  the  article  to  order ; 
but  such  planters  will  soon  find  that  their  orchards  are 
much  less  satisfactory  than  those  set  with  short  and 
stocky  trees,  and  which  have  been  encouraged  to  branch 
out  so  as  to  form  low  heads.  As  set  forth  in  the  chapter 
upon  The  Nursery,  such  trees  can  be  produced,  and  they 
are  greatly  to  be  preferred  on  many  accounts,  but  their 
production  by  the  nurserymen  must  depend  upon  the  in- 
telligence of  the  orchardists  producing  a  demand  for  trees 
of  such  a  character,  and  a  willingness  on  their  part  to  pay 
the  grower  a  liberal  price  for  the  increased  labor  and  ex- 
pense, (in  space  at  least),  requisite  for  their  production. 
This  no  one  should  object  to,  for  there  is  economy  in 
planting  good  trees ;  the  successful  orchardist  will  pur- 
chase the  best ;  he  will  not  have  the  refuse  or  trash  that 
may  be  offered  him  at  a  low  figure,  for  he  well  knows  that 
it  is  dear  at  any  price. 

Where  it  is  practicable  and  within  reach,  it  is  best  for 
the  planter  to  visit  the  nursery  and  make  his  own  selec- 
tion of  the  trees,  especially  if  the  demand  be  for  a  limited 
number ;  but  he  may  generally  depend  upon  the  judgment 
and  honesty  of  the  nurseryman,  if  he  has  given  his  order 
distinctly  as  to  the  shape  of  the  trees  he  desires  to  pur- 
chase. In  a  common  nursery,  he  will  often  observe  at  the 
ends  of  the  rows,  and  where  there  may  have  been  a  gap 
or  break  in  the  continuous  line  of  any  variety,  so  that 
the  trees  are  less  crowded,  some  trees  that  are  better 
furnished  with  lateral  branches,  and  are  consequently  more 
stocky  than  where  the  rows  are  crowded.  Here  he  will 


SELECTION   AND   PLANTING.  233 

be  likely  to  find  the  specimens  that  suit  his  fancy,  and  he 
will  mark  them  for  removal. 

DIGGING. — At  the  proper  season,  and  for  most  kinds 
this  is  at  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  the  trees  should  be  dug  from 
the  ground.  This  operation,  as  usually  and  necessarily 
conducted  in  large  establishments,  has  to  be  done  expedi- 
tiously  and  with  less  care  than  the  amateur  will  be  dis- 
posed to  bestow  upon  this  very  important  operation ;  and 
it  sometimes  happens  that  he  will  offer  to  pay  the  nur- 
seryman a  bonus  for  the  privilege  of  digging  his  own 
trees  with  his  own  hands. 

In  performing  this  operation  he  will  be  very  careful  to 
avoid  mutilating  the  roots  with  the  -spade,  or  by  using 
more  force  than  is  absolutely  necessary  in  lifting  the  loos- 
ened tree  from  its  bed  after  the  roots  have  been  pretty 
thoroughly  liberated  from  the  soil.  He  will  follow  the 
directions  given  under  this  head  in  the  appropriate  section 
of  the  chapter  on  The  Nursery.  The  importance  of  pud- 
dling the  roots  as  soon  as  the  trees  are  dug,  cannot  be  too 
forcibly  impressed  upon  the  planter  and  nurseryman ;  its 
value  to  the  trees  is  so  great  as  a  protection  of  the  tender 
covering  of  the  roots  from  exposure  to  the  blighting  in- 
fluences of  light,  wind,  and  frost,  that  the  trifling  labor 
and  expense  involved  in  the  operation,  should  not  receive 
a  moment's  consideration. 

A  puddle  hole  should  be  within  convenient  reach  of  the 
nursery-rows  where  the  digging  is  in  progress,  and  each 
sort  should  be  taken  to  it  as  soon  as  dug.  The  excava- 
tion should  be  about  a  foot  deep,  or  more,  for  large  plants, 
and  as  wide  as  is  necessary  to  receive  all  the  roots  of  the 
trees  to  be  puddled.  A  plentiful  supply  of  water  should 


234  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

be  at  band  to  put  into  the  hole,  and  fine  dry  loamy  soil 
should  be  sifted  into  this,  or  simply  thrown  in  from  the 
shovel,  and  thoroughly  mixed,  so  as  to  bring  the  fluid  to 
the  consistency  of  thick  cream.  Into  this  mud  the  roots 
are  dipped,  until  every  fibre  is  endued  with  a  coating  of 
the  fine  material;  the  trees  then  are  ready  for  tying 
snugly  together,  and  a  little  dry  dirt  may  be  sprinkled  or 
sifted  upon  the  roots  while  they  are  still  wet,  so  as  to 
give  them  a  further  protection  from  the  elements.  They 
are  then  securely  bound,  each  kind  by  itself,  and  each  . 
carefully  labeled,  if  not  already  done ;  and  as  soon  as  all 
are  grouped  together,  they  are  ready  for  transportation  to 
their  new  homes.  If  the  distance  be  short,  so  that  the 
trees  may  be  carried  on  the  farm-wagon,  no  packing  is 
used,  unless  the  weather  proves  very  inclement,  but  it  is 
always  safer  to  guard  against  both  wind  and  sun,  by  cov- 
ering the  roots  from  their  influence.  For  distant  trans- 
portation, too  much  care  cannot  be  taken  to  have  the 
trees  well  packed  to  protect  the  roots  from  drying  and 
freezing. 

In  our  uncertain  climate,  it  not  unfrequently  happens  that 
we  receive  an  invoice  of  trees  in  the  midst  of  a  severe  storm 
of  cold,  when  the  ground  is  frozen  hard,  and  we  have 
reason  to  suppose  that  the  roots  in  the  cases  are  frozen. 
This  need  not  discourage  nor  alarm  us,  if  the  packing  be 
good,  for  we  have  only  to  be  patient  and  allow  them  time 
to  thaw  out  thoroughly  in  the  dark,  and  we  shall  find  our 
trees  all  right.  The  packages  should  be  placed  at  once  in 
a  dark  cellar,  and  allowed  to  thaw  gradually — if  no  such 
convenience  be  at  hand,  the  boxes  may  be  buried  in  the 
soil,  or  covered  heavily  with  straw  or  hay,  materials  which 


SITUATION   AND   PLANTING.  235 

are  generally  abundant  in  a  prairie  country,  where  com- 
modious cellar  room  is  not  always  at  command. 

HEEIJNG-IN,  as  it  is  called,  is  a  very  important  opera- 
tion to  be  performed  so  soon  as  possible  after  the  receipt 
of  the  trees  It  consists  in  placing  the  fibrous  roots  in  im- 
mediate and  close  contact  with  the  fresh  and  mellow  soil, 
at  some  point  convenient  to  the  future  planting.  A  ditch 
is  dug  with  the  spade,  or  a  deep  furrow  is  opened  with 
the  plow,  in  a  sheltered,  but  elevated  and  dry  situation, 
and  in  light  mellow  soil ;  into  this  the  trees  are  placed  as 
fast  as  they  are  removed  from  the  packages,  each  kind  be- 
ing separated  from  the  next  by  a  distinct  marking  stick, 
and  it  is  well  to  place  the  labeled  tree  first,  as  taken  from 
bundles  when  untied.  The  trees  are  inclined  at  an  angle, 
generally  leaning  towards  the  south,  so  as  to  have  the 
stems  shaded  by  their  own  branches.  They  are  carefully 
placed  separately  and  held  in  this  position  by  one  person, 
while  the  fine  mellow  earth  is  thrown'upon  the  roots  by 
another,  who  should  take  great  care  to  see  that  all  the  in- 
terstices are  filled  with  soil,  so  as  to  exclude  the  air  from 
the  fibres.  This  is  especially  necessary  where  the  trees 
are  to  remain  in  this  situation  during  the  winter,  when 
they  will  be  alternately  frozen  and  thawed.  To  secure 
them  from  injury,  the  earth  should  be  banked  up  against 
them  several  inches  ;  and  it  is  well  also  to  cover  this  with 
a  heavy  coating  of  leaves  or  some  other  mulching  mate- 
rial, if  it  can  be  safely  used  without  danger  of  attracting 
the  field  mice,  which  might  ruin  the  trees.  It  is  well  at 
once  to  make  a  record  of  the  trees  as  they  stand,  so  soon 
as  they  are  heeled-in,  beginning  at  one  end  of  the  ditches 
or  rows,  and  pursuing  a  definite  order.  This  record  will 


236  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

prove  of  great  value,  and  very  convenient  in  selecting  the 
different  kinds  at  the  time  of  planting,  and  will  enable 
us  to  restore  the  names  in  case  of  accidental  loss  of  labels 
during  the  winter.  The  heeling-in  of  trees  as  they  are 
received  is  recommended,  even  if  everything  is  rcidy  for 
immediate  planting,  unless  the  .number  be  very  small ; 
but  if  the  weather  and  our  convenience  permit  us  to  place 
them  at  once  in  their  permanent  stations,  the  trees  need 
not  be  heeled-in  with  so  much  care  as  when  they  are  to 
remain  for  a  longer  period. 

It  sometimes  happens  that,  from  accident,  detention  by 
the  way,  bad  packing,  or  exposure,  we  receive  our  trees 
in  bad  condition ;  they  are  dried,  and  the  bark  appears  to 
be  shriveled  and  shrunken — they  seem  to  be  dead.  Such 
trees  may  often  be  entirely  restored  by  a  little  care,  and 
will  grow  as  well  as  any.  The  best  treatment  for  such  is 
to  bury  them  at  once.  Opening  a  sufficiently  large  trench, 
a  layer  of  trees  is  placed  flat  upon  the  bottom,  fine  mel- 
low earth  is  sifted  upon,  and  among  their  roots  and 
branches,  another  layer  of  trees  is  spread  down  and  cov- 
ered in  the  same  way,  and  so  on  until  they  are  all  secured, 
when  they  are  left  to  quietly  and  slowly  absorb  the  mois- 
ture from  the  soil.  In  a  few  days  they  will  be  found  to  be 
well  plumped,  and  will  look  as  fresh  as  ever,  and  should  be 
exhumed,  trimmed,  and  planted,  selecting  a  moist  or 
showery  day  for  the  operation. 

SEASON  FOR  PLANTING. — This  topic  has  already  been 
discussed,  and  the  advantages  of  fall  planting  have  been 
presented :  but  it  is  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  there  are 
reasons  for  preferring  the  spring,  and  for  some  fruits  the 
latter  season  is  generally  preferred. 


SELECTION    AND    PLANTING.  23? 

When  planting  an  orchard  in  the  fall,  it  has  been  re- 
commended to  raise  an  embankment  of  earth  about  the 
stem,  for  the  double  purpose  of  protecting  the  roots  from 
the  frost,  and  also  of  preventing  the  action  of  the  wind 
swaying  the  tree  and  straining  the  roots.  A  copious 
mulching  is  sometimes  applied  to  keep  out  the  frost,  or  at 
least  to  prevent  the  frequent  thawing  and  freezing  of  the 
surface  in  our  variable  winters ;  but  whenever  loose  mate- 
rial is  left  near  the  base  of  a  young  tree,  we  must  expect 
damage  from  the  mice,  which  are  attracted  and  sheltered, 
and  may  commit  sad  devastations  upon  the  bark  before 
spring.  The  banking  and  mulching  may  be  combined 
with  advantage,  and  with  less  danger  from  the  mice,  which 
only  work  under  cover  and  are  often  more  injurious  upon 
older  trees,  surrounded  with  grass  and  weeds  in  neglected 
orchards,  than  upon  those  newly  planted  and  mulched,  if 
a  little  care  has  been  taken  to  remove  the  straw  or  tramp 
it  down  near  the  stem. 

DISTANCE. — The  distance  between  the  trees  is  a  matter 
that  should  be  carefully  determined.  Their  habit  should 
be  considered,  and  their  size,  when  fully  developed,  must 
be  studied.  Some  varieties  will  be  more  crowded  at  forty 
feet  apart,  than  others  at  fourteen.  If  possible,  the  larger 
and  widely  spreading  sorts  should  be  assorted  and  planted 
by  themselves,  and  the  more  compact,  upright  and  smaller 
ones  should  be  grouped  together.  It  is  difficult  to  do 
this,  however,  for  want  of  the  necessary  data ;  we  can  only 
make  an  approximation  to  the  desired  result.  Thus,  the  Yel- 
low Bellflower,  Summer  Queen,  Fall  Pippin,  King  of  Tomp- 
kins  County,  Talman's  Sweet,  Golden  Sweet,  Pennock, 
Northern  Spy,  and  several  others,  are  of  the  largest  kind  of 


238  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

trees,  and  may  be  allowed  as  much  as  forty  feet  of  space 
between  them,  while  the  upright  character  and  moderate 
growth  of  the  Lady,  Bullock's  Pippin,  Red  June,  Benoni, 
Early  Joe,  American  Summer  Pearmain,  Summer  Rose, 
Red  Astrachan,  and  others,  of  similar  habit,  would  enable 
ns  to  crowd  them  into  half  as  much  space  without  serious 
injury — and  there  are  trees  of  intermediate  size  and  vigor, 
such  as  the  Winesap,  Rambo,  Greening,  Russet,  Early 
Harvest,  Fall  Wine,  Autumn  Strawberry,  Hubbardston, 
Jonathan,  and  a  host  of  others  that,  at  the  same  ratio, 
should  have  thirty  feet  spaces  between  them. 

There  is  also  a  great  diversity  of  opinion  among  or- 
chardists  as  to  the  proper  allowance  of  space  for  each 
tree,  and  many  western  planters  are  advocates  of  close 
planting  of  the  apple,  which  I  have  seen  placed  as  near  as 
sixteen  feet,  occupying  the  whole  space  in  a  very  few 
years,  and  bearing  luxuriantly.  The  advocates  of  such 
crowding  urge,  that  they  protect  one  another,  and  that  al- 
ternate trees  can  easily  be  removed  whenever  they  become 
too  much  crowded.  In  other  places,  the  old  rule,  of  allow- 
ing two  'rods  (33  feet),  or  even  forty  feet,  between  the 
trees,  is  still  followed  and  considered  the  best. 

A  favorite  method  with  some  planters  of  fruits  is,  to 
make  a  combination  of  different  kinds  in  the  same  or- 
chard, so  as  to  have  the  whole  surface  occupied  from  the 
first.  In  this  way,  by  introducing  a  temporary  crop  of 
another  variety  which  will  make  speedy  returns,  and  will 
soon  be  ready  to  come  away  and  make  room  for  the  per- 
manent plantation,  the  ground  may  be  rendered  produc- 
tive of  remunerative  crops  from  the  first.  It  is  a  very 
common  plan  to  combine  in  this  way  the  apple  and  the 


SELECTION   AND    PLANTING.  239 

peach — the  latter  come  into  bearing  rapidly,  and  are  gen- 
erally ready  to  be  removed  by  the  time  the  apple  trees 
need  the  whole  space.  Alternate  rows  and  alternate  trees 
are  usually  planted  with  peaches,  and  the  small  growing 
cherries,  such  as  the  Early  May,  often  called  the  Early 
Richmond,  can  be  planted  in  the  same  way.  I  have  seen 
a  still  further  combination  of  fruits  made  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  raspberry,  or  even  of  the  blackberry,  the  cur- 
rant, and  the  gooseberry,  in  alternate  rows,  so  that,  by 
setting  the  apple  trees  at  forty  feet,  with  alternating 
cherry  trees,  and  the  cherry  rows  in  the  middle  space,  or 
twenty  feet  each  way  from  the  apple  and  cherry  rows, 
and  in  the  intermediate  strips  of  twenty  feet  the  berries, 
which  were  also  set  between  the  trees,  the  whole  ground 
was  laid  oif  in  rows  of  fruit  separated  by  strips  of  ten 
feet  wide.  Nothing  is  then  needed  for  the  fall  occupation 
of  the  ground,  and  to  yield  a  return  of  fruit  the  next 
year,  but  to  plant  a  single  row  of  strawberries  in  each  of 
these  ten  feet  spaces ;  these,  if  well  treated,  would  make 
four  beds  in  the  spaces  between  every  two  of  the  apple 
tree  rows,  or  each  ten  feet,  which  is  nearly  half  as  much 
as  would  be  planted  in  the  open  field ;  and  these  would 
yield  a  half  crop  the  next  year  after  planting,  and  as  much 
the  next  season,  when  they  should  be  plowed  up  to  give 
cultivation  to  the  berry  bushes  that  would  then  also  bear 
a  crop  of  fruit,  and  continue  to  do  so  until  the  larger 
trees  needed  the  ground  for  their  support.  The  peaches 
or  cherries  would  commence  bearing  the  third  or  fourth 
year,  and  some  of  the  apples  would  follow  quickly  after- 
ward, yielding  partial  crops.  By  such  a  combination,  as 
has  been  represented,  the  land  is  made  to  yield  a  succes- 


240 


AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 


sion  of  paying  fruit  crops   from  the  second  year  of  the 
foundation  of  the  orchard. 

The  order  of  planting  is  a  matter  of  some  consequence, 
and  should  be  settled  upon  before  commencing  the  work. 
The  simplest  form,  and  that  most  usually  adopted,  is  the 
square;  furrows  are  drawn  across  the  field,  at  whatever 
distance  the  plants  may  be  desired  to  stand,  and  crossed  by 
others  equally  distant  and  at  right  angles  to  the  first.  These 
will,  by  their  intersections,  indicate  the  stations  to  be  oc- 
cupied by  the  trees.  Some  planters  introduce  a  tree  at 
the  centre  point  between  each  four,  and  this  has  been 
called  quincunx,  but  erroneously — for  the  true  quincunx  is 
constituted  by  one  central  tree  surrounded  by  six,  and  all 
are  equidistant,  as  illustrated  by  the  diagram,  figure 


20R 


Fig.  26. — DIAGRAM   OF   PLANTING   QUINCUNX. 

26.  This  gives  as  many  trees  as  possible  upon  the 
ground,  all  equidistant,  at  twenty  feet  apart,  or  at  any 
other,  distance.  It  will  be  seen,  that,  in  laying  off  this 
ground,  whether  with  the  plow  or  simply  with  stakes  to 


SELECTION   AND    PLANTING.  241 

indicate  the  stations  which  the  trees  are  to  occupy,  we 
may  first  strike  our  furrows  or  set  our  sight  poles,  all  in 
one  direction,  parallel,  and  at  seventeen  feet  four  inches 
apart.  Crossing  these  at  right  angles,  we  may  draw  par- 
allel furrows  every  ten  feet,  and  by  setting  our  stakes  at 
each  alternate  intersection  of  these  furrows,  the  proper 
stations  will  be  found  for  planting  trees  in  the  true  quin- 
cunx order,  in  which  every  tree  will  occupy  the  corner  of 
an  equilateral  triangle,  and  will  be  equidistant  from  six 
surrounding  trees.  If  any  one  prefers  to  dig  holes  with 
the  spade,  instead  of  the  more  economical  method  propos- 
ed, "by  using  the  plow,  the  stakes  may  be  set  in  parallel 
rows,  in  such  a  manner,  that  in  every  alternate  row  the 
first  stakes  shall  be  advanced  one-half  of  the  desired  dis- 
tance from  the  base  line.  It  will  be  desirable  in  this,  as  in 
every  other  system,  to  have  a  measuring-line  at  hand  to 
prove  the  work  fro:n  time  to  time,  and  make  corrections ; 
for,  otherwise,  the  most  careful  planter  will  soon  get  out 
of  range.  When  the  stakes  are  set  properly,  on  level 
ground,  they  should  range  correctly  in  all  directions.  If 
the  plantation  be  upon  an  uneven  or  hilly  surface,  it  will 
be  found  almost  impossible  to  lay  off  the  ground  with  ab- 
solute precision ;  but  this  is  a  matter  of  very  little  conse- 
quence, as  the  growth  of  the  trees  will  soon  conceal  any 
slight  defects,  particularly  if  they  be  trained  with  low 
heads.  In  the  small  fruit  garden  greater  precision  is  de- 
sirable, and  should  be  attempted,  but  in  the  commercial 
orchard,  containing  hundreds  or  thousands  of  trees,  such 
exactitude  is  scarcely  attainable  if  it  were  desired.  Some- 
times the  aid  of  the  civil  engineer,  with  his  instruments, 
is  called  in  by  the  very  precise  planter. 
11 


CHAPTER    IX. 

CULTURE,    ETC. 


THOROUGH  CULTURE  SHOULD  FOLLOW  THOROUGH  PREPARATION  —  HOED 
CROPS  RECOMMENDED— NO  WHITE  STRAW  CROPS,  NOR  GRASSES  AL- 
LOWED —  HOW  LONG  SHALL  WE  CULTIVATE  THE  ORCHARD  ?  — 
LIMITS  —  THE  SPADE  AND  FORK,  AND  MULCHING  SUBSTITUTED  — 
HORSE  CULTIVATORS  NECESSARY  IN  LARGE  ORCHARDS  —  THESE 
SHOULD  NOT  BE  DEEP  TILLERS,  BUT  SHALLOW,  TO  AVOID  DISTURB- 
ING THE  ROOTS  —  SEEDING  WITH  CLOVER — MULCHING  IMPRACTICA- 
BLE ON  A  LARGE  SCALE— CLOVER  MULCH  —  THE  MELLOW  EARTH 
AS  A  MULCH — PASTURING  AN  ORCHARD  —  OBJECTIONS — DAMAGE 
DONE  BY  HORSES  AND  MULES  —  BY  CATTLE,  BY  GOATS  —  SHEEP  — 
THEIR  ADVANTAGES  —  SWINE  AND  POULTRY  MAY  BE  ADMITTED  — 
HOW  THEY  MAY  BE  USEFUL  —  DESTRUCTION  OF  INSECTS  —  POULTRY 
AND  CURCULIO 

In  a  previous  chapter,  reference  has  been  made  to  the 
necessity  of  thorough  cultivation  of  the  soil  among  young 
trees ;  but  the  importance  of  the  proper  attention  to  orchard 
culture  is  so  great,  that  it  deserves  separate  consideration. 
The  thorough  preparation  of  the  soil  before  committing 
the  roots  of  our  trees  to  its  embraces,  which  was  fully 
impressed  upon  the  orchardist,  might  have  induced  some 
242 


CULTURE,    ETC.  243 

to  think  that  this  was  to  be  sufficient  for  them ;  but  it 
ought  rather  to  be  inferred  that  any  crop  for  which  these 
preliminary  labors  were  recommended,  should  receive  con- 
tinuous attentions  of  a  similar  character.  It  is  with  the 
desire  that  these  views  should  obtain,  and  to  indicate  and 
specify,  some  of  the  most  suitable  modes  of  procedure, 
that  the  following  remarks  are  presented  in  this  place. 

If  the  ground,  which  has  been  appropriated  to  the  orch- 
ard, be  also  occupied  as  farming  land,  as  is  usually  done 
for  a  few  years  after  planting,  while  the  trees  are  small,  it 
should  be  exclusively  devoted  to  hoed  crops;  by  which  is 
meant  those  that  require  constant  cultivation  and  stirring 
of  the  soil.  Indian  corn  is  a  favorite  on  account  of  the 
thorough  culture  which  is  bestowed  upon  it,  but  there 
are  some  objectors  to  its  use ;  by  such  it  is  considered  too 
rank  a  grower;  it  is  thought  to  absorb  too  much  of  the 
moisture  of  the  soil,  and  too  greatly  to  over-shadow  the 
young  trees  if  they  be  so  small  as  has  been  recommended 
under  the  head  of  Selection  and  Planting.  To  this  objec- 
tion, however,  it  is  urged  by  others  that  the  partial  shade 
during  the  latter  part  of  summer  is  a  benefit  rather  than 
an  injury.  If  the  stalks  be  left  standing  upon  the  ground 
during  the  winter,  they  modify  the  force  of  the  winds,  and 
may  even  be  of  benefit,  by  the  protection  they  furnish  to 
the  stems  of  the  young  trees ;  and  when  they  fall  to  the 
ground,  with  their  abundant  foliage,  these  materials  con- 
stitute a  winter  mulching  of  considerable  value.  Even  if 
the  fodder  has  been  cut  up,  as  is  usually  done  by  prudent 
farmers,  the  shocks  scattered  through  the  fields  must  ex- 
ercise a  considerable  protecting  influence. 

Melons,  cucumbers,    cabbages,  vpotatoes,   turnips,  and 


244  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

other  root  crops,  which  require  frequent  cultivation,  are 
preferred  by  some  orchardists,  because  of  their  being 
lower,  and  thus  they  will  shade  only  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  without  affecting  the  trees  themselves.  Let  it 
ever  be  remembered,  particularly  in  respect  to  soils  that 
are  of  poor  or  of  moderate  fertility,  that  all  these  crops 
will  remove  their  full  share  of  plant-food  from  the  land 
that  we  have  already  appropriated  to  another  object,  and 
that  the  main  crop  which  we  desire  to  draw  its  sustenance 
from  the  earth  for  a  long  series  of  years,  may  thus  be  robbed 
of  its  proper  nourishment.  Under  such  circumstances  we 
must  meet  the  emergency  by  applications  of  fertilizing 
materials.  I  am  aware  that  it  may  be  urged  by  the  theorists 
of  agriculcure,  that  these  crops  call  upon  the  soil  for  differ- 
ent elements,  and  that,  according  to  the  customary  views 
of  the  objects  attained  by  a  rotation,  they  may  even  be 
of  advantage  to  those  which  are  to  follow.  Others  will 
make  the  practical  observation  that  the  fertilizing  materi- 
als of  common  use  in  modern  agriculture,  may  so  readily 
be  applied  to  compensate  for  these  abstractions  from  the 
soil,  that  this  is  a  matter  of  little  moment,  and  not  worthy 
of  serious  consideration.  But  it  should  be  observed  that, 
while  men  will  often  be  induced  to  apply  fertilizers  to  the 
temporary  crop,  counting  upon  an  immediate  return  for 
their  outlay,  they  seldom  feel  willing  to  make  any  return 
to  the  soil  in  compensation  for  what  they  have  already  re- 
moved from  it,  and  rather  wait  until  the  necessity  for  such 
enrichment  becomes  painfully  apparent  in  the  diminished 
productiveness  of  their  fields. 

Hoed  crops,  such  as  those  above  mentioned,  should  alone 
be  allowed  to  occupy  the  space  between  the  young  trees, 


CULTURE,    ETC.  245 

and  on  no  account  should  any  white  straw  crops,  or  grasses 
be  introduced,  at  least  for  several  years,  nor  until  the 
orchard  shall  have  become  well  established.  In  many 
species  of  fruits,  it  is  undoubtedly  better  to  keep  up  the 
surface  cultivation  continuously,  at  least  wherever  tho 
characters  of  the  site  and  soil  will  permit  it ;  but  there 
are  many  situations  where  the  abruptness  of  the  declivities 
appropriated  to  fruit-growing,  and  often  admirably  adapt- 
ed to  such  purpose,  absolutely  forbid  continued  cultiva- 
tion. In  such  places  it  will  be  necessary  soon  to  withdraw 
the  plow,  and  to  depend  upon  loosening  the  soil  about  the 
trees  with  the  spade  or  fork,  and  upon  the  mellowing  and 
meliorating  effects  of  mulching.  The  expense  of  all  the 
operations  that  are  performed  by  human  labor  renders 
them  inapplicable,  except  in  small  orchards  and  gardens ; 
and  in  all  large  plantations  we  must  depend  upon  the  com- 
mon earth-workers  that  are  drawn  by  horses.  Among 
these,  a  preference  should  be  given  to  such  as  stir  and 
pulverize  the  soil  near  the  surface  only ;  shallow  culture 
of  the  upper  layers  of  earth  effects  the  objects  in  view 
better  than  that  which  is  deeper.  The  intruding  weeds 
are  subdued  and  a  mellow  condition  of  the  earth  is  the 
result,  while  the  roots  are  not  torn  and  bruised,  but  are 
encouraged  to  turn  their  feeding  fibres  into  the  stratum 
of  mellow  soil  above  them.  When  the  trees  have  become 
well  established,  or  when  the  nature  of  the  soil  and  the 
broken  character  of  the  surface  of  the  orchard  require  it, 
we  may  seed  down  the  ground  with  clover,  which  is  pre- 
ferred to  any  of  the  grasses :  the  broad  foliage  will  shade 
the  ground,  and  may  remain  on  the  surface  as  a  mulch,  or 
be  moderately  pastured  by  suitable  stock. 


246  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

Mulching  the  young  orchard  has  some  advantages  over 
cultivation,  but  except  in  the  proximity  of  the  salt-marsh- 
es of  the  East,  or  near  the  great  straw  piles  on  the  vast 
grain  fields  of  the  Western  prairies,  it  is  almost  impossi- 
ble to  procure  mulching  materials  for  extensive  orchards ; 
so  that,  unless  we  consider  the  clover  and  other  legumes 
as  a  living  mulch,  or  grow  such  crops  upon  the  land  it- 
self, to  be  used  in  this  way,  we  shall  be  thrown  back  upon 
culture  of  the  surface,  which,  in  the  mellow  soil  thus  pro- 
duced, furnishes  a  most  admirable  mulching,  that  fills  all 
the  indications,  at  least  in  the  season  when  it  is  most  need- 
ed. This  is  a  matter  of  the  greatest  importance,  especi- 
ally during  the  first  year  after  planting,  when  our  trees  so 
imperatively  demand  the  protection  of  a  mulch ;  and  it  is 
found  that  when  the  usual  applications  of  straw  or  similar 
material  cannot  be  obtained,  or  are  unsuitable  for  the  situa- 
tion, especial  attention  to  the  condition  of  the  upper  layer 
of  earth  about  the  trees  is  of  the  greatest  importance ; 
this  should  be  kept  thoroughly  loosened  and  finely  disin- 
tegrated for  the  admission  of  air  and  moisture. 

Mulching,  even  of  an  old  and  apparently  exhausted 
orchard,  has  been  found  to  exercise  a  most  happy  effect 
upon  its  health  and  productiveness.  Such  a  one  growing 
upon  a  tenacious  clay,  which  had  ceased  to  yield  any 
crops  for  years,  was  restored  to  abundant  fruitfulness  by 
covering  the  ground  with  a  couple  of  inches  of  spent  bark 
from  an  adjoining  tannery,  and  similar  effects  have  been 
produced  by  the  application  of  straw,  and  of  the  bagasse 
from  sorghum,  where  those  materials  could  be  procured ; 
but  these  were  necessarily  limited  to  a  small  number  of 
trees,  and  they  can  never  be  adopted  in  the  treatment  of 


CULTURE,    ETC.  247 

large  orchards.  Fortunately,  for  us,  however,  in  some 
kinds  the  trees  themselves  provide  us  shade  for  the  ground, 
when  they  are  properly  trained  and  closely  planted,  which 
will  prevent  the  intrusion  of  weeds  and  grasses,  and  the 
falling  leaves  and  spray  will  also  yield  a  mulching  of  no 
mean  value.  Indeed,  the  trimmings  from  the  orchard,  as 
well  as  the  decaying  foliage  that  annually  falls  to  the 
ground,  belong  to  the  soil,  and  might  be  left  upon  it  with 
great,  advantage  to  keep  up  its  fertility  by  their  decay, 
and  even  to  increase  it,  as  they  do  in  the  natural  forest, 
were  it  not  for  the  slovenly  appearance  they  produce. 

Dr.  Ward,  of  New  Jersey,  has  practiced  mulching 
rather  extensively,  and  with  excellent  results.  He  uses 
salt  hay  from  the  marshes ;  after  plowing  the  ground  in 
the  spring,  he  applies  the  mulching  in  a  heavy  layer,  which 
keeps  down  the  weeds,  preserves  the  moisture  of  the  soil, 
and  exerts  a  very  happy  influence  upon  the  trees. 

From  what  has  preceded,  the  reader  may  infer  that  the 
orchard  is  not  to  be  used  for  a  pasture  field,  and  yet  this 
is  a  very  common  appropriation  of  the  inclosure  that  con- 
tains our  fruit  trees — at  least  after  they  have  attained  suf- 
ficient size  to  be  considered  out  of  the  way  of  serious  in- 
jury. Let  it  not  be  supposed  that  the  indiscriminate  pas- 
turing of  an  orchard  is  advocated ;  on  the  contrary,  it  is 
wholly  deprecated,  except  as  will  be  indicated  below. 
All  stock  will  trample  and  harden  the  soil.  Low-headed 
trees  will  be  sadly  injured  by  live  stock  of  all  kinds. 
Horses  and  mules  will  often  ruin  the  trees  by  destroying 
the  bark,  and  trimming  off  the  twigs,  as  high  as  they  can 
reach.  Horned  cattle  will  browse  the  spray,  and  where 
within  reach  they  will  also  break  and  twist  branches  of 


248  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

considerable  size.  Though  much  smaller,  goats  are  en- 
tirely inadmissable,  since  they  not  only  trim  off  all  the 
foliage  within  their  reach,  but  they  will  also  greedily  de- 
vour the  bark  from  the  trees,  and  thus  commit  sad  havoc 
among  them.  Sheep,  on  the  contrary,  may  often  be  in- 
troduced into  an  orchard  with  advantage,  as  they  will  eat 
off  a  great  many  weeds,  and  thus  clear  the  land  of  such 
intruders;  but  they  will  also  spoil  low-headed  young 
trees  by  eating  all  the  leaves  within  their  reach,  and  they 
should  never  be  allowed  access  to  the  orchard  in  winter, 
at  least  not  while  there  are  any  trees  remaining  with 
smooth  bark,  as  they  will  often  attack  such  and  strip  off  all 
that  they  can  get  at :  sheep  are  often  very  desirable  in 
cider  orchards  when  used  to  crop  off  the  herbage  closely, 
just  before  the  ripening  and  fall  of  the  fruit. 

The  only  domestic  animals  which  should  ever  be  allowed 
free  range  in  the  orchard,  are  swine,  and  the  different 
sorts  of  poultry.  All  of  these  will  prove  really  useful  in 
the  destruction  of  vast  numbers  of  the  insects  that  are  par- 
ticularly injurious  to  our  cultivated  fruits,  and  which  are 
often  enormously  multiplied  in  our  old  orchards.  Swine, 
it  is  true,  will  sometimes  learn  to  climb  small  trees  that 
have  very  low  branches,  which  they  break  off  in  their  at- 
tempts to  help  themselves  to  the  fruit — this  has  been  ob- 
served particularly  in  peach  and  cherry  orchards.  These 
animals  are  of  use  too  as  earth-workers,  when  they  have 
not  been  mutilated,  for  with  their  peculiarly  formed  snouts 
they  will  turn  over  a  large  extent  of  the  surface,  while  in 
pursuit  of  the  larvae  and  pupae  of  many  of  the  destructive 
insects,  that  in  such  stages  of  their  existence  occupy  the 
soil  beneath  our  fruit  trees;  in  this  manner,  swine  are 


CULTURE,    ETC.  249 

valuable  adjuvants  to  the  practical  entomologist.  The 
hog  is  a  most  useful  scavenger,  and  also  a  great  economist 
in  the  orchard,  for,  being  omnivorous,  after  feeding  upon 
the  luxuriant  herbage  of  the  red  clover,  he  takes  his  dessert 
from'  the  fallen  fruit,  which,  being  defective,  would  other- 
wise be  wasted:  but  we  must  remember  that  most  of 
these  wind-falls  are  occupied  by  the  larvae  of  insects  which 
are  thus  put  out  of  the  way  of  doing  further  harm,  while 
contributing  variety  to  the  porcine  diet.  The  additions 
of  manure  to  the  soil,  which  are  distributed  over  the  orch- 
ard by  these  animals,  are  also  found  to  be  of  service. 
Trees,  which  are  frequented  by  swine,  are  generally 
healthy,  and  the  bitter-rot  is  reported  to  have  disappeared 
from  orchards  that  were  badly  affected  with  that  malady 
before  the  swine  were  admitted. 

The  advantages  resulting  from  keeping  both  swine  and 
poultry,  but  particularly  the  latter,  confined  among  plum 
trees,  is  a  matter  of  general  notoriety ;  nor  need  we  in- 
quire whether  this  depends  upon  the  far-reaching  instinct 
of  the  insect,  which  warns  her  against  depositing  her  eggs 
where  the  progeny  must  surely  be  destroyed,  or  upon  the 
actual  destruction  of  the  larvae  by  these  animals,  to  such 
an  extent  as  to  diminish  the  number  of  depredators  the 
following  season.  We  must  not,  however,  depend  upon 
these  and  other  valuable  aids,  to  the  exclusion  of  personal 
efforts,  if  we  desire  to  secure  good  crops  of  the  delicious 
fruits  that  usually  fall  a  prey  to  their  attacks. 

In  conclusion,  the  orchardist  cannot  be  too  strongly  im- 
pressed with  the  importance  of  cultivating  his  young  trees 
in  the  most  thorough  manner ;  nor  can  he  exercise  too 
much  care  in  avoiding  injury  to  the  stems  and  roots,  in 
11* 


250  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

practising  this  constant  culture  of  the  soil.  In  collections 
of  dwarf  fruit  trees,  he  will  have  less  difficulty  on  this 
score,  because  he  will  be  restricted  to  hand-labor ;  but  the 
spade  and  fork  will  be  found  much  more  expensive  in  their 
use  than  the  plow  and  cultivator. 

PLOWING  UP  OLD  ORCHARDS. — A  question  frequently 
arises  as  to  the  best  course  to  be  pursued  with  an  old  neg- 
lected orchard,  which  has  become  covered  with  a  dense 
sod  of  grass,  and  this  often  of  an  inferior  character,  arid 
full  of  disagreeable  weeds.  Orchards  that  have  been  widely 
planted,  and  which  have  gaps  from  the  decay  of  trees, 
especially  when  these  have  been  trimmed  up  with  high 
stems  and  long  naked  branches,  do  not  cast  sufficient 
shade  upon  the  ground  to  prevent  the  growth  of  grass  and 
weeds.  These  intruders  occupy  the  surface  soil  to  the  dis- 
advantage of  the  roots  of  the  fruit  trees,  and  we  may  won- 
derfully improve  the  health  of  such  orchard  by  plowing 
the  ground,  and  at  the  same  time  severely  pruning  the 
branches  and  cleansing  the  bark  of  these  old  trees.  These 
good  results  may  be  continued  by  shallow  culture  of  the 
soil,  with  suitable  applications  of  manure  where  needed. 
By  giving  a  dose  of  lime,  or  of  marl,  and  ashes,  we  shall 
infuse  a  new  life  and  growth  and  productiveness  that  will 
astonish  and  delight  us,  and  reward  us  for  our  labors  and 
outlay. 

It  may  be  urged  as  an  objection  to  breaking  up  the  sod, 
that  the  most  careful  plowman  will  unavoidably  damage 
some  of  the  roots  that  approach  the  surface,  but  this  is  an 
injury  that  must  be  submitted  to ;  and  after  all  it  is  not 
such  a  serious  affair,  and  is  overbalanced  by  the  advantages 
of  renewing  the  productiveness  of  the  exhausted  orchard. 


CHAPTER    X. 

PHILOSOPHY    OF    PRUNING. 


PRUNING,  NATURE'S  —  WE  PRUNE,  FIRST,  FOR  SHAPE  AND  COMELINESS  ; 

SECOND,  FOR  FRUIT  —  PRUNING  YOUNG  TREES  IN  THE  NURSERY  — 
RULES  FOR — SEASON  FOR  —  PRUNING  FOR  FRUIT  IS  TO  BE  DONE 
CHIEFLY  IN  SUMMER  —  THINNING  OUT — SHORTENING-IN — ROOT  PRUN- 
ING —  PHILOSOPHY  OF  —  ADVANTAGES  OF  -  CHARACTER  OF  ROOTS 
PRODUCED  BY  IT  —  IN  THE  VINE  —  SEVERE  IN  WINTER  TO  PRODUCE 
WOOD  AND  DIMINISH  BLOSSOMS  —  ADAPT  TO  VARIETIES  —  IN 
SUMMER  TO  DIMINISH  EXCESSIVE  FRUITAGE,  AND  TO  DIRECT  SAP 
INTO  NEW  CANES  —  TRIMMING  IN  GARDENESQUE,  REQUIRING  A  COR- 
RECT EYE  AND  GOOD  TASTE — PRUNING  SHOULD  BE  CONDUCTED 
UPON  TRULY  PHILOSOPHICAL  PRINCIPLES,  OR  NOT  AT  ALL  —  QUALI- 
FICATIONS REQUIRED  IN  THOSE  WHO  PRUNE  —  THE  OPERATION 
SELDOM  WELL  PERFORMED —  PRUNING  OF  THE  GRAPE,  SHORT  AND 
LONG  — REASONS  FOR  AND  OBJECTIONS  TO  EACH— SEASONS  FOR 
PRUNING  THE  VINE. 

Pruning  is  one  of  the  most  important  operations  that 
we  perform  upon  plants, — especially  woody  plants.  Prun- 
ing, in  some  sort,  has  to  be  performed  at  all  periods  of 
their  existence  and  growth,  and  upon  all  plants,  from  the 
noble  forest  tree,  or  the  fruit  trees  of  the  orchard,  of  what- 
251 


252  AMERICAN"   POMOLOGY. 

ever  kind,  to  the  humble  bushes  and  brambles  that  yield  us 
their  abundant  and  most  welcome  fruits :  the  trailing  vine 
that  adorns  our  arbors  and  covers  our  trellises  with  its 
rich  and  tempting  clusters  of  grapes,  also  needs  to  be  prun- 
ed. Many  herbaceous  plants  are  also  submitted  to  judi- 
cious pruning,  and  yield  in  consequence  an  increased  pro- 
duct of  fruit.  Our  ornamental  gardeners  and  plant-grow- 
ers practice  pruning  most  admirably  upon  their  house- 
plants,  and  by  their  successful  practice,  they  produce  the 
most  wonderful  effects,  which  are  manifested  in  the  vigor, 
thrift,  symmetry,  and  blossoming  of  their  specimens. 

And  yet,  when  we  come  to  travel  about  the  country, 
and  to  see  the  shrubberies,  the  parks,  the  orchards,  fruit- 
gardens,  and  vineyards,  as  they  are,  we  shall  be  struck 
with  the  great  amount  of  ignorance  or  neglect  manifested 
by  what  we  everywhere  behold !  Still  more  shall  we  be 
surprised,  when  we  hear  nurserymen  and  orchardists,  men 
who  have  had  opportunities  for  extended  observation,  and 
those  too,  who  are  considered  successful  cultivators,  advo- 
cate the  idea  that  trees  should  not  be  pruned  at  all.  An 
apology  may  be  found  for  them  in  the  many  instances  of 
bad  pruning  that  may  frequently  be  met  with.  They  may 
say  that  no  pruning  is  better  than  such  mutilation,  and 
with  some  varieties  of  fruit,  they  may  have  a  show  of 
reason  on  their  side,  as  there  are  many  sorts  that  will 
very  naturally  produce  an  open  head,  everywhere  provided 
with  abundant  fruit-spurs,  which  are  the  great  desiderata 
of  the  fruit-grower. 

We  prune  our  plants  for  the  most  opposite  purposes ;  we 
prune  to  make  them  assume  some  desired  form,  we  prune  to 
produce  symmetry,  and  we  prune  to  torture  them  as  much 


PHILOSOPHY    OF    PRUNING.  253 

as  possible  from  their  natural  habit.  Again,  we  prune  to 
make  them  grow  vigorously,  and  we  perform  other  pruning 
operations,  in  order  to  dwarf  and  stunt  our  specimens,  and 
to  make  them  as  diminutive  as  possible.  The  experienced 
orchardist  will  tell  you  to  prune  a  barren  but  thrifty  tree, 
in  order  to  make  it  productive  of  fruit;  and  he  will  also  tell 
you  to  prune  one  that  has  expended  all  its  energies  in 
fruit-bearing,  and  appears  likely  to  exhaust  itself  to  its  own 
destruction.  Upon  very  high  authority,  supported  by  uni- 
versal and  annual  practice,  the  vine  dresser  will  tell  you  to 
prune  your  vine  in  order  to  make  it  fruitful ;  the  same 
authority  will  advise  you  to  prune  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
prevent  an  over-production — and  he  will  insist  that  you 
shall  prune  again  during  the  season  of  growth,  to  promote 
the  same  objects. 

Thus  it  appears  that  the'ends  to  be  attained  by  this  im- 
portant operation  are  exceedingly  diverse,  and  apparently 
contradictory :  nor  is  it  any  wonder  that  the  novice  should 
feel  bewildered  in  the  midst  of  directions  so  opposite,  nor 
even  that  those  who  have  grown  gray  in  the  orchard, 
should  have  arrived  at  the  strange  conclusions  just  men- 
tioned, not  to  prune  at  all.  And  yet,  notwithstanding 
these  apparent  contradictions,  there  is  a  reason  for  each 
of  these  various  modes,  as  well  as  for  the  different  seasons 
that  have  been  recommended  for  performing  the  several 
operations  of  pruning. 

It  may  be  said  that  in  natural  trees,  whether  standing 
alone  in  the  midst  of  a  prairie,  thinly  grouped  in  the 
"  opening,"  or  crowded  together  in  the  dense  forest,  we 
may  behold  the  most  perfect  models  of  beauty  and  fruit- 
fulness  ;  yet  these  have  never  been  subjected  to  the  action 


254  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

of  the  knife,  the  saw,  nor  the  hatchet.  True,  and  yet  they 
have  all  been  pruned  by  nature.  She  prunes  and  trains 
magnificently,  and  gives  us  the  finest  models  for  imitation, 
whether  for  park  scenery,  as  in  the  lone  tree  of  the  prairie, 
or  in  the  scattered  groups  of  the  island  groves  that  are  so 
often  seen  in  the  broad  savannas  of  the  West,  or  in  forests 
of  noble  shafts,  gazed  at  with  admiration,  then  felled  by 
the  ruthless  ax,  and  converted  to  man's  economic  uses. 
She  also  shows  us  the  pattern  in  the  dense  pineries,  and 
other  timber  tracts  of  our  country.  All  these  have  been 
pruned  into  their  present  condition  by  the  hand  of  nature. 
In  the  single  specimen,  free  access  of  air  and  light  have 
enabled  it  to  assume  its  full  proportions,  developing  itself 
on  every  side,  and  giving  us  the  grand  and  beautiful  ob- 
ject we  behold.  The  winds  have  tossed  the  branches  and 
some  have  been  broken,  the  lower  ones  have  quietly  and 
gradually  yielded  to  the  smothering  influence  of  those 
above  them,  which,  in  turn,  have  swept  downward  toward 
the  ground.  In  the  groves,  the  scattering  trees  have  for 
a  while  enjoyed  the  same  opportunities  for  development ; 
but  at  length  their  branches  have  met  together,  and  inter- 
locked in  friendly  embrace.  Those  that  were  nearest  the 
ground  had  already  begun  to  suffer  from  the  denser  canopy 
above  them  but  the  great  sturdy  boughs  that  had  shot 
upward  so  as  to  form  a  part  of  the  crown,  were  able  to  re- 
tain their  vantage  ground,  and  continue  as  important  mem- 
bers of  the  trees.  In  these  illustrations,  we  have  seen 
more  of  nature's  training  than  of  her  pruning ;  but  it  must 
be  remembered  that  training  is  one  of  the  objects,  and  in- 
deed, a  leading  element  of  pruning,  and  is  very  properly 
a  matter  for  our  consideration. 


PHILOSOPHY    OF   PRUNING.  255 

In  the  dense  primeval  forest  we  see  nature's  pruning  ex- 
hibited upon  a  grand  and  perfect  scale;  tall,  straight,  and 
noble  trunks  rise  majestically  on  every  hand;  not  a  twig 
nor  limb  breaks  the  symmetry  of  the  gradually  tapering 
shafts,  that  are  clothed  in  bark  which  does  not  indicate 
that  they  had  ever  been  furnished  with  branches ;  and  yet 
they  have  borne  branches  from  their  base  to  their  sum- 
mit, and  nature  has  so  neatly  removed  them  that  we  can- 
not detect  the  marks  of  her  pruning-saw.  How  this  has 
been  effected,  may  be  seen  in  any  dense  thicket  of  young 
forest  growth.  It  is  simply  a  smothering  of  the  lower 
branches  by  those  next  above  them,  which  has  destroyed 
their  vitality,  and  their  decay  has  soon  followed ;  while  a 
new  growth  of  branches  at  a  higher  point,  in  turn,  per- 
forms the  same  office  of  destruction  upon  those  next  below 
them.  As  there  is  no  outlet  for  the  wood-growth  but  in 
an  upward  direction,  upwards  they  must  needs  go,  and 
as  there  is  no  light  nor  air  for  lateral  branches  under  such 
a  canopy  of  shade,  death  and  decay  ensue,  and  down  they 
perforce  must  come. 

If  it  be  asked  why  we  prune  at  all,  it  may  be  answered 
in  general  terms  that  in  the  orchard,  our  objects  in  per- 
forming this  operation,  are  two-fold. 

1st — We  prune  for  shape  and  comeliness,  and  for  the 
removal  of  dead  and  dying  branches,  in  aid  of  nature,  but 
working  in  sympathy  with  her. 

2d — We  prune  for  the  sake  of  inducing  fruitfulness. 

Let  us  consider  some  of  the  principles  that  are  to  guide 
us  in  these  operations. 

The  first  object,  that  of  producing  the  desired  shape  of 
the  future  tree,  is  chiefly  done  upon  the  young  subject, 


256  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

even  in  the  nursery-row.  The  judicious  pruner,  being  well 
aware  of  the  upward  tendency  of  young  growth,  and  that 
this  is  increased  by  the  crowded  condition  of  the  trees  in 
the  nursery  square,  seeks  to  overcome  the  evil  by  proper 
pruning.  If  the  growth  be  altogether  upward,  with  no 
side  branches  the  first  season,  the  stem  will  be  slender, 
often  so  much  so  as  to  bend  over  with  its  own  weight. 
The  wise  nurseryman  carefully  avoids  disturbing  the 
leaves  or  lateral  branches,  well  knowing  their  importance 
in  forming  the  woody  trunk.  At  the  proper  season  he 
trims  his  trees  down,  instead  of  trimming  them  up — this 
he  does  by  heading  them  back  to  the  hight  at  which  he 
desires  them  to  form  their  branches — at  the  same  time,  he 
shortens  in  the  laterals ;  his  object  in  both  instances  being 
to  check  the  upward  tendency  of  growth  by  removing  the 
strong  terminal  buds,  which  would  naturally  have  formed 
the  new  shoots  the  coming  season.  The  result  of  this 
treatment  is  to  call  into  action  several  buds  at  the  upper 
part  of  the  stock.  These  are  to  form  the  arms  of  the  tree, 
and  hence  a  very  important  part  of  the  pruning  and  train- 
ing of  the  plant  is  thus  performed  at  once  by  this  simple 
operation  of  heading-back  the  young  nursery  tree.  But 
further  attention  is  needed,  as  these  arms  develop  them- 
selves during  the  next  season  of  growth ;  they  should 
not  be  too  numerous,  nor  too  much  crowded  together ; 
they  should  not  be  too  nearly  matched  in  strength,  and 
one  should  be  kept  as  a  leader,  stronger  than  the  rest. 
Never  allow  two  shoots  to  remain  contending  for  the  mas- 
tery ;  one  of  them  should  be  subordinated  by  cutting, 
breaking,  or  twisting,  as  soon  as  it  is  observed ;  for  how 
beautifully  developed,  a  tree  grown  in  this  way,  may  ap- 


PHILOSOPHY    OF   PRUNING.  257 

pear  when  well  balanced,  there  is  always  danger  of  its 
splitting  down  when  heavily  laden  with  fruit.  This  very 
common  error  of  our  orchards  used  to  be  quaintly  illus- 
trated by  a  dear  old  friend  on  the  prairies  of  Illinois,  who 
cited  the  advice  of  a  Scotch  jockey  to  whom  he  had  ap- 
plied for  counsel  in  the  purchase  of  a  piece  of  horse-flesh. 
"  Ne'er  buy  a  horse  whose  twa  fore-legs  cum  oot  frae  ae 
hole,"  said  he,  and  Mr.  W.  Stewart  applied  the  same  prin- 
ciple to  his  young  fruit  trees,  by  never  allowing  them  to 
have  two  equal  leaders,  branching  from  one  point.  It  is 
also  important  to  have  the  lateral  branches  regularly  dis- 
tributed on  different  sides. 

The  precise  point  or  elevation  point  at  which  this  head- 
ing-back should  be  done,  will  depend  very  much  upon 
the  object  of  the  cultivator,  and  whether  he  desires  to  pro- 
duce a  high  or  a  low  head,  a  standard,  half  standard,  or  a 
dwarf,  or  conical  tree — such  as  are  often  called  pyramids. 
He  will  study  the  wants  and  fancies  of  his  customers  in  this 
matter,  but  we  of  the  West,  have  learned  the  importance 
for  us,  at  least,  of  trimming  our  trees  down,  and  not  trim- 
ming them  up,  as  is  often  done  by  those  who  anticipate 
plowing  and  planting  crops  under  the  shade  of  their 
orchards.  The  proper  point  for  forming  the  branches  to 
make  the  head,  will  very  much  depend,  however,  upon  the 
habit  of  the  variety ;  whether  it  be  drooping,  spreading, 
or  upright.  The  former  will  require  the  branches  to  be 
started  at  a  higher  point.  The  proper  season  for  perform- 
ing this  kind  of  pruning  is  in  the  early  spring,  or  after  the 
severe  frosts  of  winter  have  passed ;  and  with  some  kinds 
of  orchard  trees,  it  may  be  done  at  the  time  of  trans 
planting  them,  when  they  need  a  severe  pruning. 

The  second  object  of  pruning  being  done  with  a  view 


258  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

to  the  production  of  fruitfulness  in  the  tree,  is  to  be  prac- 
tised chiefly  in  the  summer.  At  the  same  time,  or  during 
the  growing  season,  much  may  be  done  to  advantage,  both 
in  thinning-out  and  shortening-in  such  parts  of  the  tree, 
as  may  need  these  plans  of  treatment.  Various  methods 
are  pursued  to  produce  fruitfulness,  all  of  them  depending 
upon  the  fact  that  this  condition  arises  from  the  natural 
habit  of  a  tree  to  make  its  wood-growth  freely  for  a  series 
of  years.  After  it  has  built  up  a  complicated  structure 
of  limbs  and  branches,  with  some  consequent  obstruction 
to  the  flow  of  sap,  depending  upon  the  hardening  of  the 
woody  tissues,  and  the  tortuous  course  of  its  circulation, 
it  then  appears  to  have  reached  its  maturity,  or  its  fruit- 
bearing  condition.  It  then  ceases  to  make  such  free 
wood-growth,  and  prepares  a  set  of  buds,  which  develop 
flowers  and  fruit. 

Now  this  period  of  growth  and  unfruitfulness  may  con- 
tinue for  a  longer  or  shorter  time  in  different  varieties  of 
fruits ;  and  the  shortening  of  this,  is  the  great  object  of 
summer  pruning,  and  of  other  methods  of  producing 
fruitfulness  that  may  be  classed  under  this  second  head  of 
the  objects  of  pruning. 

To  appreciate  their  importance  and  the  mode  in  which 
the  effect  is  produced,  we  must  ever  bear  in  mind  the  two 
great  acts  of  vegetable  life,  that  of  wood-growth  or 
growth  by  extension,  and  the  wonderful  morphological 
change  of  this  growth  into  flowers  and  fruit.  These  are, 
in  some  sense,  antagonistic.  The  first  is  essential  to  the 
production  of  timber,  to  the  building  up  of  the  tree,  and 
should  be  encouraged  to  do  its  work  undisturbed,  up  to  a 
certain  point,  that  we  may  have  a  substantial  frame-work 


PHILOSOPHY    OF   PRUNING.  259 

by  which  our  fruits  can  be  supported.  The  latter,  how- 
ever, is  the  ultimate  desideratum  with  fruit-growers,  and 
in  our  impatience  to  reap  a  quick  reward,  we  often  resort 
to  measures  that  tend  to  curtail  the  usefulness,  size,  and 
beauty,  as  well  as  the  permanence  of  our  trees.  This  is 
an  illustration  of  the  axiom,  that  whatever  threatens  the 
vitality  of  a  plant,  tends  to  make  it  fruitful ;  it  calls  into 
activity  the  instinctive  effort  to  perpetuate  the  species  by 
the  production  of  seed,  that  may  be  separated  from  the  pa- 
rent, and  establish  a  separate  and  independent  existence, 
to  take  the  place  of  that,  the  life  of  which  is  threatened. 

Summer  pruning  and  pinching  interferes  with  the  growth 
by  extension,  and  threatens  the  very  life  of  the  tree ;  the 
entire  removal  of  all  new  shoots  and  their  foliage,  and  the 
removal  of  the  successive  attempts  by  the  tree  at  their 
reproduction,  will  cause  its  death  in  a  little  while.  Their 
partial  abstraction,  as  practiced  in  summer  pruning  and 
pinching,  being  an  attack  of  the  same  kind,  results  in  the 
formation  df  fruit-buds.  The  operations  of  budding  and 
grafting  upon  an  uncongenial  stock,  interrupting  the  cir- 
culation by  ringing,  by  ligatures,  by  hacking,  twisting,  and 
bending  downward,  all  tend  to  check  the  growth  by  ex- 
tension, and  are  attended  by  similar  results,  since  they  are 
antagonistic  to  the  mere  production  of  wood.  Shorten- 
ing-in  the  branches  of  some  species,  which  form  their 
fruit-buds  upon  the  shoots  of  the  current  year,  has  the 
effect  to  give  them  a  fuller  development,  if  performed 
during  the  summer,  but  if  deferred  until  the  folio  whig 
spring,  it  will  have  the  directly  opposite  result,  and  will 
cause  the  production  of  woody  shoots  at  the  expense  of 
the  fruit. 


260  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

The  season  for  pruning  has  been  made  the  subject  of 
much  discussion,  and  different  periods  have  been  very 
confidently  advised  by  different  authorities,  from  which  it 
may  safely  be  inferred  that  all  are  somewhat  right,  or  may 
be  supported  by  good  reasons.  This  refers  of  course  to 
pruning  in  its  general  sense,  of  trimming,  and  applies  to 
the  removal  of  limbs  of  greater  or  less  size.  We  always 
desire  to  avoid  the  removal  of  large  limbs,  and  should  en- 
deavor to  provide  against  the  necessity  of  such  removal, 
by  trimming  our  orchards  sufficiently  when  they  are 
young,  and  while  the  branches  are  small ;  but  when  such 
removal  becomes  absolutely  necessary,  it  should  be  per- 
formed late  in  the  autumn,  when  vegetation  is  at  rest,  be- 
cause it  is  found  that  such  large  wounds,  which  cannot  be 
soon  healed  over  by  the  new  growth,  will  at  this  season 
dry  in,  and  resist  the  action  of  the  elements  better  than 
if  the  section  had  been  made  when  the  wood  was  full  of 
sap  in  active  circulation. 

Early  spring  is  a  favorite  period  for  pruning,  chiefly 
because  it  is  comparatively  a  period  of  leisure;  the 
weather  is  less  inclement  than  in  winter,  and  the  absence 
of  foliage  affords  us  an  opportunity  to  see  our  work  and 
to  anticipate  its  effects  upon  the  tree.  So  soon  as  the  buds 
begin  to  swell  and  the  foliage  to  expand,  pruning  should 
be  arrested,  unless  in  small  trees,  because  the  sap  is  in  ac- 
tive motion,  and  the  material  called  cambium  is  not  yet 
developed,  hence  the  wounds  will  bleed,  and  are  not  so 
readily  healed  over ;  besides,  the  bark  at  this  season  is  very 
readily  separated  from  the  wood,  and  bad  wounds  are  thus 
frequently  produced  by  the  pruner,  which  may  seriously 
damage  the  tree.  Then  follows  a  period  when  pruning  had 


PHILOSOPHY    OF    PRUNING.  261 

better  be  suspended  until  the  time  that  the  trees  have 
completed  their  growth  by  extension,  and  formed  the 
terminal  bud  at  the  ends  of  their  shoots.  The  date  can- 
not be  given,  but  it  is  sufficiently  indicated  by  this  mark 
in  nature's  calendar ;  the  formation  and  full  development 
of  the  terminal  bud,  and  by  the  copious  deposits  of  woody 
matter  throughout  the  tree.  The  annual  layer  of  fibres 
is  then  being  produced,  and  the  tissues  are  in  the  formative 
stage ;  the  tree  now  possesses  within  its  own  organism  the 
best  of  all  plasters  to  cure  and  cover  the  wounds  made  by 
the  saw  and  knife,  now  the  tree  possesses  the  true  vis  me- 
dicatrix  naturae  in  the  highest  degree. 

A  few  intelligent  nurserymen  have  learned  this  very  im- 
portant lesson,  and  have  applied  it  in  the  preparation  of 
their  trees,  for  the  exposure  incident  to  their  removal  from 
the  nursery  to  the  orchard.  A  very  few  practice  it  sys- 
tematically ;  I  knew  one,  (alas,  for  the  lamented  Beeler, 
of  Indiana),  who  acted  upon  the  suggestion  made  to  him 
by  observations  and  experiments  in  vegetable  physi- 
ology. He  left  the  side  branches,  though  subordi 
nated  by  shortening  when  necessary,  in  order  to  give 
stocky  stems  to  his  trees,  and  then  removed  them  with 
the  knife  during  the  summer  before  they  were  to  be  sold 
and  planted,  instead  of  waiting  until  they  were  dug  and 
Bent  to  the  packing  house  in  the  fall  or  spring.  The  re 
suit  was,  that  while  his  stems  were  stout  and  stocky,  they 
were  also  smooth,  the  wounds  neatly  healed  over  with  new 
bark,  instead  of  being  open  from  the  fresh  cuts  and  liable 
to  crack  or  bleed,  as  they  would  have  done  had  this  prun- 
ing been  deferred  until  after  digging,  either  in  the  fall  or 
spring.  This  may  be  considered  a  small  matter,  but  it  is 


26%  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

an  illustration  of  the  principle  involved  in  selecting  the 
period  for  pruning. 

For  the  removal  of  small  limbs  from  young  trees,  hardly 
any  time  can  come  amiss  —  better  to  do  it  out  of  season 
than  to  neglect  it,  and  it  is  a  good  rule  to  have  a  sharp 
pruning  knife  always  at  hand  when  passing  through  our 
young  orchards.  There  is  but  one  time  when  pruning  is 
absolutely  interdicted,  and  that  is  when  the  wood  is  frozen. 
When  so  circumstanced,  it  should  never  be  cut  nor  dis- 
turbed in  any  manner  —  not  even  to  gratify  your  best 
friend,  by  helping  him  to  a  few  grafts  from  your  proved 
tree  of  some  coveted  variety.  Let  him  wait  for  a  thaw, 
or  go  away  without  the  grafts,  rather  than  commit  such 
an  outrage  upon  your  tree :  as  to  approach  it  with  a  knife 
when  frozen. 

While  considering  the  question  of  the  proper  season  for 
pruning,  there  is  one  axiom  of  great  importance  which 
should  be  firmly  impressed  upon  the  mind  of  the  orchard- 
ist.  Much  will  depend  upon  which  of  the  two  leading 
objects,  above  indicated,  he  may  have  in  view  —  vigor  of 
growth  and  symmetry  of  form,  or  simply  fruitfulness,  as 
the  result  of  his  labors  in  pruning  his  trees.  Pruning  at 
one  season  will  induce  the  former  result,  at  a  different 
period  of  the  year  the  same  work  will  conduce  to  the 
latter;  hence  the  postulate  Prune  in  winter  for  wood / 
in  summer  for  fruit. 


CHAPTER    XL 

THINNING. 


PROFUSION  OF  FRUIT-BUDS  —  WISE  PROVISION  AGAINST  ACCIDENTS  — 
PERIOD  OF  MATURITY  OF  PLANTS  —  MORPHOLOGY  —  THE  YOUNG 
PLANT  GROWS  BY  DEVELOPMENT  OF  STEM  AND  BRANCHES  —  LEAF 
BUDS  ALL  POINTED  —  THE  PERIOD  OF  ADOLESCENCE  VARIES  — 
THE  CENTURY  PLANT  —  A  DEFINITE  PERIOD  FOR  EACH  VARIETY  — 
HOW  DIMINISHED  OR  EXTENDED  —  STARVING  —  CROWDING — CUT- 
TING THE  ROOTS — OLD  OR  UNCONGENIAL  STOCKS  —  AT  MATURITY 
AN  ACCUMULATION  OF  NUTRITIVE  MATTER  —  PRESERVING  THE  BAL- 
ANCE BETWEEN  GROWTH  AND  FRUITAGE — WE  DO  NOT  THIN  FRUIT 
ENOUGH  —  TREES  EXHAUST  THEMSELVES  —  BIENNIAL  BEARERS  — 
ANNUAL  BEARERS  DESIRABLE  —  DISBUDDING — FIELD'S  HEDGES  OF 
PEARS — REMOVE  PORTIONS  OF  FRUIT  —  CUTTING-IN  THE  SHOOTS 
TO  REDUCE  FRUIT  —  DR.  HULL  AND  OTHERS  —  THINNING  THE 
STRAWBERRY  —  GOOSEBERRY  —  GRAPE  —  THINNING  APPLES  BY 
THRESHING  THE  TREES  —  BY  SEVERE  WINTER  PRUNING. 

Every  person  who  has  looked  at  a  bearing  fruit  tree  in 
the  winter  season,  must  have  been  struck  with  wonder  at 
the  great  profusion  of  fruit-buds  with  which  it  was  cloth- 
ed; they  are  crowded  along  the  slender  spray  of  some 
varieties  as  thickly  as  a  necklace  of  beads,  or  still  more 
abundantly,  like  clusters  of  pearls,  they  are  crowded  to- 
263 


264  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

gether  upon  the  little  fruit-spurs.  We  are  inclined  to  cavil 
at  this  profusion  of  nature,  and  to  ask  why  this  waste  of 
vegetative  effort.  But  we  may  rest  assured  that  it  is  only 
another  evidence  of  the  unerring  wisdom  of  Him  who 
doeth  all  things  well. 

All  blossoming  and  fruiting  is  but  a  changed  condition 
of  those  buds  that  would  otherwise  have  produced  leaves 
and  wood-growth.  Every  tree,  sooner  or  later,  reaches  a 
point  which  we  call  its  period  of  maturity,  when  some  of 
its  buds  are  thus  modified.  The  same  elemental  parts  are 
still  present ;  but  those  that  were  arranged  for  the  produc- 
tion of  an  elongated  shoot,  with  leaves  set  around  it  in 
some  definite  manner,  and  destined  for  the  formation  of 
woody  growth,  are  now  so  constituted  as  to  have  a  growth 
of  very  short  extension,  and  furnished  with  modified 
leaves,  so  changed,  that  we  scarcely  recognize  them  thus 
crowded  together  upon  this  shortened  and  modified  axis. 
We  here  take  our  first  lesson  in  the  very  interesting  study 
of  morphology,  or  the  science  of  the  changes  of  form  to 
which  the  parts  of  a  plant  are  subjected,  in  the  produc- 
tion of  flowers  and  fruit,  from  what  were  otherwise  the 
source  of  shoots  and  leaves.  This  will  be  found  one  of  the 
most  interesting  branches  of  the  study  of  botany,  as  it 
leads  us  to  the  investigation  of  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
displays  of  Divine  power,  and,  like  all  such  studies,  gives 
us  more  and  more  elevated  views  of  the  exalted  wisdom 
and  benevolence  of  an  All-wise  Creator,  who  has  pro- 
duced nothing  in  vain,  and  who,  while  creating  Avoiids 
and  systems  of  the  greatest  magnificence,  has  condescended 
to  prepare  the  most  tiny  flower,  and  its  previous  bud,  in 
the  most  perfect  manner.  • 


THINNING.  265 

The  study  of  morphology  which  gives  us  such  an  in- 
sight into  the  mechanism  of  the  plant,  and  which  leads  us 
into  such  mazes  of  wonder  and  admiration,  cannot  now 
detain  us  further  than  to  be  named  and  referred  to  as  the 
explanation  of  the  formation  of  what  we  call  fruit  or  blos- 
,som  buds.  The  reader  is  referred  to  the  full  explanations 
of  this  subject  by  the  famous  philosopher  and  poet,  Goethe ; 
or,  if  more  conveniently  accessible,  to  his  English  transla- 
ktors,  or  to  the  appropriate  chapters  in  any  of  the  modern 
text  books  of  botany. 

When  the  plant  is  young,  its  chief  object  is  to  grow;  it 
must  acquire  size  and  development,  to  enable  it  to  produce 
and  bear  up  the  enormous  crop  it  is  destined  one  day  to 
yield.  Hence  in  the  early  years  of  a  tree  there  is  none,  or 
very  little  of  this  transformation  of  the  buds,  which  are 
all  of  the  pointed  character,  and  when  excited  into 
growth,  they  all  produce  shoots  and  leaves  only,  which  re- 
sult in  the  formation  of  an  increase  of  the  woody  fabric, 
that  we  call  the  tree.  This  period  of  adolescence  is  longer 
or  shorter  in  different  species  and  varieties — in  some  it  may 
extend  through  many  years.  Thus,  the  American  Aloe  is 
called  the  Century  Plant,  from  the  common  belief  that  it 
must  survive  a  hundred  summers  before  this  stage  of  ma- 
turity and  blossoming  is  reached ;  whereas  this  plant  only 
needs  a  period  of  thirty  years  or  less  to  produce  its  blos- 
soms, when  it  is  favorably  situated  as  to  soil  and  climate. 

There  is,  it  is  probable,  a  definite  period  at  which  each 
kind  of  plant  will  have  these  changes  occur  in  the  buds, 
when  they  will  begin  to  flower  and  to  produce  fruit.  This 
period  may  be  accelerated  or  retarded,  to  some  extent,  by 
human  means ;  for  we  have  observed,  that  whatever  pro- 
12 


206  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

duces  excessive  vigor,  is  attended  with  the  formation  of 
leaf  buds ;  whereas,  all  those  conditions  and  circumstances 
that  check  the  vigorous  growth  by  extension,  provided 
they  do  not  too  greatly  impair  the  vitality  of  the  plant, 
will  conduce  to  the  formation  of  flower-buds. 

Some  of  these  conditions  consist  in  starving  the  tree, 
or  by  planting  it  in  a  sterile  soil,  that  has  deficient 
moistui  e ;  by  severely  crowding  the  roots,  or  by  cutting 
them,  as  in  root  pruning ;  in  grafting  a  portion  of  the 
young  plant  upon  an  old  or  an  uncongenial  stock,  or  one 
that  is  naturally  dwarfish ;  in  ringing  the  bark ;  in  frequent 
transplanting,  or  in  continued  summer  pinching  ;  in  short, 
almost  any  circumstances  which  appear  to  threaten  the 
life  of  the  tree,  seem  to  excite  within  it  an  effort  for  the 
preservation  and  perpetuation  of  the  species,  by  changing 
the  bud  plants,  attached  to  the  parent,  into  seed  plants, 
that  may  and  will  be  separated  from  it  to  reach  the  soil 
eventually,  and  there  to  establish  an  independent  existence. 

As  the  tree  advances  in  growth,  and  approaches  toward 
its  natural  period  of  maturity,  it  is  supposed  that  there  is 
an  accumulation  of  nutritive  matter  within  it,  and  at  the 
same  time  the  roots  will  have  exhausted  the  soil,  to  some 
extent,  of  the  elements  that  contributed  to  the  production 
of  wood-growth,  and  the  result  is  the  formation  of  flow- 
er-buds. Now  it  becomes  a  nice  matter  to  preserve  the 
proper  balance  between  these  two  systems  of  growth,  the 
wood  producing  and  the  fruit  forming.  Two  opposite 
systems  of  production  have  become  established  in  the 
tree,  the  one  infertile,  the  other  producing  the  desired 
fruits;  the  one  preserving  the  health  and  vigor  of  the 
tree,  the  other  tending  to  preserve  the  species  at  the  same 


THINKING.  267 

time  that  it  satisfies  our  demands  for  fruit,  but  also  mean- 
while tending  to  the  destruction  of  the  tree,  for  all  old 
trees  are  apt  to  overbear.  Young  trees,  on  the  contrary, 
in  which  the  vigor  of  wood-growth  remains  in  full  activ- 
ity, very  often  produce  fruit-buds  and  blossoms,  but  do 
not  perfect  their  fruit,  which  either  fails  to  set,  from  some 
imperfection  of  the  organs  of  reproduction,  or  falls  pre- 
maturely, in  consequence  of  the  wood  system  absorbing 
the  nutriment,  or  failing  to  prepare  the  proper  juices  for 
their  support.  Trees,  in  these  different  conditions,  require 
an  entirely  opposite  treatment.  The  younger  need  sum- 
mer pruning  and  pinching,  to  check  their  too  great  vigor, 
and  to  develop  the  laterals  or  spurs  with  their  blossom 
buds;  the  older  need  winter  pruning,  for  the  double  pur- 
pose of  reducing  the  amount  of  fruit,  and  also  to  excite 
renewed  vigor  in  the  production  of  wood  growth  that 
shall  take  the  place  of  that  which  has  been  removed. 
This  subject  will  be  more  appropriately  discussed  in  an- 
other chapter,  to  which  the  reader  is  referred ;  while  we 
proceed  to  the  legitimate  topic  of  thinning  fruit. 

Thinning  fruit  is  not  practiced  as  it  should  be,  particu- 
larly on  the  apple;  old  trees  are  often  too  fruitful,  so 
much  so  as  not  only  to  deteriorate  the  fruit,  but  to  injure 
the  tree  itself.  This  is  so  much  the  case  with  certain  va- 
rieties, as  to  constitute  a  serious  objection  to  planting  them ; 
other  sorts  so  exhaust  themselves  by  over-production  in 
one  season,  as  to  be  barren,  or  nearly  so,  the  next  year, 
during  which  period  of  rest  they  are  able  to  recuperate 
their  energies  and  to  provide  a  new  set  of  flower-buds. 
These  are  called  biennial  bearers,  and  such  are  quite  nu- 
merous in  our  orchards.  Those  kinds  that  are  prone  to 


268  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

overbear  every  year,  are  often  objectionable  on  account 
of  the  diminished  size  and  inferior  character  of  their 
fruits,  which  result  from  this  cause,  particularly  when  the 
trees  have  become  old.  The  great  desideratum,  especi- 
ally with  those  who  object  to  the  trouble  of  thinning 
the  fruit,  is  to  find  a  variety  that  will  produce  an  even  or 
well  distributed,  continuous,  and  moderate  yield — an  an- 
nual bearer,  that  does  not  exhaust  itself  by  the  production 
of  one  enormous  crop  so  as  to  require  it  to  rest  and  recuper- 
£te.  Such  varieties  are  to  be  found  in  our  collections,  and 
should  be  highly  prized. 

But  to  return  to  our  topic,  the  bold  method  of  reduc- 
ing the  crop  by  winter  pruning,  has  already  been  alluded 
to,  and  is  highly  recommended  for  such  old  trees  as  have 
ceased  producing  thrifty  shoots  of  wood-growth  at  their 
tips,  and  have  taken  on  an  excessive  tendency  to  fruitage. 
There  are  other  methods  of  producing  this  desired  effect, 
diminishing  the  amount  of  fruit  when  excessive,  and 
thereby  greatly  enlarging  the  size,  and  improving  the 
flavor  of  that  which  is  left  behind:  some  of  these  will, 
now  be  mentioned. 

DISBUDDING. — One  of  these  consists  in  the  removal  of 
alternate  buds,  or  even  a  greater  proportion  than  one  half; 
this  may  be  performed  either  in  the  end  of  winter  or  in 
early  spring,  or  even  after  the  buds  have  pushed,  still  later 
in  the  season.  This  work  may  be  done  with  the  fingers, 
a  knife,  or  by  using  the  shears,  when  the  buds  are  termi- 
nal, as  in  old  bearing  apples  and  pears,  or  on  some  cherries. 
This  plan  has  been  practiced  with  very  good  success  upon 
the  Duchesse  pear,  by  T.  W.  Field,  who  accidentally  had 
his  attention  directed  to  the  feasibility  of  making  this 


THINNING.  269 

variety  very  productive.  He  had  observed  that  cer- 
tain trees,  which  were  rubbed  so  by  the  cart-wheels  as  to 
be  stripped  of  a  portion  of  their  buds  in  the  winter  season, 
instead  of  being  injured  thereby,  were  more  productive 
than  those  which  retained  all  of  their  abundant  spurs  and 
blossoms,  and  which,  nevertheless,  often  bore  sparsely. 
Improving  upon  this  hint,  he  has  since  planted  some  such 
varieties  in  close  rows  or  hedges,  which  he  trims  annu- 
ally with  the  shears  to  keep  them  within  bounds,  and  at 
the  same  time  to  diminish  the  amount  of  blossoms.  Dis- 
budding is  systematically  pursued  in  the  European  fruit- 
gardens,  and  we  have  elaborate  directions  for  the  season 
and  mode  of  performing  the  operation,  which  is  extensively 
practiced,  particularly  on  the  trees  that  are  grown  as  es- 
paliers, and  those  kept  in  orchard  houses.  If  neglected, 
the  trees  become  exhausted  by  over-production ;  and  the 
failure  of  production  by  the  fruit-spurs  which  results, 
causes  vacant  spaces  upon  the  tree,  which  are  afterward, 
with  difficulty,  restored  to  a  profitable  condition. 

Another  method,  and  the  one  usually  pursued  by  those 
who  practice  thinning,  is,  to  go  over  their  trees  after  blos- 
soming, while  the  fruit  is  still  small,  and  systematically 
remove  such  a  proportion  as  they  may  deem  sufficient  to 
relieve  them  of  the  surplus;  and  while  so  doing,  they 
select  for  removal  all  the  inferior  specimens.  This  is  found 
to  pay  very  well  in  the  increased  size,  appearance,  and 
flavor  of  those  that  remain,  and  is  practiced  by  all  good 
horticulturists. 

It  is  found  in  some  varieties  that  the  thinning  may  be 
done  when  the  fruit  has  attained  to  one-half  its  usual  size, 
so  that1  it  may  be  marketed,  and  yet  those  which  are  left, 


270  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

will  swell  out  to  their  full  proportions  after  this  removal, 
and  will  realize,  when  harvested,  more  money,  and  will 
even  be  of  greater  weight  than  if  the  whole  crop  had  been 
left  upon  the  tree  until  its  natural  period  of  maturity. 
The  reason  is  obvious,  and  depends  upon  the  greater  size 
and  fuller  development  of  the  fruit,  which  remains  after 
thinning. 

SUMMER  PRUNING  has  already  been  alluded  to  as  one 
of  the  methods  of  producing  fruitfulness.  When  it  is 
here  introduced  as  a  means  of  thinning  the  fruit,  the  re- 
commendation may  appear  somewhat  paradoxical — yet  it 
is  not  so.  Neither  is  this  cutting  a  parallel  operation  to 
that  in  which  we  seek  to  check  the  excessive  vigor  of 
young  shoots  by  pinching  and  heading-in,  with  a  view  to 
directing  the  sap  to  the  lateral  buds  so  as  to  cause  their 
development  for  the  formation  of  fruit-spurs,  which  will 
insure  a  greater  production  of  fruit :  whereas  this  summer 
pruning  removes  a  portion  of  the  crop  to  be  supported  by 
the  tree.  This  plan  is  most  successfully  practiced  by  judi- 
cious orchardists,  among  whom  may  be  named  Dr.  Hull, 
of  Alton,  111.,  who  has  thus  treated  his  peaches,  nectarines, 
and  plums.  This  process  consists  in  cutting  off  the  ends 
of  the  shoots  that  are  laden  with  fruit,  while  these  are  yet 
quite  small;  the  superabundance  is  thus  removed  in  a 
great  degree  by  the  knife,  and  the  excess  of  foliage  is  also 
diminished  so  as  to  expose  the  fruit  freely  to  the  sun  and 
air,  which  insures  an  increased  size  and  heightened  color, 
particularly  to  the  peaches  and  nectarines.  The  remain- 
ing fruit  is  also  suitably  thinned  so  that  no  specimens 
shall  crowd  one  another.  The  exact  distances  between 
them  must  be  determined  by  the  judgment  of  the  operator; 


THINKING.  271 

some  have  decided  that  peaches  should  not  be  nearer  than 
nine  inches  ;  plums  and  nectarines  may  be  separated  by  a 
smaller  distance ;  but  it  is  not  easy  to  lay  down  a  precise 
rule. 

Thinning  is  not  often  practiced  upon  the  strawberry 
crop,  which  appears  able  upon  suitable  soils  to  produce  a 
great  abundance  of  fine  fruit,  but  it  may.  be  done  by  the 
curious,  and  enormous  show  specimens,  such  as  are  often 
exhibited  at  fairs,  are  produced  by  special  care  and  high 
manuring,  aided  greatly  by  judicious  thinning ;  not  only 
by  cutting  back  a  portion  of  the  crowns,  so  as  to  throw 
the  whole  force  of  the  plant  into  one  or  two  trusses,  but 
still  further,  by  removing  with  the  scissors  a  portion  of 
the  blossoms  or  fruit,  so  that  the  few  which  are  left  may 
become  enormously  distended  with  the  nutriment  that  had 
been  stored  up  in  the  plant  for  a  much  greater  number. 
Some  may  consider  this  one  of  the  tricks  of  the  trade,  and 
so  it  is  when  merely  done  for  the  sake  of  deceiving  the 
public,  who  are  asked  to  purchase  the  variety  by  the  sam- 
ple of  fruit,  without  detailing  the  arts  by  which  the  re- 
sults were  accomplished :  but  there  can  be  no  objection 
raised  against  such  practices  when  pursued  by  the  amateur 
for  the  sake  of  producing  unusually  large  fruits  of  any  va- 
riety. 

The  English  pursue  a  similar  method  with  their  show 
gooseberries ;  by  means  of  thinning  and  high  feeding,  with 
great  attention  to  watering,  these  fruits  are  made  to  as- 
sume gigantic  proportions  that  are  little  dreamed  of  by 
cultivators  of  the  smaller  varieties,  which  are  chiefly 
grown  in  this  country. 

The  grape  is  very  prone  to  over-production,  and  the 


272  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

crop,  as  well  as  the  vine  itself,  is  often  much  injured  by  a 
want  of  attention  to  this  particular.  So  avaricious  is  man, 
that  few  persons  will  exert  the  needed  firmne-s  and  perse- 
verance to  remove  the  excess  which  the  beautiful  vine  an- 
nually affords.  The  result  of  this  neglect  is  apparent  at 
the  vintage,  especially  when  from  any  fault  of  the  season, 
or  from  the  invasion  of  insects  or  of  mildew,  the  foli- 
age may  have  been  damaged,  as  it  frequently  is,  to  a  con- 
siderable extent.  Then  we  find  large  quantities  of  the 
grapes  so  deficient  in  color  and  flavor  as  to  be  worthless  ; 
in  some  varieties  whole  bunches  will  hang  flaccid,  wither- 
ed, and  insipid — while  perhaps  a  few,  more  favorably  situ- 
ated, will  have  their  proper  flavor.  The  grape  vine  is  well 
called  beautiful,  and  it  is  capable  of  sustaining  most  won- 
derful amounts  of  fruit ;  but  on  young  vines,  especially, 
it  is  very  bad  policy  to  allow  of  this  over-production. 

The  tendency  to  fruitage  may  be  met  in  different  ways, 
a  few  of  which  will  now  be  pointed  out,  and  all  planters 
are  urged  to  observe  and  to  practice  some  of  these  plans 
for  reducing  the  exuberance  of  this  kind  of  fruit.  In  the 
first  place  we  practice  winter  pruning,  regardless  of  its 
established  and  well-known  effect  of  producing  an  increase 
of  wood-growth,  for  this  is  what  we  desire  to  obtain  in  the 
vine,  on  account  of  its  habit  of  yielding  its  fruit  on  wood 
of  the  previous  year's  growth  ;  by  this  means  we  are  able 
to  pursue  the  renewal  system,  which  is  so  generally  pre- 
ferred, and  thus  we  may  keep  our  vines  perpetually  cloth- 
ed with  new  wood,  or  canes  as  they  are  technically  called. 
By  this  winter  pruning  we  can  reduce  the  amount  of 
wood  that  is  of  a  bearing  character,  to  any  point  which 
may  be  deemed  desirable,  according  to  the  strength  and 


THINNING.  273 

age  of  the  vine,  and  thus  the  crop  is  thinned  by  a  whole- 
sale process  of  lopping  off  the  superabundance  of  buds, 
that  would  have  produced  an  excess  of  fruit.  Another 
method  of  thinning  is,  to  rub  out  a  portion  of  the  shoots, 
this  may  be  every  alternate  branch  in  close  jointed  vari- 
eties of  the  vine :  this  is  to  be  done  soon  after  the  buds 
have  burst,  and  while  the  branches  are  yet  quite  small,  so 
that  the  vital  forces  may  be  directed  to  those  that  remain. 
Wherever  double  shoots  appear,  the  weaker  should  always 
be  removed. 

Still  another  method  of  reducing  the  superabundance, 
remains  to  be  noticed ;  this  consists  in  thinning  the  grapes 
themselves,  the  separate  berries,  which,  in  some  varieties, 
are  often  so  crowded  upon  the  bunch,  as  to  prove  a  serious 
injury  to  one  another.  In  hardy  out-door  culture  this  is 
seldom  practiced,  being  less  necessary  than  in  the  large 
varieties  of  foreign  grapes  that  are  grown  under  glass. 
These  are  systematically  thinned  with  the  scissors,  so  that 
none  shall  crowd  together ;  and  this  process,  repeated  from 
time  to  time,  is  found  to  produce  much  finer  and  larger 
berries  and  heavier  bunches  than  when  all  are  left. 

A  very  rude  method  has  sometimes  been  pursued  in 
thinning  the  superabundance  of  fruit  upon  apple  trees.  It 
appears  so  very  Gothic  that  its  description  may  only  ex- 
cite a  smile,  when  it  is  stated  that  it  consists  in  threshing 
the  tree  with  a  long  slender  pole,  by  which  a  portion  of 
the  fruit  is  cast  to  the  ground.  Rude  and  primitive  as 
this  method  may  appear,  it  is  surely  better  than  no  thin- 
ning at  all,  and  is  attended  with  this  good  result,  for  which 
it  deserves  some  commendation;  the  threshing  removes 
portions  of  the  excessive  twiggy  spray  that  always  abounds 
12* 


274  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

upon  such  trees  as  those  under  consideration,  and  thus,  in 
a  degree,  it  prevents  the  recurrence  of  so  heavy  a  crop 
the  following  year.  Whenever  an  old  orchard  has  reached 
this  condition  of  over-fruitfulness,  however,  the  best  meth- 
od of  thinning  is  to  give  a  severe  winter  pruning ;  remov- 
ing portions  of  the  spray  and  encouraging  the  free 
growth  of  young  wood  in  various  parts  of  the  top,  to  re- 
place the  older  portions  that  were  removed. 


CHAPTER   XII 

RIPJENESTG    AND    PRESERVING    FRUITS. 


CHANGES  DURING  THE  PROCESS  OF  RIPENING  —  ANNUALS  RIPEN  THEIR 
FRUIT  AND  DIE  —  PERENNIALS  HAVE  AN  ACCUMULATION  Off 
STRENGTH  —  YOUNG  PLANTS  OFTEN  FAIL  TO  PERFECT  THEIR  FRUIT 

—  THE    NECESSITY    FOR     THINNING  —  ALTERNATE    CROPS    OF    FRUIT 
FAVOR  THE  ACCUMULATION —CHANGES  IN  CONDITION  OF  PERICARP 

—  GREEN  FRUITS  APPROPRIATE  CARBON  —  GIVE  OFF   CARBONIC  ACID 
AS  THEY  RIPEN — COMPOSITION  OF  RIPE  SUCCULENT  FRUITS — FOR- 
MATION   OF     SUGAR — INFLUENCE     OF    LIGHT,   OF     EXCESSIVE    MOIS- 
TURE—TESTS OF  RIPENESS  —  CHANGES  AFTER  SEPARATION  DEPEND 
UPON    OXIDATION  —  TIME    REQUIRED    FOR    RIPENING  —  FROM  BLOS- 
SOMING—BLOSSOMS RENDERED  ABORTIVE  BY  TOO  HIGH    TEMPERA- 
TURE—  TREES    ARE    ABORTIVE    FROM    EXCESSIVE  WOOD-GROWTH  — 
EXPERIENCE  REQUIRED     TO    JUDGE  OF  RIPENESS  —  PRACTICAL  TEST 

—  GATHERING  —  SOME    MATURE     ON    THE  TREE;     OTHERS,   PLUCKED 
PREMATURELY,  WILL    RIPEN  —  EFFECTS    ON    KEEPING    QUALITIES  — 
SELECT    FINE    WEATHER — HANDLING  —  PACKING  —  THE  GATHERING 
BAG  —  WHY  RED  APPLES  ARE  PREFERRED. 

PRESERVATION LOW    TEMPERATURE     AND    DRYNES.S,  BUT    AVOIDING 

FROST  AND  DESICCATION— COVERING  IN  PILES  — THE  RAIL  PEN 
WITH  STRAW  —  THE  CIDER  HOUSE  —  THE  CELLAR  —  PACKING  IN 
BARRELS — SWEATING  —  WAXY  COATING  TO  BE  PRESERVED — FRUIT- 
ROOMS  —  PLANS  —  NYCE'  S  PATENT. 

RIPENING  FRUITS. — Having  succeeded  in  bringing  our 
trees  into  a  productive  condition,  we  now  come  to  a  period 
of  their  history  which  is  possessed  of  great  interest  to  the 
275 


276  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

orchardist.  While  he  is  contemplating  the  rich  returns 
for  his  capital  and  labor  expended  upon  the  orchard,  how- 
ever, he  will  find  many  circumstances  in  the  functions  of 
his  plants  that  will  amply  repay  him  for  their  careful 
study.  Nor  should  he  consider  these  only  as  matters  of 
philosophical  interest,  for  they  will  often  lead  him  into 
courses  of  treatment  that  will  enable  him  to  secure  richer 
returns  than  he  would  otherwise  attain.  A  few  of  these 
will  be  presented  in  the  commencement  of  this  chapter, 
nor  need  any  apology  be  offered  for  quoting  one  of  the 
highest  authorities  in  the  language  upon  this  branch  of 
botanical  study.  Balfour  gives  the  following  account  of 
the  changes  which  occur  in  the  vegetable  economy  during 
the  formation  and  ripening  of  fruits,  under  which  term  he 
includes,  in  botanical  language,  all  seeds,  whether  the  dry 
pericarps,  or  the  pulpy,  drupes,  and  other  appendages, 
which  are  recognized  as  fruits  proper  in  pomological 
language.  ,-.^ 

"  While  the  fruit  enlarges,  the  sap  is  drawn  towards  it, 
and  a  great  exhaustion  of  the  juices  of  the  plant  takes 
place.  In  annuals,  this  exhaustion  is  such  as  to  destroy 
the  plants ;  but  if  they  are  prevented  from  bearing  fruit, 
they  may  be  made  to  live  for  two  or  more  years.  Peren- 
nials, by  acquiring  increased  vigor,  are  able  better  to  bear 
the  demand  made  upon  them  during  fruiting.  If  large 
and  highly  flavored  fruit  is  desired,  it  is  of  importance  to 
allow  an  accumulation  of  sap  to  take  place  before  the 
plant  flowers.  When  a  very  young  plant  is  permitted  to 
blossom,  it  seldom  brings  fruit  to  perfection.  When  a 
plant  produces  fruit  in  very  large  quantities,  gardeners  are 
in  the  habit  of  thinning  it  early,  in  order  that  there  may 


RIPENING   AND    PRESERVING   FRUITS.  277 

be  an  increased  supply  of  sap  for  that  which  remains.  In 
this  way,  peaches,  nectarines,  apricots,  etc.,  are  rendered 
larger  and  better  flaArored.  When  the  fruiting  is  checked 
for  one  season,  there  is  an  accumulation  of  nutritive  mat- 
ter which  has  a  beneficial  effect  upon  the  subsequent  crop. 
"  The  pericarp  is  at  first  of  a  green  color,  and  performs 
the  same  functions  as  the  other  green  parts  of  plants,  de- 
composing carbonic  acid  under  the  agency  of  light  and 
liberating  oxygen.  Saussure  asserts  that  all  fruits,  in  a 
green  state,  are  adequate  to  perform  this  process  of  deox- 
idation.  As  the  pericarp  advances  to  maturity,  it  either 
becomes  dry  or  succulent.  In  the  former  case  it  changes 
into  a  brown  or  white  color,  and  has  a  quantity  of  ligneous 
matter  deposited  in  its  substance,  so  as  to  acquire  great 
hardness,  where  it  is  incapable  of  performing  any  process 
of  vegetable  life ;  in  the  latter  it  becomes  fleshy  in  its 
texture,  and  assumes  various  bright  tints.  In  fleshy 
fruits,  however,  there  is  frequently  a  deposition  of  ligneous 
cells  in  the  endocarp,  forming  the  stone  of  the  fruit;  and 
even  in  the  pulpy  matter  of  the  sarcocarp,  there  are  found 
isolated  cells  of  a  similar  nature,  as  in  some  varieties  of 
pear,  where  they  cause  a  peculiar  grittiness.  The  con- 
tents of  the  cells  near  the  outside  of  succulent  fruits  are 
thickened  by  exhalation,  and  a  process  of  endosmose  goes 
on,  by  which  the  thinner  contents  of  the  inner  cells  pass 
outward,  and  thus  cause  swelling  of  the  fruit.  As  the 
fruit  advances  to  maturity,  however,  this  exhalation  di- 
minishes, the  water  becoming  free  and  entering  into  new 
combinations.  In  all  pulpy  fruits,  which  are  not  green, 
there  are  changes  going  on  by  which  carbon  is  separated 
in  combination  with  oxygen. 


278  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

*  *  *  "  Succulent  fruits  contain  a  large  quantity  of 
water  along  with  cellulose  or  lignine,  sugar,  gummy  mat- 
ter or  dextrine,  albumen,  coloring  matter,  various  organic 
acids,  as  citric,  malic  and  tartaric,  combined  with  lime 
and  alkaline  substances,  beside  a  pulpy  gelatinous  matter, 
which  is  converted  by  acids  into  pectiue,  whence  pectic 
acid  is  formed  by  the  action  of  albumen.  Pectine  is  so- 
luble in  water,  and  exists  in  the  pulp  of  fruits,  as  apples, 
gooseberries,  currants,  strawberries,  etc.  Pectic  acid  is 
said  to  consist  of  C.  14,  H.  3,  O.  12  +  H.O.  It  absorbs  wa- 
ter, and  is  changed  into  a  jelly-like  matter,  hence  its  use 
in  making  preserves.  Each  kind  of  fruit  is  flavored  with 
a  peculiar  aromatic  substance.  Starch  is  rarely  present  in 
the  pericarp  of  the  fruit,  although  it  occurs  commonly  in 
the  seed.  *  *  * 

"  During  the  ripening  much  of  the  water  disappears, 
while  the  cellulose  or  lignine  and  the  dextrine  are  con- 
verted into  sugar.  Berard  is*  of  opinion  that  the  changes 
in  fruits  are  caused  by  the  aciion  of  the  oxygen  of  the 
air.  Freney  found  that  fruits,  covered  with  varnish,  did 
not  ripen.  As  the  process  of  ripening  becomes  perfected, 
the  acids  combine  with  alkalies,  and  thus  the  acidity  of 
the  fruit  diminishes,  while  its  sweetness  increases.  The 
formation  of  sugar  is  by  some  attributed  to  the  action  of 
organic  acids  on  the  vegetable  constituents,  gum,  dextrine, 
and  starch ;  others  think  that  the  cellulose  and  lignine  are 
similarly  changed  by  the  action  of  acids.  The  formation 
of  sugar  is  said  to  be  prevented  by  watering  the  tree  with 
alkaline  solutions.  *  *  *  In  seasons,  when  there  is 
little  sun,  but  a  great  abundance  of  moisture,  succulent 
fruits  become  watery  and  lose  their  flavor.  The  same 


RIPENING   AND    PRESERVING   FRUITS.  279 

thing  frequently  takes  place  in  young  trees  with  abundance 
of  sap,  and  in  cases  where  a  large  supply  of  water  has 
been  given  artificially."  Travelers,  who  have  eaten  the 
magnificent  specimens  of  fruits  produced  by  irrigation,  in 
California,  tell  us  that  they  are  deficient  in  flavor,  and  the 
same  thing  is  sometimes  observed  as  a  result  of  an  unusu- 
ally wet  season. 

"  It  is  not  easy  in  all  cases  to  determine  the  exact  time 
when  the  fruit  is  ripe.  In  dry  fruits,  the  period  immedi- 
ately before  dehiscence,*  is  considered  as  that  of  matura- 
tion ;  but  in  pulpy  fruits,  there  is  much  uncertainty.  It 
is  usual  to  say  that  edible  fruits  are  ripe  when  their  in- 
gredients are  in  such  a  state  of  combination  as  to  give  the 
most  agreeable  flavor..  After  such  are  ripe,  in  the  ordi- 
nary sense,  so  as  to  be  capable  of  being  used  for  food, 
they  undergo  further  changes  by  the  oxidation  of  their 
tissues,  even  after  being  separated  from  the  plant.  In 
some  cases  these  changes  improve  the  quality  of  the  fruit, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  medlar,  the  austerity  of  which  is 
thus  still  further  diminished.  In  the  pear,  this  process 
renders  it  soft,  but  still  fit  for  food,  while  in  the  apple  it 
causes  a  decay  which  acts  injuriously  on  its  qualities.  By 
this  process  of  oxidation,  the  whole  fruit  is  ultimately  re- 
duced to  a  putrescent  mass,  which  probably  acts  bene- 
ficially in  promoting  the  germination  of  the  seeds  when 
the  fruit  drops  on  the  ground. 

"  The  periods  of  time  required  for  ripening  the  fruit,  va- 
ries in  different  plants.  Most  fruits  ripen  within  a  year 
from  the  expansion  of  the  flower,  some  come  to  maturity 
within  a  few  days,  others  require  months.  Certain  plants, 

*  Bursting  open  of  the  pods,  or  of  the  hulls  of  nuts. 


280  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

as  some  Coniferse,  require  more  than  a  year,  and  in  the 
Metrosideros  the  fruit  remains  attached  to  the  branch  for 
several  years.  The  following  is  a  general  statement  of 
the  usual  time  required  for  the  maturation  of  fruits :  — 

Grasses  and  Grains 13  to  15  days. 

Raspberry,  Strawberry,  Cherry 2  months. 

Bird-cherry,  Lime-tree 3        " 

Roses,  White  Thorn,  Horsechestnut 4        " 

Vine,    Pear,   Apple,    "Walnut,   Beech,   Plum,    Nut, 

Almond 5  to  6        " 

Olive,  Savin 7        " 

Colchicum,  Mistletoe 8  to  9       " 

Conifers 10  to  12        " 

Some  Coniferae,  certain  Oaks,  and  Metrosi- 
deros  above  12        " 

"The  ripening  of  fruits  may  be  accelerated  by -the  ap- 
plication of  heat,  the  placing  of  dark-colored  bricks  below 
it,  and  by  removing  a  ring  of  bark,  so  as  to  lead  to  an  ac- 
cumulation of  sap.  It  has  been  observed  that  plants,  sub- 
jected to  a  high  temperature,  not  unfrequently  prove 
abortive ;  this  seems  to  result  from  the  over  stimulation, 
causing  the  production  of  uni-sexual  flowers  alone.  Trees 
are  sometimes  made  to  produce  fruit  by  checking  their 
roots  when  too  luxuriant,  and  by  preventing  the  excessive 
development  of  branches."  *  Here  we  have  the  explana- 
tion of  the  processes  of  root  pruning  and  of  summer 
pinching,  and  shortening-in,  which  have  been  more  ex- 
tensively introduced  upon  another  page ;  as  well  as  the 
plan  for  inducing  fruitfulness  in  such  trees  as  are  tardy 
from  excessive  wood-growth,  by  hacking  the  bark  to  inter- 
rupt the  flow  of  sap  from  the  buds  to  the  roots;  by 

*  Balfour's  Manual. 


RIPENING   AND   PRESERVING   FRUITS.  281 

this,  some  of  the  former  are  changed  to  flower-buds. 
We  may  learn  to  judge  of  the  condition  of  ripeness  of 
our  larg.er  succulent  fruits,  such  as  apples  and  pears,  "by  a 
little  experience.  When  ready  to  be  picked,  they  will 
have  attained  their  maximum  size,  their  color  will  have 
changed  somewhat  from  its  greenness,  and  they  will  as- 
sume a  sort  of  translucency  that  indicates  the  approach 
of  maturity ;  but  the  best  practical  test  for  the  fruit-gath- 
erer, is  the  ready  separation  of  the  stem  from  its  attach- 
ment. In  those  fruits,  which  are  suspended  by  a  stem  of 
considerable  length,  and  in  which  this  organ  belongs  to  the 
fruit  itself,  and  is  intimately  connected  with  its  tissues, 
we  shall  find  that  it  will  part  easily  from  the  branch  at 
that  period  of  ripeness  when  it  is  best  to  separate  it. 
Such  fruits  are  often  much  improved  by  a  continuation  of 
the  process  of  ripening  after  they  are  gathered,  but  this 
more  properly  belongs  to  another  division  of  the  subject. 
There  is  another  class  of  fruits  which  are  found  to  attain 
their  greatest  excellence  and  most  perfect  ripening  upon 
the  tree  itself,  and  these  can  never  be  enjoyed  elsewhere 
in  so  great  perfection  as  in  close  proximity  to  the  place  of 
their  production ;  because,  so  soon  as  they  are  separated 
from  their  connection  with  the  plant,  a  process  of  decom- 
position commences,  they  begin  to  decay,  and  many  of 
them  soon  become  really  unwholesome.  Most  of  those 
that  are  called  stone-fruits  are  of  this  character,  such  as 
peaches,  nectarines,  apricots,  plums,  and  cherries — all  of 
which  have  a  very  transitory  period  of  excellence.  The 
same  is  still  more  remarkably  the  case  with  most  of  the 
berries,  hence  all  of  these  classes  of  fruits  are  better 
adapted  to  a  near  than  to  a  distant  market. 


282  AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 

With  apples  and  pears,  however,  the  case  is  quite  differ- 
ent. Some  of  these,  it  is  true,  especially  some  of  the 
summer  varieties,  will  attain  a  perfect  state  of  ripeness 
while  yet  attached  to  the  tree,  and  some  of  them  will  even 
remain  hanging  to  the  twig,  until  they  reach  that  condi- 
tion of  over-ripeness  in  which  they  lose  a  portion  of  their 
fine  juices  and  become  mealy,  or  incipient  decay  may  set 
in,  so  as  to  make  them  rotten  at  the  core.  Hence,  in 
nearly  all  varieties,  it  is  found  best  to  pluck  the  fruit  a  lit- 
tle prematurely,  and  we  are  guided  by  the  natural  indica- 
tion of  the  falling  of  a  portion  of  the  crop.  By  this 
means  we  can,  in  a  degree,  control  the  final  ripening  of 
our  fruits ;  and  we  have  the  great  advantage  of  being 
able  to  ship  them  in  a  firm  condition  to  distant  markets, 
so  as  to  arrive  at  the  end  of  a  long  journey  in  prime  or- 
der ;  whereas,  if  thoroughly  ripe,  they  could  only  be  trans- 
ported a  few  miles,  and  then  needing  the  greatest  care  in 
their  handling.  Our  summer  varieties  always  require  to 
be  near  their  ultimate  ripeness  when  gathered,  for,  if 
plucked  too  soon,  they  will  wither,  and  be  worthless. 
Among  these,  there  are  some  varieties,  particularly  of  the 
apple,  which  continue  ripening  for  a  long  period.  In  the 
limited  family  orchard  this  quality  is  a  great  desideratum 
in  the  summer  fruits,  but  it  is  quite  otherwise  in  the  orch- 
ards, which  are  planted  for  profit  in  the  market,  because 
of  the  increased  expense  of  gathering  only  a  few  at  a  time 
repeatedly,  instead  of  clearing  the  tree  at  once.  It  is  also 
found  to  be  an  advantage  in  shipping,  to  have  a  consider- 
able quantity  of  a  kind  to  send  off  at  one  time.. 

GATHERING. — We  now  come  to  the  important  matter 
of  harvesting  our  crops  of  fruits  that  have  been  the  cause 


RIPENING    AND    PRESERVING   FRUITS.  283 

of  so  much  care  and  anxiety,  as  well  as  of  pleasure.  This 
will  require  new  considerations  as  to  its  disposition  and 
preservation  to  the  best  advantage,  and  will  call  for  a  dis- 
cussion of  the  best  modes  of  packing,  storing,  ripening, 
and  transportation  to  market. 

From  what  has  already  been  said  with  regard  to  the 
process  of  ripening  of  fruits  in  the  natural  way  upon  the 
tree,  it  will  be  understood  that  we  must  gather  some  kinds 
before  they  have  reached  their  perfect  condition  of  matu- 
rity. There  is  a  point  at  which  they  have  obtained,  from 
their  connection  with  the  parent  tree,  all  the  elements 
that  are  necessary  to  the  development  of  their  highest 
qualities.  They  may  now  be  separated,  not  only  with 
safety,  but  with  decided  advantage  in  many  instances,  as 
they  are  improved  by  the  further  process  of  maturation 
under  different  circumstances  from  those  supplied  by  na- 
ture, and  when  properly  treated,  they  will  acquire  a  much 
finer  condition  as  to  delicacy  and  flavor  than  is  ever 
reached  by  ripening  upon  the  tree  exposed  to  the  light 
and  air.  This,  it  will  be  remembered,  is  not  the  case  with 
all  fruits ;  for,  as  has  already  been  stated,  there  are  those 
which  must  remain  upon  the  tree  until  they  acquire  their 
most  perfect  ripeness,  and  which  begin  to  depreciate  in 
quality  so  soon  as  they  are  separated  from  their  connec- 
tion with  the  fruit -bearing  twig.  These  need  to  be  at 
once  disposed  of,  and  the  consideration  of  the  best  means 
of  transportation,  is  a  question  of  more  importance  than 
any  plans  for  their  temporary  preservation.  They  must 
be  sold  or  used  at  once,  and  should  be  handled  with 
the  greatest  care,  packed  in  suitable  boxes  or  baskets  in 
the  most  judicious  manner  for  a  good  display  of  their 


284  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

beauties,  for  their  preservation  from  bruising  and  decay, 
and  for  sending  them  forward  to  their  destination  with 
the  least  possible  delay :  the  details  of  these  several  parts 
of  the  business  will  be  left  for  the  exercise  of  the  ingenu- 
ity of  the  parties  most  deeply  interested.  In  the  class  of 
fruits  which  are  so  constituted  as  to  bear  and  indeed  to 
require  picking,  before  they  have  reached  the  period  of 
perfect  ripeness  we  shall  find  several  particulars  that  need 
consideration.  First,  it  will  be  found  that  the  proper  time 
for  gathering  them  varies  considerably.  Thus,  with  early 
apples  and  pears,  a  few  days  only  embrace  the  best  period, 
during  which  they  may  be  gathered  without  becoming 
wilted  if  plucked  too  soon,  or  decaying  if  left  too  late. 
Even  with  winter  fruits,  we  find  that,  to  have  them  in 
perfection,  some  varieties  require  to  be  gathered  much 
earlier  than  the  time  usually  assigned  for  harvesting  the 
general  crop.  It  is  somewhat  singular  also,  that  this  course 
very  considerably  extends  their  time  of  keeping,  and  that 
some  of  those  varieties  which  would  become  dry,  mealy, 
and  insipid,  early  in  the  winter,  if  gathered  too  late, 
will  remain  sound,  firm,  plump,  and  juicy,  and  retain  all 
their  fine  flavor  through  the  winter,  if  they  have  been 
taken  from  the  tree  at  an  earlier  period  of  the  season. 
They  must  be  left  upon  the  tree  until  properly  developed, 
however,  and  then  be  carefully  kept  in  a  cool  apartment. 

The  usual  season  for  gathering  winter  fruits  is  October, 
before  the  access  of  severe  frosts,  and  at  a  time  when  the 
wood-growth  for  the  season  has  been  completed,  and  the 
foliage  is  nearly  ready  to  separate  from  its  attachment  to 
the  tree.  The  fruits  will  then  generally  part  readily  from 
the  twigs,  without  either  breaking  them  or  rupturing  the 


RIPENING    AJO)   PRESERVING   FRUITS.  285 

fruit-stem,  which  should  always  be  preserved,  and  from 
the  apple  especially,  it  should  never  be  pulled  out,  as  is 
apt  to  happen  in  certain  varieties,  when  proper  care  is  not 
exercised  in  picking  them.  Some  of  the  apples  that  re- 
quire to  be  gathered  early,  are,  the  Rambo,  Pryor's  Red, 
Hubbardston,  Westfield,  Rhode  Island  Greening,  several 
Russets,  and  all  those  which  evince  a  tendency  to  fall  pre- 
maturely. There  are  others  which  may  be  left  to  a  later 
period  with  impunity,  some  of  these  will  even  bear  a  lit- 
tle freezing  without  serious  damage,  but  we  should  always 
endeavor  to  anticipate  the  exposure  of  our  fruits  to  any 
great  depression  of  temperature  while  they  remain  at- 
tached to  the  trees.  An  early  and  severe  frost  has  often 
proved  disastrous  to  a  fine  crop  of  apples,  thus  left  too 
long  upon  the  trees. 

For  all  fruits  it  is  essential  that  the  weather  should  be 
fine  at  the  time  they  are  gathered.  They  should  be  per- 
fectly dry  when  plucked,  and  they  must  be  handled  with 
the  greatest  care  to  avoid  bruising  in  the  slightest  degree. 
Each  specimen  must  be  taken  separately  in  the  hand  and 
turned  to  one  side,  when,  if  it  do  not  part  readily  from 
the  twig,  the  thumb  and  finger  must  be  applied  to  the 
stem,  to  aid  the  separation  at  the  proper  point ;  each  is 
then  to  be  placed  in  a  gathering  basket,  which  should  be 
shallow,  and  for  delicate  sorts  should  be  lined  loosely  with 
fresh  leaves  or  with  soft  moss,  or  a  little  wilted  grass. 
From  the  baskets,  the  fruit  should  be  transferred  to  its 
permanent  winter  quarters,  by  a  careful  and  judiciors 
hand,  who  should  select  them  and  reject  all  that  are  bruis- 
ed, specked,  or  otherwise  defective,  and  place  them  on  the 
shelves,  or  pack  them  in  the  boxes  or  barrels  into  which 


286  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

they  are  placed  for  preservation,  or  transportation  to  mar- 
ket. In  packing,  it  is  best  to  use  no  material  but  the  fruit 
itself,  which  should  be  so  closely  placed  that  they  shall 
not  jostle  and  bruise  one  another  when  moved.  Some 
persons  use  a  bag,  slung  around  the  neck,  when  gathering 
the  fruits  from  the  tree ;  into  this  they  are  placed  as  fast 
as  they  are  plucked,  and  successively  transferred  to  the 
barrels,  or  poured  in  piles  upon  the  ground.  With  very 
firm  varieties,  this  may  be  done  without  serious  damage, 
but  the  bruising  that  necessarily  ensues  will  be  very  pre- 
judicial to  all  the  more  delicate  fruits,  and  will  materially 
depreciate  the  value  of  such  as  are  also  of  a  pale  color.  A 
want  of  care  in  this  matter  of  handling  fruit  is,  no  doubt, 
the  chief  reason  for  the  popular  preference  of  red  apples 
in  our  markets,  since  those,  that  are  well  covered  with  a 
deep  color,  do  not  show  the  bruises  that  are  so  unseemly 
upon  the  fair  cheek  of  the  lighter  colored  varieties. 

The  modes  of  keeping  winter  fruits  are  exceedingly  va- 
rious, and  some  of  them  are  quite  primitive.  The  desid- 
erata are  coolness  and  dryness,  which  should  not  be  car- 
ried to  the  extent  of  freezing,  nor  of  desiccation.  The 
simplest  method  is  to  place  the  fruit  in  a  pile  upon  a  dry 
piece  of  ground,  to  cover  it  thickly  with  clean  dry  straw, 
and,  as  the  winter  approaches,  to  apply  a  heavy  layer  of 
earth,  sufficient  to  keep  out  the  frost.  Sometimes  this  is 
kept  from  the  stiaw  by  a  simple  roof  of  boards,  which 
support  the  earth  from  pressing  upon  the  fruit,  and  leave 
it  in  a  sort  of  cave,  which  can  be  entered  occasionally  dur- 
ing the  winter.  This  plan  is  only  recommended  for  those 
who  have  no  cellars  or  other  suitable  apartments,  for 
many  fruits  acquire  an  earthy  flavor  from  this  near  con 


RIPENING    AND   PRESERVING   FRUITS.  287 

tact  with  the  soil.  Another  primitive  plan,  and  one  which 
is  well  adapted  to  the  preservation  of  cider  apples,  and 
might  be  used  for  the  keeping  of  those  needed  for  stock 
feeding,  is  to  build  a  rail-pen,  four  square,  like  a  field  corn- 
crib,  into  which  the  fruit  is  put  upon  straw,  and  a  lining 
of  the  same  material  is  placed  at  the  sides  and  upon  the 
top,  which  may  also  be  sheltered  with  boards  to  shed  off 
the  rain.  In  our  mild  winters,  many  varieties  of  fruits  can 
be  sufficiently  well  preserved  in  this  manner  for  the  purposes 
mentioned.  In  a  proper  establishment  for  cider-making, 
large  bins  and  rooms  are  provided  within  the  building, 
which  afford  sufficient  protection  from  the  frost,  so  that 
cider-making  may  be  carried  on  during  the  winter ;  and 
in  well  arranged  farm-steads,  the  feeding  barns  should  be 
provided  with  suitable  compartments  for  the  safe  storage 
of  fruits  or  roots,  that  are  to  be  fed  to  the  stock  during 
the  inclement  season,  when  they  are  so  much  needed. 

All  farm-houses  should  be  provided  with  good  deep  and 
dry  cellars,  which  will  prove  the  best  place  for  the  storage 
of  fruits.  These  may  be  placed  in  bins,  or,  still  better, 
upon  shelves,  as  it  is  not  desirable  to  have  too  great  a  bulk 
together.  When  but  one,  or  at  most,  but  two  layers  of 
fruit  are  deposited  upon  each  shelf,  and  when  each  of 
these  is  placed  at  a  sufficient  distance  from  those  above  or 
below  it,  the  whole  may  be  easily  inspected  from  time  to 
time,  and  defective  specimens  can  be  removed  without 
disturbing  the  rest.  These  shelves  should  be  made  of 
narrow  strips,  separated  from  one  another  by  a  space  that 
will  admit  of  thorough  ventilation.  The  whole  apartment 
devoted  to  fruit,  should  be  kept  cool  and  dark,  and  free 
from  moisture  or  dampness. 


288  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

Many  large  orchardists  prefer  to  select  their  fruit  from 
the  picking  baskets,  and  pack  at  once  in  new  barrels, 
which  are  made  for  this  special  purpose,  and  are  not  so 
tight  as  those  used  for  flour.  In  packing  these,  it  is  desi- 
rable to  place  the  fruit  carefully  in  layers,  filling  the  space 
completely  as  the  work  proceeds,  putting  each  specimen 
down  by  hand,  and  when  the  vessel  is  filled  to  about  an 
inch  above  the  chine,  the  heads  are  put  on,  a  follower 
placed  upon  them,  and  the  whole  brought  under  the  pres- 
sure of  a  lever,  which  forces  the  mass  together  so  that 
there  shall  be  no  possibility  of  motion  among  the  fruit. 
It  is  better  that  the  outer  layers  should  be  somewhat  in- 
dented by  the  barrel  heads,  than  that  the  whole  should  be 
spoiled  by  the  bruising  that  would  follow  from  loose  pack- 
ing. These  barrels  are  often  left  under  the  trees  for  some 
time,  or  they  may  be  placed  under  an  open  shed  for  pro- 
tection, prior  to  transportation.  It  is  a  common  practice, 
before  barreling,  to  deposit  the  fruit  in  piles  as  it  is  gath- 
ered, giving  it  only  a  covering  of  straw  to  allow  it  to 
throw  off  a  part  of  its  moisture,  a  process  generally  term- 
ed sweating.  Now  it  cannot  be  gainsaid  that  there  may 
be  an  escape  of  the  fluids  by  transpiration  through  the 
pores  of  the  skin,  and  we  know  that  there  is  a  loss  of 
weight  and  even  of  plumpness,  in  many  varieties,  by  ex- 
posure in  a  dry  atmosphere ;  but  the  excessive  moisture 
observed  upon  the  surface  of  fruits  that  have  been  exposed 
to  a  low  temperature,  when  they  are  brought  into  a 
warmer  apartment,  is  unquestionably  the  simple  precipita- 
tion of  atmospheric  moisture,  and  entirely  independent  of 
the  juices  of  the  fruit  itself.  The  advantages  of  this 
method  of  treatment  are,  that  more  time  is  given  for  the 


RIPENING   AND    PRESERVING   FRUITS.  289 

careful  selection  of  the  fruits  before  placing  them  in  the 
barrels,  and  a  better  opportunity  for  selection,  and  the  re- 
jection from  the  packages  of  all  those  which  are  in  any 
way  defective.  The  disadvantages  are  the  increased  labor 
and  the  greater  amount  of  handling  to  which  the  fruits 
are  subjected.  The  surface  of  our  seed-fruits,  (pepins), 
is  endued  with  a  peculiar  coating  of  a  waxy  nature,  which 
is  of  great  value  for  their  preservation,  and  should  not  be 
removed,  hence  the  less  fruit  is  handled,  the  better  it  will 
keep,  and  it  should  never  be  rubbed  nor  wiped ;  if  too 
wet,  or  "  sweating,"  it  should  be  exposed  to  a  dry  atmos- 
phere, until  the  surplus  moisture  shall  have  quietly  evap- 
orated before  it  is  transferred  or  handled. 

It  is  often  observed  of  particular  varieties  that  they  are 
more  prone  to  wilt  than  other  kinds :  this  is  particularly 
the  case  with  Russet  apples,  and  is  believed  to  result  from 
a  deficiency  of  this  protecting  outer  covering  or  waxy 
exudation,  which  appears  most  plentiful  in  those  that  re- 
tain their  plumpness. 

In  packing  for  market,  besides  the  directions  already 
given  as  to  prevent  motion,  it  is  very  desirable  to  have 
the  packages,  of  whatever  form,  whether  boxes  or  barrels, 
of  a  neat  appearance  and  uniform  full  size.  The  fruits 
should  be  well  selected,  and  of  a  like  average  quality 
throughout,  and  not  fixed  up  for  market  with  the  best 
only  at  the  ends  or  sides  that  are  to  be  first  opened,  while 
the  inferior  fruit  is  concealed  within.  •Honesty  is  the  best 
policy  everywhere,  and  dealers  soon  learn  to  discriminate 
in  favor  of  the  brands  of  honest  packers.  It  is  believed 
that  any  orchardists,  who  will  take  pains  in  the  selection 
of  their  fruits,  and  in  the  excellence  and  honest  measure 
13 


290  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

of  their  packages,  will  soon  establish  a  reputation  that 
will  be  of  great  value  to  them  in  their  future  offerings. 

FKUIT-BOOMS. — For  those  who  wish  to  reap  the  highest 
rewards  and  the  greatest  profits  from  a  near  and  conveni- 
ent market,  as  well  as  those  who  desire  to  preserve  their 
fruits,  prolong  their  enjoyment  of  them,  and  to  bring 
them  to  the  highest  perfection,  the  fruit-room  or  fruit- 
house  becomes  indispensable.  These  should  be  so  con- 
structed as  to  meet  the  required  conditions  of  an  equable 
and  cool  temperature,  with  darkness,  and  a  sufficient 
amount  of  dryness  to  insure  freedom  from  mold  and  damp. 
To  avoid  the  precipitation  of  atmospheric  moisture,  the 
apartment  should  be  tight,  and  seldom  opened,  parti- 
cularly in  damp  weather.  To  absorb  the  exhalations  from 
the  fruit  itself,  and  that  emitted  from  the  burning  candle 
or  the  breathing  of  the  visitor,  the  introduction  of  certain 
chemical  absorbents  has  been  suggested;  among  these, 
freshly  burned  lime  has  been  recommended  and  used,  but 
Mr.  Du  Breuil  advises  the  introduction  of  dry  chloride  of 
calcium,  which  has  so  great  an  affinity  for  moisture  as  to 
absorb  it  completely  from  the  atmosphere.  This  is  tlie 
material  used  by  B.  M.  Nyce,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  his 
patent  fruit  preserving  establishments ;  and  this  mode  of 
preserving  a  dry  atmosphere  is  a  leading,  and  indeed,  the 
chief  feature  and  element  of  his  success. 

In  the  construction  of  fruit-houses,  the  fluctuations  of 
the  outer  atmospheric  temperature  must  be  guarded 
against  by  making  double  walls,  and  by  filling  the  spaces 
with  non-conducting  materials.  The  floors  and  the  ceiling 
should  be  similarly  arranged — unless  where  the  cooling  is 
effected  by  a  layer  of  ice  above  the  fruit-room,  when  the 


RIPENING   AND   PRESERVING   FRUITS. 


ceiling  should  be  metallic,  so  as  to  enable  the  caloric  to  be 
rapidly  abstracted  from  the  space  below.  The  house, 
patented  by  Prof.  Nyce,  is  essentially  a  large  refrigerator, 
with  the  ice  at  the  top,  and  provided  with  absorbents 
for  removing  from  the  air  the  moisture  it  has  received 
from  the  fruit.  Its  construction  will  be  understood  from 
the  accompanying  diagrams  and  description.  The  letter- 
ing of  similar  parts  is  the  same  in  all  three  diagrams ;  the 
description  is  that  of  the  inventor. 

(A)  Foundation  walls.     The  ground  floor  is  leveled  off, 

and  made  solid,  and  even 
with  the  foundation  walls. 
(E)  A  covering  of  tar  and 
pitch,  one-half  inch  thick, 
put  over  the  ground  and 
foundation  walls,  to  pre- 
vent the  entrance  of  mois- 
ture. The  tar  and  pitch 
should  be  mixed  so  as  to 
be  only  moderately  hard- 
ened by  the  temperature 
of  the  ground.  (D)  The 
filling  between  the  walls 
is  composed  of  short  dry 
shavings,  chaff,  or  other  poor  conductors,  3£  feet 
thick,  on  the  bottom  and  .sides.  (C)  Joist  for  plank 
floor,  3|  feet  above  the  ground.  The  floor  is  made  level 
throughout.  (F)  Chloride  of  calcium,  or  dried  waste-bit- 
tern, from  salt  works,  spread  on  every  part  of  the  floor  of 
the  preserving  room,  to  absorb  moisture.  (II}  Air-tight 
casings,  made  of  common  sheet-iron,  No.  26 ;  the  edges 


Fig-.  27. — NYCE'S  FRUIT  PRESERVING 

HOUSE.      (CROSS   SECTION.) 


292 


AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 


thickly  painted,  and  nailed  to  upright  studding.  The 
outer  casing  in  some  houses  is  made  of  brick.  The  inside 
of  the  brick  wall  is  covered  with  roofing  cement,  or  pitch, 
or  some  other  air-tight  coating.  (K  J£)  doors  6  or  8 
inches  thick,  filled  with  chaif  or  shavings,  and  fitted 
tightly  to  the  door-frames,  by  listing  or.  cloth  nailed  over 
thin  layers  of  cotton.  (.3T)  The  ice-chamber.  (L)  Joists 
to  support  the  ice  floor,  resting  2  inches  on  the  posts  at 
Q.  (N)  Iron  bars,  1}  inches  wide,  and  \  inch  thick, 


Fig.28. — NYCE'S  FRUIT  PRESERVING  HOUSE.  (LONGITUDINAL  SECTION.) 

gained  1  inch  into  the  joists,  and  placed  crosswise  to  them. 
A  bar  must  always  be  put  directly  under  the  seams  and 
rivets.  Three  bars  are  enough  to  be  under  a  sheet  30 
inches  wide.  (J/~)  The  galvanized-iron  ice  floor,  No.  18 
or  20  ;  the  edges  joined  with  rivets  not  more  than  1  inch 
apart,  and  very  carefully  soldered.  The  ice  floor  is  put  on 
the  edges  of  the  iron  bars  so  as  to  expose  every  part  of 
its  surface,  on  which  ice  directly  rests,  to  the  air  of  the 
room  below.  (S)  Sides  of  ice  room  made  of  upright 


RIPENING    AND    PRESERVING    FRUITS. 


293 


planks.  Better  have  it  lined  with  zinc  or  galvanize<l-iron, 
inside  of  the  plank.  Scantling,  2  by  6  inches,  are  placed 
on  the  ice,  4  feet  apart,  made  even  with  the  ice.  Wide 
plank  (JP)  are  placed  loose  across  the  scanting,  the  edges 


Fig.  29.— NYCE'S  FRUIT  PRESERVING  HOUSE.    (GROUND  PLAN.) 

as  close  as  may  be  put  together,  to  prevent  the  filling 
falling  on  the  ice.  Saw-dust,  6  inches  thick,  is  placed  on 
the  plnnk  (f).  Shavings  are  not  compact  enough  on  the 
top  to  keep  the  air  from  the  ice.  ( O)  A  discharge  pipe 
to  conduct  the  water  from  the  ice.  ( W)  An  ante-room 
with  an  ice-water  trough,  (I"),  in  which  canned  fruit  is 
kept,  in  large  stone  crocks,  for  retailing  by  small  measure. 
The  following  estimates  are  given  by  the  inventor,  for 
a  house,  with  room  15  ft.  square,  8  ft.  high,  22  ft.  square 
on  outside,  with  capacity  for  holding  500  bushels.  The 
cost  would  be  about  as  follows : 

Common  iron,  at  7!4  cts.  per  lb.,  cost  in  the  house $210  00 

Galvanized  iron,  No.  26,  at  20  cts.  per  lb 105  00 

Galvanized  iron,  No.  20,  at  18         "         80  00 

Whole  cost,  probably 800  00 

The  frame  and  roof  being  simple^  their  cost  need  not 
exceed  that  of  similar  structures. 


CHAPTER    XIV. 

INSECTS. 


When  the  preparation  of  this  work  was  undertaken, 
the  author  desired  to  make  it  as  perfect  as  possible  in  all 
its  parts.  He  very  soon  discovered,  from  his  own  observa- 
tions in  the  orchard,  that  one  of  the  greatest  difficulties 
we  all  have  to  contend  against  in  fruit-growing,  was  the 
ravages  committed  upon  our  fruits  and  fruit-trees  by  hosts 
of  noxious  insects. 

Here  then  was  a  new  branch  of  investigation,  a  new 
field  of  study  to  be  entered.  He  was  not  an  entomolo- 
gist, nor  could  he  gain  any  assistance  from  his  friends  who 
were  such,  because,  though  they  were  scientific,  and  able  to 
assist  him  in  names  and  descriptions  of  the  insects  present- 
ed, still  they  were  not  practical  entomologists;  their 
knowledge  of  these  creatures  was  purely  scientific,  and 
while  they  could  descant  learnedly  upon  the  systems  set 
up  by  the  great  masters  of  the  science,  for  the  most  per- 
fect classification  of  insects,  they  could  render  us  practi- 
cal men  but  little  aid  in  combatting  our  insect  foes.  Great 
294 


INSECTS.  295 

assistance  they  have  rendered,  however,  in  providing 
names  for  all  these  wonderful  creatures,  in  describing  their 
habits  and  their  economy,  and  in  assigning  them  places  in 
the  beautiful  classification  that  has  been  provided  for 
them. 

On  turning  from  men  to  books,  but  little  more  assistance 
or  encouragement  was  met  with ;  these  too  would  only 
give  the  names,  the  places,  and  the  descriptions,  in  the 
most  approved  language  of  the  science,  but  they  are  not 
attractive  nor  intelligible  to  the  unlearned.  Any  person 
can  soon  acquire  the  language  of  the  science,  with  a  little 
study,  but  these  scientific  books  do  not  give  us  directions 
how  to  rid  ourselves  of  the  pests. 

Among  the  books  that  are  accessible  and  that  are 
adapted  to  the  general  reader,  and  to  the  student  of  prac- 
tical entomology,  two  were  found  of  eminent  utility  as 
far  as  they  went.  These  are  the  excellent  reports  to  the 
Massachusetts  and  the  New  York  Agricultural  Societies, 
by  Messrs.  Harris  and  Fitch,  which  are  clothed  in  popular 
language,  and  which  treat  particularly  of  the  insects  in- 
jurious to  vegetation,  and  they  put  us  in  the  way  of  com- 
bating our  foes.  The  former,  which  has  been  reprinted 
and  illustrated  in  beautiful  style,  is  worthy  of  a  place  in 
every  farmer's  library,  and  will  prove  a  valuable  aid  in 
the  study:  the  latter  is  printed  in  connection  with  the 
Society's  reports.  To  both  of  these,  the  author  acknowl- 
edges his  indebtedness,  and  from  both  has  he  drawn  lib- 
erally. 

Other  popular  treatises,  though  attractive,  have  proved 
of  very  little  practical  value,  and  the  student  will  find 
even  the  reports  above  referred  to  imperfect,  as  they 


296  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

were  prepared  for  a  limited  region,  and  do  not  mention 
several  insects  that  are  common  in  other  parts  of  the 
country  than  the  States  for  which  these  reports  were 
prepared.  It  were  much  to  be  desired,  that  every  State 
Society  would  have  similar  reports,  respecting  the  insects, 
peculiar  to  its  state. 

Thus  the  author  found  himself  compelled  to  investigate 
this  broad  field  of  study  for  himself — it  became  necessary 
to  grasp  the  elements  of  the  classification,  and  to  go  into 
the  field  and  the  orchard,  to  use  his  eyes,  and  to  ob- 
serve for  himself.  This  was  a  labor  of  time,  and  required 
considerable  efifort;  but  it  brought  its  own  reward  in^the 
pleasure  attendant  upon  this  delightful  study.  At  the 
same  time  there  was  great  satisfaction  in  the  thought 
that  all  these  facts,  gathered  from  the  works  of  men  of 
science,  confirmed  by  personal  observation,  and  rendered 
useful  and  applicable  in  practice  by  his  fellow  laborers  in 
the  garden  and  orchard,  would  be  a  valuable  contribution 
to  them,  and  would  constitute  a  useful  portion  of  the 
American  Pomology  he  was  then  preparing. 

Unfortunately  for  himself,  he  has  discovered  that  his 
collections,  in  this  department,  coveied  several  hundred 
pages  of  manuscript,  and  that,  if  printed,  they  would  ren- 
der his  volume  too  cumbrous.  Upon  consulting  with  his 
publishers,  it  was  concluded  best  to  lay  the  matter  aside, 
for  the  present  at  least,  and  to  prepare  anew  a  brief  ac- 
count of  some  of  the  insects  most  injurious  to  the  orch- 
ard, with  short  suggestions  as  to  the  best  methods  of 
combating  their  ravages.  This  conclusion  has  been  the 
more  readily  yielded  to,  because  the  public  now  have  a 
medium  of  communication  with  the  scientific  entomolo- 


INSECTS.  297 

gists,  which  well  supplies  the  great  want  we  had  begun 
to  experience.  I  refer  to  a  monthly  publication,  issued  by 
the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia,  in  which  the 
questions,  that  are  constantly  occurring  to  farmers,  are 
answered  in  the  most  simple,  clear,  and  satisfactory  man- 
ner.* Besides  this,  we  find  in  our  best  agricultural  jour- 
nals, a  page  or  a  column,  devoted  to  the  consideration  of 
insects  injurious  to  vegetation.*  * 

For  the  sake  of  convenience  and  system,  these  notes 
will  be  presented  in  the  order  of  the  approved  classi- 
fication of  insects.  Omitting  further  introduction  or  dis- 
course upon  the  wonderful  instincts  and  habits  of  insects, 
and  explanation  of  their  metamorphoses  and  the  princi- 
ples of  classification,  and  confessing  my  poor  qualification 
for  the  task,  let  us  proceed  at  once  to  the  catalogue. 

COLEOPTERA. — BEETLES. 

In  this  class  of  insects  we  find  both,  friends  and  foes. 
The  former  assist  us  by  their  voracious  appetites,  that  can 
only  be  satisfied  with  gourmandizing  upon  other  insects, 
particularly  the  juicy  bodies  of  their  larvae.  The  latter 
embrace  some  of  our  most  troublesome  pests,  especially 
as  they  consume  vegetable  matters,  in  the  perfect  as  well 
as  in  the  larval  condition,  and  in  both  stages  are  exceed- 
ingly voracious.  Moreover,  they  generally  commit  their 
depredations  under  cover,  or  at  night.  Some  live  in  the 
soil  and  consume  the  roots  of  our  plants,  and  others  mine 
their  way  into  the  solid  wood  of  the  stems  of  our  finest 
trees ;  while  some  only  affect  the  twigs  and  smaller  branch- 


*  Practical  Entomologist,  518  South  13th  street,  Philadelphia,  fifty  cents  a  year, 
in  advance. 

*  *  Vide  Prairie  Farmer,  American  Agriculturist,  Country  Gentleman,  etc. 

13* 


AMEKICAJT   POMOLOGY. 

es,  and  others  devour  the  foliage,  flowers,  and  fruits.  A 
few  of  the  most  familiar  and  troublesome  of  these  will 
now  be  introduced;  and  allusion  will  also  be  made  to 
some  of  those  which  befriend  us  by  their  destruction  of 
other  insects. 

Saperda  Mvfttata,  (Say.)— The  Apple  Tree  Borer.— 
This  is  a  nocturnal  insect,  which  has  been  found  very  de- 
structive to  our  orchards.  The  female  deposits  one  egg 
in  a  place,  generally  low  down  on  the  stem  of  the  tree ; 
this  hatches,  and  enters  the  tissues  of  the  bark,  where  it 
feeds  for  a  time,  a  footless  grub.  As  it  grows,  it  burrows 
deeper,  and  upward,  until  it  reaches  the  sap  wood,  upon 
which  it  feeds.  When  half  grown,  it  burrows  still  deep- 
er, and  upwards  into  the  heart  of  the  tree,  and  then  out- 
ward through  the  sap  wood  to  the  bark,  but  retires  again 
toward  the  centre,  as  to  a  place  of  safety,  to  undergo  its 
transformation,  after  packing  the  hole  with  shreds  of 
wood  and  with  its  castings  to  make  its  retreat  secure.  In 
the  spring,  the  perfect  insect  opens  its  way  outward,  and 
emerges  to  the  light  of  day. 

REMEDY.  —  Observe  the  bark  of  young  trees  very 
closely  during  the  summer,  to  discover  the  castings  that 
are  ejected;  notice  the  discolored  or  depressed  portions 
of  bark,  and  cut  into  them  to  find  and  destroy  the  worm 
— if  it  has  penetrated  the  solid  wood,  pursue  it  with  a 
piece  of  stout  but  flexible  wire. 

PREVENTIVES. — Alkaline  washes  have  been  highly  re- 
commended, as  a  means  of  driving  away  the  mother  bee- 
tle ;  soft  soap  may  be  used,  and  a  portion  of  soft  or  hard 
soap,  placed  in  the  forks  of  the  branches,  will  dissolve 
with  the  rains,  and  wash  down  on  the  bark.  These  appli- 


INSECTS.  299 

cations,  to  be  efficacious,  should  be  made  in  May  or  June. 
In  August,  the  bark  should  be  examined,  and  when  the 
worms  are  cut  out,  the  soap  suds  may  be  injected  with  ad- 
vantage, especially  if  the  larvae  have  not  been  reached. 
Birds  should  be  encouraged,  particularly  the  Picse  tribe, 
which  destroy  many  grubs  of  the  wood-boring  insects. 

Chrysobothris  femorata,  or  the  Thick-legged  Bupres- 
tris,  is  another  kind  of  apple-tree  borer,  very  common  in 
some  parts  of  the  West.  The  perfect  insect  may  be  seen 
running  up  and  down  the  stems  of  our  trees,  in  June  and 
July.  It  is  a  blackish  beetle,  about  half  an  inch  long. 
The  hole,  bored  by  the  grub,  is  flat,  and  not  cylindrical 
like  that  of  the  Saperda.  This  beetle  attacks  the  stem 
higher  up  than  the  Saperda,  but  burrows  under  the  bark, 
and  then  sinks  into  the  wood  much  in  the  same  way. 

REMEDIES  and  PREVENTIVES  are  similar  to  those  above 
mentioned.  Seek  for  the  young  worms  in  their  shallow 
burrows  in  August,  before  they  have  gone  deeply  into  the 
tree. 

Diccrca  divaricata,  (Say),  or  the  Cherry-tree  Borer,  is 
similar  in  its  habit  of  boring  in  the  sap  wood  under  the 
bark,  and  may  be  combated  in  the  same  way.  The  per- 
fect insect  appears  in  June  and  July. 

PrenocerilS  supernotatus,  or  the  American  Currant 
Borer,  feeds  upon  the  pith  of  the  stalk.  The  larva  is  a 
small,  white  grub,  which  changes  into  a  slender,  long- 
horned  beetle ;  black,  edged  with  chestnut-brown.  The 
wing  covers  are  marked  with  two  small  grey  dots,  anteri- 
orly, and  a  crescent-shaped  one  behind  the  middle. 

It  is  very  injurious  to  the  currant  bushes  in  many  parts 
of  the  country,  and  constitutes  a  serious  obstacle  to  grow- 


300  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

ing  the  plants  to  a  single  stem,  tree  fashion.  In  the  bush 
form  of  this  plant,  the  constant  reproduction  of  new 
shoots  compensates  for  the  destruction  caused  by  the 
borer. 

There  is  another  currant  borer,  an  European,  which  is 
confined  to  young  shoots ;  as  it  is  not  the  larva  of  a  bee- 
tle, but  of  a  butterfly,  it  will  be  treated  in  its  proper 
place. 

Bostrichus  bicaudatus,  or  the  Apple-twig  Borer,  affects 
the  small  twigs,  and  when  numerous,  will  produce  an  ef- 
fect like  that  called  twig-blight,  by  causing  the  death  of 
the  part  and  the  withering  of  the  leaves,  at  mid-summer. 
A  small  hole  will  be  found  near  the  axil  of  a  leaf;  this 
turns  with  the  twig,  and  often  extends  several  inches 
along  the  pith.  The  insect  is  a  small,  chestnut-brown  bee- 
tle, 0.25  to  0.35  of  an  inch  long,  and  is  characterized  by 
two  projections  or  horns  at  the  hinder  end.  Has  been 
found  rather  common  from  Michigan  to  Kansas. 

REMEDY. — Kill,  when  found. 

Scolytus  pyri,  or  the  Pear-blight  Beetle,  affects  twigs 
of  pear,  apple,  and  other  fruits,  which  wither  and  die  at 
mid-summer.  Small  perforations,  like  pin  holes,  will  be 
found,  and  issuing  from  them  small  cylindrical  beetles  of 
a  deep  brown  or  black  color. 

REMEDY — not  known. 

Lucanus  damn,  or  Horn-beetle,  is  a  large  insect,  the 
larvae  of  which  are  said  to  feed  upon  the  trunk  and  roots 
of  old  apple  and  other  trees.  The  perfect  insects  are 
of  a  dark  mahogany  color,  smooth,  and  polished.  Like 
other  Stag-beetles,  they  fly  at  night,  are  not  very  harmful, 


INSECTS.  301 

and  are  believed  to  be  several  years  in  reaching  the  per- 
fect state. 

LeptOStylus  aculiferus,  bores  under  the  bark  of  apple 
trees.  It  is  a  short,  thick,  brownish-gray  beetle,  with 
thorns  upon  its  wing-covers ;  hence,  the  scientific  name 
of  needle-bearer.  Length,  0.35  inch;  season,  August. 
The  larvje  are  small  worms,  occurring  in  multitudes  under 
the  bark,  and  making  long- winding  burrows. 

Tomicus  mail,  or  the  Apple-bark  Beetle,  is  described 
by  Dr.  Fitch  as  new.  He  says,  it  is  a  small,  smooth, 
black  or  chestnut-red,  cylindrical  beetle ;  the  larvse  feed 
under  the  bark,  and  then  enter  the  wood,  killing  the 
young  tree. 

Conotrachelus  Nenuphar,  (Jlerbst),  is  the  noted  and 
notorious  and  yet  little  known  Plum  Weevil,  that  is  such 
an  abomination  to  plum  planters,  and  which  has  proved 
very  injurious  to  our  peaches  and  is  even  accused  of  pro- 
ducing deformities  in  our  pears  and  apples. 

The  egg  is  deposited  in  the  fruit,  where  it  soon  hatches 
and  feeds,  approaching  the  stone.  This  causes  the  fruit  to 
fall,  and  when  the  grub  has  attained  its  full  size  it  de- 
scends into  the  ground  to  perform  its  transformation.  The 
perfect  insect,  a  small,  dark-gray  beetle,  either  crawls  up 
the  stem,  or  flies  to  the  trees.  Mr.  Walsh  reminds  us  that 
Dr.  Trimble  has  found  these  insects  hybernating  in  shel- 
tered places. 

REMEDIES. — It  is  lamentable  that  we  have  been  able  to 
do  so  little  to  prevent  the  ravages  of  this  insect.  The 
plan  of  shaking  off,  and  destroying  the  affected  fruits, 
promises  the  best  results,  by  diminishing  the  next  crop. 
It  was  suggested  by  David  Thomas,  of  New  York,  but  is 


302  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

most  successfully  practised  by  Dr.  E.  S.  Hull,  of  Illinois, 
who  has  invented  an  inverted  umbrella  on  wheels,  which  re- 
ceives the  insects,  as  well  as  the  defective  fruits,  when  it 
is  bumped  against  the  trees.  By  the  use  of  this,  he  is  en- 
abled to  harvest  splendid  crops  of  stone-fruits. 

Fomphopiea  Sayi,  (or  Gantharis  pyrivora,  of  Fitch), 
is  called  by  him  the  Pear  Blister-fly.  He  describes  it  as 
a  long  blistering  beetle,  of  a  green-blue  color ;  found  on  a 
pear  tree  about  the  first  of  June,  eating  the  young  fruit 
voraciously. 

Euryomia  Inda,  or  the  Indian  Cetonia,  is  a  beetle  about 
six-tenths  of  an  inch  long.  The  head  and  thorax  dark, 
copper-brown,  thickly  covered  with  short,  greenish-yellow 
hairs ;  wing-cases  light  yellowish-brown,  changeable,  with 
metallic  tints.  These  are  called  flower-beetles,  because 
they  consume  the  pollen,  and  bury  themselves  in  our  flow, 
ers ;  but  in  the  autumn,  they  consume  our  choicest  fruits, 
especially  peaches. 

Lachnosterna  fusca,  (Frcelich),  is  the  White  Grub,  or 
May  Beetle.  A  heavy  brown  insect,  an  inch  or  more  in 
length,  which  makes  its  appearance  with  the  first  warm 
evenings,  when  the  Black  Locust  begins  to  open  its  fra- 
grant blossoms,  to  which  these  beetles  are  attracted. 
They  also  attack  the  foliage  of  other  trees,  particularly 
the  cherry,  which  they  entirely  strip  of  leaves  and  fruit. 
Though  very  destructive  in  the  perfect  form,  these  insects 
are  most  to  be  dreaded  while  in  the  larval  condition, 
which  is  supposed  to  continue  for  some  years.  They  then 
work  under  cover,  and  can  only  be  traced  by  the  ravages 
they  commit.  Every  strawberry  grower  is  familiar  with 
the  large  White  Grub  that  so  often  destroys  his  hopes  of 


INSECTS.  303 

a  crop,  by  killing  the  plants  when  in  full  growth  and  fruit- 
age, by  cutting  off  all  the  fibres. 

REMEDY. — 'The  full-grown  insects  are  very  busy  in  the 
evening,  but  become  stupid  and  lethargic  before  morning, 
clinging  to  the  leaves  and  twigs,  when  they  may  be  shaken 
down,  caught  on  sheets,  gathered,  and  destroyed.  If  let 
alone,  they  will  fall  to  the  ground  toward  day  break,  and 
secrete  themselves  in  the  grass  and  soil  until  night.  All 
that  can  be  killed  in  this  stage  of  their  existence,  the  bet- 
ter, as  this  will  prevent  the  deposition  of  innumerable  eggs. 
The  White  Grubs  must  be  destroyed  one  at  a  time  in  cul- 
tivated grounds ;  kill  them  whenever  found.  Encourage 
chickens  and  birds  to  follow  the  plow  and  spade,  as  they 
will  consume  great  numbers.  Hogs  will  find  and  eat  them 
greedily,  and  may  be  allowed  to  root  them  out  even  from 
a  meadow,  if  badly  affected ;  for,  though  a  harsh  remedy, 
it  is  not  so  bad  as  the  disease. 

Pelidnota  punctata,  or  the  Spotted  Pelidnota,  is  a  large 
yellowish  insect,  with  a  black  dot  on  each  side  of  the  thorax, 
and  three  others  on  the  outer  side  of  each  wing-cover. 
It  is  found  in  the  day  time,  upon  the  leaves  of  the  grape 
vine.  Like  the  rest  of  the  tribe,  these  insects  are  vora- 
cious, and  the  grubs  may  also  feed  upon  the  roots  of  the 
grape ;  therefore  they  had  better  be  destroyed,  though  as 
their  numbers  are  seldom  large  they  are  not  found  to  be 
very  injurious. 

Haltica  chalybca,  or  the  Grape  Vine  Flea-beetle,  appears 
early  in  the  season,  and  eats  holes  in  the  buds  and  leaves. 
It  is  small, 0.16  inch  long,  oval;  shining,  deep  greenish-blue, 
or  deep  green,  or  purple.  This  insect  spends  the  winter  in 
the  earth  about  the  roots  of  the  vine,  and  feeds  upon  them. 


304  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

Anomala  lucicola,  or  the  light-loving  Anomala,  is  found 
on  the  grape  vine  in  July.  It  resembles  the  May  Beetle, 
but  is  smaller,  being  0.35  inch  long. 

These  are  not  all  the  beetles  that  feed  upon  the  grape 
vine. 

Macrodactylus  Sllbspinosa,  or  the  Rose-chafer,  is  an- 
other melolonthian  beetle,  which  is  exceedingly  destruc- 
tive to  grapes  and  various  other  plants  in  many  parts  of 
the  country,  in  May  and  June.  This  insect  is  smaller  than 
the  others  of 'its  group,  but  is  equally  destructive  as  a  leaf- 
eater,  on  account  of  its  numbers.  On  the  grape,  it  cuts 
off  the  young  bunch  of  buds  and  blossoms,  and  thus  seri- 
ously diminishes  the  crop,  as  well  as  by  destroying  the 
foliage.  It  is  of  a  buff-yellow,  with  black  feet,  about 
0.33  inch  long.  They  continue  to  ravage  vegetation 
about  a  month,  and  then  retire  into  the  ground,  an  inch 
deep,  and  deposit  their  eggs,  which  hatch  in  about  twenty 
days,  and  the  young  grubs  feed  upon  tender  roots,  attain- 
ing their  full  size,  three-quarters  of  an  inch,  before  winter, 
when  they  descend  deeper  to  hybernate. 

The  Rose-beetle  has  many  natural  enemies,  among  which 
are  the  Dragon-flies ;  but  we  must  depend  upon  human 
efforts  for  their  destruction,  an  almost  hopeless  task,  for 
their  name  is  legion,  but  so  much  the  greater  necessity  for 
the  effort,  and  as  they  are  sluggish,  they  may  easily  be 
caught,  and  thrown  into  hot  water,  or  otherwise  destroyed. 

Tree  Primers  are  the  Iarva3  of  beetles  that  excavate  a 
burrow  in  small  limbs  of  trees,  so  as  to  make  a  section  al- 
most across  their  substance ;  most  of  them  then  bore  up- 
ward into  the  limb,  and  await  the  action  of  the  winds  to 
break  off  the  part  and  waft  them  to  the  ground,  where 


INSECTS.       v  305 

they  pass  through  their  change  to  the  perfect  insect. 
They  exercise  a  wonderful  instinct  in  leaving  just  fibres 
enough  to  support  the  branch  until  they  are  ready  for 
their  descent,  but  it  often  happens  that  the  twig  breaks 
off  partially  and  hangs  by  a  thread,  dying,  of  course ;  we 
see  the  brown  leaves  on  the  trees,  and  this  is  the  first  indi-. 
cation  of  the  presence  of  the  insects.  If  we  examine  the 
fallen  spray,  we  shall  be  surprised  to  observe  the  cause  of 
its  falling.  In  the  case  of  the  oak  tree,  the  damage  is  done 
by  the  JElaphidion  villosum,  (Fabricius),  a  long-horned 
beetle.  The  larva  remains  in  these  twigs  until  the  next 
season,  hence  the  importance  of  gathering  and  burning 
all  that  fall  to  the  ground. 

An  insect  of  somewhat  similar  habits  often  cuts  off 
stout  shoots  of  the  Hickory,  making  a  very  neat  section 
of  a  small  limb,  leaving  only  the  bark,  so  that  it  readily 
breaks  off  with  the  wind;  and  a  similar  effect  has  been 
observed  in  strong  annual  shoots  of  the  pear,  toward  the 
end  of  summer.  The  fallen  piece  and  the  stump  are  cut 
as  neatly  as  by  the  shears,  but  no  perforation  is  discovered 
along  the  axis,  in  which  the  larva  could  be  concealed ; 
hence  we  have  but  to  suffer  the  trimming  thus  performed 
without  our  will,  and  look  upon  it  as  a  sort  of  natural 
shortening-in  of  our  trees. 

Blister-flies,  or  Beetles, — There  are  several  species  of 
these  insects,  each  of  which  appears  to  have  its  favorite 
pasturage.  They  are  exceedingly  voracious,  but  confine 
themselves  chiefly  to  the  destruction  of  herbaceous  vege- 
tation, and  are  therefore  obnoxious  to  the  farmer  and  gar- 
dener, who  know  them  as  the  potato  insects,  than  to  the 
fruit-grower.  Their  appetites  are  not  very  discriminating, 


AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

however,  and  when  they  are  abundant  they  may  consume 
the  foliage  of  our  trees.  These  Blister-flies  belong  to  the 
genus  Lytta,  and  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  Spanish- 
fly  of  Europe,  as  they  are  possessed  of  blistering  qualities 
in  no  mean  degree.  They  are  wholly  different  fiom  the 
new  potato  destroyer  of  the  West,  the  Doryphora  W-li- 
neata,  which  is  hemispherical,  and  is  a  leaf-eater,  in  the 
larval  as  well  as  in  the  perfect  state. 

REMEDY. — Catch  and  kill  all  that  can  be  found  in  the 
garden,  or  potato  field ;  scald,  dry,  and  sell  to  the  apoth- 
ecary. 

Before  closing  this  section,  it  is  but  due  to  our  many 
insect  friends  in  this  order,  to  introduce  a  few  of  them  to 
the  reader.  There  are  several  large  families  that  are  really 
serviceable  to  man ;  some  of  these  are  called  Scavengers, 
because  they  consume  large  quantities  of  decaying  mat- 
ter that  might  prove  noxious  to  us,  were  it  allowed  to  de- 
cay upon  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Among  these  are 
the  Dung-beetles,  and  the  Carrion-beetles  :  others  are  carni- 
vorous, and  some  of  these  are  called  Cicindelidce,  or  Tiger- 
beetles,  from  their  voracious  consumption  of  other  in- 
sects, which  they  devour  in  great  numbers,  both  in  their 
larval  and  in  their  perfect  form.  These  day  beetles  are 
large,  brightly  colored,  and  very  active  in  their  move- 
ments, as  they  run  about  in  the  sunny  paths  and  roads, 
and  cannot  fail  to  attract  attention.  Few  persons  are 
aware,  however,  of  the  valuable  aid  they  are  rendering 
to  man,  nor  of  the  credit  that  is  due  to  them  for  the  pre- 
servation of  our  crops  from  the  invasion  of  other  insect 
foes.  Too  often  they  are  either  unobserved  and  overlook- 
ed, or  even  treated  with  the  aversion  and  cruelty  of  men 


INSECTS.  307 

who  ignorantly  attempt  to  stamp  out  all  insect  life,  as 
though  these  creatures  were  intruders  upon  their  pre- 
emption. The  intelligent  observer  of  nature  will  soon 
learn  to  respect  each  aid,  which  has  been  so  wisely  fur- 
nished to  assist  him  in  his  labors  as  a  cultivator  of  the  soil, 
and  all  may  admire  the  Wisdom  that  has  provided  at  the 
same  time  such  beautiful  and  such  useful  creatures  for  the 
work. 

Calosoma  scrutator,  is  well  named  the  handsome,  for 
it  is  one  of  our  most  beautiful  insects  of  this  class.  This, 
and  the  red-spotted  G.  calidum,  may  be  seen  upon  trees, 
seeking  caterpillars,  upon  which  they  feed.  One  of  our 
most  intelligent  horticulturists  has  so  high  an  appreciation 
of  these  insects,  that  he  will  not  allow  them  to  be  dis- 
turbed, and  whenever  he  sees  any  caterpillars  in  his  orch- 
ard, he  takes  these  beetles  to  the  tree,  and  gives  himself 
no  further  concern,  knowing  that  the  Calosoma  will  soon 
destroy  every  worm. 

CoccillClidae,  or  Lady-birds,  are  most  valuable  aids  to 
the  cultivator,  who  is  constantly  liable  to  have  his  crops 
destroyed  by  the  various  species  of  Aphides.  These  little 
hemispherical  beetles  are  familiar  to  every  one,  and  known 
to  the  children  as  Lady-birds ;  but  all  may  not  know  their 
value,  nor  be  so  well  acquainted  with  the  larvae  of  these 
insects,  which  are  the  chief  agents  in  the  destruction  of 
our  troublesome  plant-lice.  Most  persons  would  be  very 
apt  to  crush  these  curious,  diminutive,  lizard-looking  crea- 
tures, even  at  the  time  they  were  attacking  the  Aphides, 
instead  of  leaving  them  to  carry  on  the  warfare  more  ef- 
fectually without  our  aid. 

These  little  friends  have  had  a  superstitious  regard  shown 


AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

to  them  in  many  countries,  which  indicates  that  a  glimmer- 
ing idea  prevailed  respecting  their  usefulness.  The  Ger- 
mans call  them  the  MarienJcaefer^  or  Lady-beetles,  of  the 
Virgin  Mary.  The  French  call  them  Vaches  de  Dieu, 
the  Lord's  cows,  and  our  own  children  are  all  familiar 
with  the  nursery  rhyme  about  the  Lady-birds.  These  in- 
sects find  their  way  to  trees  or  plants  that  are  infested 
with  their  proper  food,  the  Aphides. 

These  beetles  hide  under  the  leaves  that  cluster  in  shel- 
tered nooks  about  or  between  the  large  roots  of  forest 
trees,  where  they  can  be  found  on  any  mild  winter  day, 
and  may  be  carried  to  the  green-house  or  to  the  window 
plants  that  are  infested  with  plant-lice.  They  will  not 
only  devour  these  pests,  but  will  soon  lay  eggs  that  hatch 
and  produce  the  larvae  which  are  so  voracious  as  to  clear 
the  plants  in  a  short  time.  A  little  attention  to  the  habits 
of  these  insects  may  spare  us  great  losses  from  the  plant- 
lice. 


ORTHOPTERA. — GRASSHOPPERS. 

The  insects  of  this  order  have  an  imperfect  transforma- 
tion. The  eggs  hatch  at  once  into  young  insects,  that  re- 
semble their  parents  in  form  and  habits,  excepting  that 
they  do  not  get  their  wings  till  they  approach  the  adult 
state.  The  young  consume  food  voraciously,  and  the  per- 
fect insects  are  not  only  still  more  hungry,  but,  having  in- 
creased powers  of  locomotion,  they  are  more  widely  de- 
structive. These  are  the  true  Locusts,  and  though  chiefly 
injurious  to  the  farm  and  garden,  infesting  the  meadows 


INSECTS.  309 

and  corn-fields,  the  grasshoppers,  when  winged,  often  at- 
tack the  foliage  of  our  young  orchard  trees  toward  the 
end  of  summer.  But  when  we  contemplate  the  invasicn 
of  the  great  western  plague,  belonging  to  this  order, 
Avhich  rivals  that  terrible  scourge,  the  Locust  of  the  east- 
ern continent,  in  numbers  and  voracity,  we  may  well 
dread  their  increase  and  appearance  in  other  parts  of  the 
country.  The  grasshoppers  that  have  invaded  Kansas 
and  other  Western  States  are,  like  all  the  rest  of  this 
group  of  Orthoptera,  true  Locusts. 

This  order  is  called  Orthoptera,  from  their  straight 
wings;  it  embraces  several  groups,  cockroaches,  crickets, 
grasshoppers,  or  locusts,  etc.,  which  are  all  injurious,  ex- 
cept the  Mantis,  which  is  predacious,  and  therefore  useful. 


HEMIPTERA. — BUGS  AND  HARVEST-FLIES. 

This  order  contains  many  insects  that  are  injurious  to 
the  nurseryman,  to  the  "orchardist,  and  to  the  gardener. 
They  are  characterized  by  having  a  proboscis  instead  of 
a  mouth  with  jaws;  they  can  suck,  but  they  cannot  bite. 
The  proboscis  is  often  horny,  and  armed  with  two  pair  of 
bristles,  when  it  becomes  a  more  formidable  weapon  for 
attack.  Bugs  have  four  wings ;  they  do  not  pass  through 
the  usual  metamorphoses  of  insect  life ;  but  are  born  with 
legs  and  feeding  apparatus  like  the  perfect  insects,  except 
that  some  have  no  wings.  Bugs  are  all  injurious  to  man, 
excepting  such  as  are  predacious,  which  are  serviceable  by 
destroying  other  insects.  Many  are  very  small ;  and  yet 
their  countless  numbers  and  wonderful  fecundity  enable 


310  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

them  to  do  immense  damage,  as  is  true  of  the  Aphides 
and  CoccidcB,  the  Tingis,  the  Tettigonia  vitis,  called 
the  Thrips  by  our  vine-dressers ;  and  still  more  so  of  the 
Chinch -bug  of  the  Western  prairies,  which  destroys  whole 
crops  of  our  most  important  cereals. 

The  colored  juice  of  some  bugs  is  used  in  the  arts. 
The  coccus  of  the  prickly  pear,  in  Central  America,  is 
gathered  and  dried  to  form  the  cochineal  of  the  shops. 

Hemipterous  insects  are  divided  into  two  groups.  True 
bugs,  called  Hemiptera  heteroptera,  having  the  wing-cov- 
ers opaque  at  the  base,  and  laid  horizontally,  and  crossing 
each  other  obliquely  at  the  end,  overlapping;  and  the 
Harvest-flies,  such  as  Plant-lice  and  Bark-lice.  These,  the 
Hemiptera  homoptera^  have  the  wing-covers  of  one  tex- 
ture throughout,  not  horizontal,  but  more  or  less  sloping, 
and  not  crossing  one  another  behind.  Among  these, 
which  all  feed  upon  plants,  some  very  troublesome  pests 
will  here  be  noticed. 


COCCIDANS.—  BARK-LICE. 

Aspidiotus  conchiformis,  or  the  Apple  Bark-louse,  is 
very  numerous  in  many  parts  of  our  country,  particularly 
north  of  latitude  40  degrees.  It  commits  sad  devasta- 
tions in  some  sections.  Individually,  it  is  but  a  little 
scale ;  but  these  animals  are  wonderfully  prolific  and  soon 
cover  every  twig  of  the  tree,  obstructing  its  transpirations, 
and  abstracting  its  vital  juices;  the  leaves,  and  even  the 
fruit  are  overrun  with  these  miserable  scales,  but  the  twigs 
are  their  favorite  resort.  These  scales  are  oblong,  shaped 


INSECTS.  811 

like  an  oyster  shell ;  flat  and  brown,  often  crowding  upon 
one  another.  In  the  winter  and  spring,  they  contain  or 
cover  a  number  of  small,  round,  white  eggs,  which  hatch 
out  in  the  spring,  in  May,  attach  themselves  to  the  bark, 
and  absorb  the  juices:  various  remedies  have  been  sug- 
gested, and  more  or  less  thoroughly  tested.  The  restora- 
tion of  the  thrifty  growth  of  the  tree  is  considered  essen- 
tial to  success ;  and  without  this,  all  remedies  are  looked 
upon  as  unavailing.  Some  orchardists  think  that  thor- 
ough drainage  and  cultivation  of  the  land  would  alone 
banish  the  lice,  but  this  can  hardly  be  hoped.  Strong  lye, 
or  solutions  of  potash,  or  soda,  white-wash,  and  sulphur, 
have  been  used, -and  tobacco  boiled  in  lye,  soft-soap  and 
tar  mixed  with  linseed  oil,  which  makes  a  kind  of  varnish. 
Mr.  Walsh  tells  us  that  applications,  to  destroy  this  insect, 
are  better  made  in  May  or  June,  as  the  eggs  are  protected 
by  the  scale  in  winter,  and  it  is  impermeable  to  watery 
solutions.  This  pest  has  been  imported  from  Europe. 
Walsh  recommends  the  use  of  Lady-birds  to  check  the 
Bark-lice.* 

Leca ilium  pyri,  (Fitch],  or  the  Pear  Bark-louse,  is  a 
hemispherical  brown  scale,  as  large  as  a  split  pea.  They 
may  be  found  in  summer  on  the  under  side  of  the  limbs, 
and  are  the  remains  of  dead  females,  which  cover  the  eggs 
and  young  brood.  This  insect  would  be  very  injurious, 
were  it  to  increase  in  numbers  considerably.  Let  young 
trees  be  examined  in  June,  when  the  scales  may  easily  be 
found,  removed,  and  destroyed. 

Lecanium  persid,  or  the  Peach  Bark-louse,  is  de- 
scribed, by  Fitch,  as  similar  in  size  to  the  above,  found  on 

*  See  Practical  Entomologist,  Vol.  H,  p.  32. 


312  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

smooth  bark  near  a  bud ;  it  is  blackish,  uneven,  shining, 
with  a  pale  margin. 

Another  pear  tree  bark-louse  was  described  by  the 
lamented  A.  O.  Moore,  of  New  York,  as  a  white,  papery 
scale,  giving  a  claret-colored  juice  when  scraped.  This, 
in  the  winter,  consists  of  a  defunct  mother  and  her  brood 
of  eggs,  the  breaking  of  which  gives  the  color.  Alkaline 
washes  are  recommended  to  be  applied  in  the  spring. 
Mr.  Walsh  thinks  this  insect  cannot  be  the  same  as  that 
mentioned  by  Dr.  Harris,  on  p.  222  of  his  report,  under 
the  name  of  Coccus  crypto gamus,  (Dalman),  who  found 
it  upon  the  Aspen,  and  therefore  he  has  named  it  Coccus  ? 
Harrisii* 

Lecanium  vitis,  (Linn.\  or  the  Vine  Bark-louse,  is 
mentioned  by  Fitch  as  having  been  found  on  grape  vines 
in  June.  It  is  hemispherical  and  brown.  A  cottony  sub- 
stance was  extruded  from  one  end  of  the  scale,  and  this 
increased  until  July,  when  minute  insects  crept  out  and 
scattered  over  the  bark,  upon  which  they  fixed  themselves. 
This  insect  is  not  very  common,  but  its  first  appearance 
should  be  closely  watched,  and  its  destruction  promptly 
effected. 


APHIDES. — PLANT-LICE. 

These  are  the  most  extraordinary  insects,  being  found 
upon  almost  all  parts  of  plants,  and  there  is  scarcely  a 
species  which  does  not  support  one  or  more  kinds  peculiar 
to  itself.  Then  they  are  so  exceedingly  prolific !  Reau- 


*  See  Practical  Entomologist,  Vol.  II,  p.  31. 


INSECTS.  313 

mur  proved  that  one  individual,  in  five  generations,  may 
become  the  progenitor  of  nearly  six  thousand  million's  of 
descendants.  Most  of  these  insects,  which  we  find  so 
abundant  upon  our  trees,  are  wingless  females.  Winged 
insects,  both  male  and  female,  appear  later  in  the  season, 
and  after  laying  their  eggs,  they  soon  perish.  Some  lay  in 
the  fall,  others  wait  till  spring.  When  these  eggs  hatch, 
the  brood  consists  wholly  of  females,  which  are  wingless, 
and  do  not  lay  eggs,  but  are  viviparous  and  produce  from 
fifteen  to  twenty  young  lice  in  the  course  of  a  day.  This 
second  generation  are  also  wingless,  and  at  maturity  pro- 
duce their  young,  and  so  on  to  the  seventh  generation, 
without  the  approach  of  a  single  male,  until  the  autumn, 
when  a  brood  of  males  and  females  appears,  which  are 
both  winged  at  maturity,  and  then  the  eggs  are  laid  for 
the  next  year's  brood,  and  the  parents  die.* 

The  injuries  occasioned  by  plant-lice,  are  much  greater 
than  would  at  first  be  expected,  from  an  observation  of 
the  small  size  and  extreme  weakness  of  the  insects ;  but 
these  make  up  by  their  numbers  what  they  lack  in  strength 
individually,  and  thus  become  formidable  enemies  to  veg- 
etation. By  their  punctures  and  the  quantity  of  sap  they 
draw  from  the  leaves,  the  functions  of  these  important 
organs  are  deranged,  or  interrupted,  the  sap  is  withdrawn 
or  contaminated,  and  unfitted  to  supply  the  wants  of  veg- 
etation. Plants  are  differently  affected ;  some  wither  and 
cease  to  grow,  their  leaves  and  stems  become  sickly,  and 
die  from  exhaustion.  Others,  not  killed,  are  greatly  im- 
peded in  their  growth ;  the  tender  parts,  which  are  attack- 
ed, become  stunted  and  curled.  The  punctures  of  the 

*  Harris,  p.  205. 

14 


314  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

lice  appear  to  poison  some  plants,  producing  warts  or 
swellings,  which  are  sometimes  solid,  sometimes  hollow, 
containing  within  them  a  swarm  of  lice,  descendants  of  a 
single  individual.*  These  last  are  often  seen  upon  the 
leaves  of  the  Elm,  and  upon  some  Poplars,  and  other 
1  rees ;  but  I  have  not  found  any  upon  the  foliage  of  our 
cultivated  fruits,  unless  it  be  those  on  the  grape. 

Aphis  Iliali,  or  the  Apple  Leaf-louse,  is  a  small,  green 
insect  without  wings,  accompanied  by  a  few  black  and^ 
green  ones  having  wings.  These  are  all  crowded  together 
upon  the  green  tips  of  twigs,  and  under  the  leaves,  suck- 
ing the  sap.  The  eggs  remain  in  deep  cracks  of  the  bark 
during  the  winter,  and  hatch  as  soon  as  the  buds  expand 
in  the  spring.  The  most  successful  treatment  is  to  scrape 
off  the  loose  bark,  and  to  apply  to  the  stems  of  the  trees 
alkaline  or  lime  washes.  Many  of  our  familiar  little  win- 
ter birds  consume  these  eggs.  In  the  spring  and  summer, 
alkaline  solutions  may  be  used  with  advantage,  syringed 
or  sprinkled  upon  the  affected  shoots  and  foliage. 

The  smell  of  these  insects  is  peculiar,  which,  indeed,  is 
generally  characteristic  with  bugs.  Each  sort  seems  to 
derive  a  special  flavor  from  the  tree  or  plant  upon  which 
it  feeds.  Most  insects  of  this  family  secrete  copiously  a 
sweetish  fluid,  called  the  honey  dew,  which  is  ejected  from 
two  little  horns  or  nectaries,  that  project,  one  on  each  side 
of  their  bodies.  This  sweet  material  attracts  a  great 
many  flies,  and  other  insects,  particularly  ants,  which  are 
the  constant  attendants  of  these  creatures,  and  are  said  to 
protect  them  from  their  enemies  in  order  to  obtain  their 


*  Harris'  Report,  p.  810. 


INSECTS.  31£ 

sweet  secretion.     Some  entomologists  have  called  Aphides 
the  Ants'  cows. 

No  one,  who  is  acquainted  with  the  Aphides,  and  the 
various  insects  which  prey  upon  them,  will  ever  permit  a 
valuable  plant  to  suffer  injury  from  these  pests.  He  will 
collect  some  of  the  Aphis'  enemies  alive,  carry  them  to 
the  affected  plant,  and  set  them  free  to  do  their  work ; 
there  they  will  remain  while  the  food  lasts.  The  Aphides 
have  more  numerous,  more  active,  and  more  inveterate 
enemies  than  insects  of  any  other  group  —  these  are  the 
means  by  which  their  wonderful  fecundity  is  kept  in  check. 
Among  them  are  the  Aphis-lions,  which  are  the  larvae  of 
the  Golden-eyed  and  Lace-wing  flies,  belonging  to  the  or- 
der Neuroptera.  They  are  reddish-brown,  with  a  dark 
stripe  down  the  middle,  and  a  cream-colored  one  on  each 
side;  bodies  long,  narrow,  and  wrinkled  transversely. 
Their  jaws  are  long,  curved  like  sickles,  projecting  forward 
from  their  heads  horizontally.* 

The  Coccinellidce,  mentioned  as  useful  members  of  the 
order  Coleoptera,  on  a  previous  page,  are  among  the  most 
active  enemies  of  the  Aphides.  The  eggs  are  laid  in  clus- 
ters of  twenty  to  forty  on  the  under  side  of  a  leaf,  to 
which  they  are  closely  glued ;  they  are  oval,  and  light  yel- 
low. They  hatcfy  into  small  blackish  larvae,  which  are  ac- 
tive, and  which  boldly  attack  an  Aphis  much  larger  than 
themselves,  leaving  only  the  empty  skin.  They  consume 
hundreds  while  in  the  larval  state,  about  two  weeks,  when 
they  attach  themselves' by  the  tail,  and  go  into  the  pupa 
•state.  One  of  the  largest  of  these '  Lady-birds  is  the 

*  For  farther  details  of  these  insects,  the  reader  is  referred  to  Pitch's  Report, 
pp.  82  to  98. 


316  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

Mysia  I5-punctata /  the  larva  is  a  clear  white,  the  mid- 
dle of  the  back  tinged  with  red,  and  two  or  three  black 
spots  on  each  segment— nearly  a  hundred  species  of  Lady- 
birds are  found  in  this  country.  The  perfect  insect,  as 
well  as  the  larvae,  feed  upon  Aphides,  and  instead  of  being 
destroyed,  they  should  be  cherished  and  encouraged. 

Besides  these,  there  are  other  inveterate  enemies  of  the 
pi  ant-lice  in  the  Syrphidoe,  which  are  two- winged  flies, 
resembling  the  common  house-fly,  but  handsomer.  They 
deposit  their  eggs  where  Aphides  exist ;  the  maggot, 
which  hatches  from  these,  seizes  upon  the  first  Aphis  that 
comes  within  his  reach,  and  sucks  its  fluids.  A  medium- 
sized  worm  will  consume  a  hundred  lice  in  an  hour.  They 
are  always  found  in  a  colony  of  Aphides* 

Aphis  prunifolift,  or  the  Plum  Leaf-louse,  is  black,  with 
pale  green  abdomen.  It  is  found  on  the  under  side  of  the 
leaves,  which  become  wrinkled  and  distorted.  It  is  not 
so  abundant  as  some  other  species,  but  its  habits  are 
similar.  ** 

Aphis  cerasi,  (Fabric^  or  the  Cherry  Plant-louse,  is 
very  common,  very  numerous,  and  very  black.  They  ap- 
pear with  the  first  expansion  of  the  leaves,  and  continue 
or  are  renewed  when  destroyed,  and  remain  until  mid-sum- 
mer, when  they  generally  disappear.  Their  numbers  are 
almost  incredible,  and  they  give  a  young  cherry  tree  a 
wretched  appearance.  On  the  under  surface  of  a  small 
leaf,  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  Mr.  Fitch  counted  one 
hundred  and  ninety  lice,  on  one.  side  only  of  the  mid- 
rib. Their  natural-  enemies  come  to  the  rescue  to  check 


*  Kept,  cit.,  p.  100. 

*  *  Kept.  cit.  p.  122. 


INSECTS.  317 

their  wonderful  increase,  and  sometimes  will  utterly  rout 
the  Aphides  in  a  single  week.* 

The  remedies  advised  for  the  apple  tree  Aphides,  are 
equally  applicable  to  those  of  the  cherry,  and  their  natural 
enemies  are  the  same  and  equally  efficacious ;  but  Aphides 
have  internal  foes  likewise,  that  may  be  named  here.  The 
Ichneumon-flies  are  parasitic,  their  larvae  feed  upon  the 
substance  of  the  Aphides.  The  genus  Aphidius  is  parti- 
cularly provided  to  furnish  parasites  to  these  insects,  in 
which  they  deposit  a  single  egg,  selecting  a  louse  of  the 
proper  size  to  sustain  their  progeny :  the  egg  hatches  to 
a  larva,  which  exhausts  the  Aphis  by  the  time  it  has  at- 
tained its  growth,  when  the  poor  creature  fastens  itself 
securely  to  the  leaf,  and  dies,  leaving  its  carcase  a  secure 
resting  place  for  the  pupa  of  the  Ichneumon.  These  para- 
sitic insects,  which  feed  internally  upon  the  Aphides,  are 
as  effective  in  their  destruction  as  the  Aphis-lions,  or  any 
other  class  of  their  enemies.*  * 

Aphis  persicaBj  or  the  Peach  Tree-louse,  punctures  the 
leaves  of  this  plant,  and  Dr.  Fitch  f  thinks,  is  the  common 
though  not  the  only  cause  of  the  curl  in  the  peach  tree 
leaves.  Our  intelligent  orchardists  have  found  these  in- 
sects occasionally  in  the  curled  leaves  of  the  peach,  but  do 
not  agree  with  this  distinguished  entomologist,  in  consid- 
ering them  a  cause  of  that  malady. 

Aphis  Vitis  I,  or  the  Vine  Aphis,  is  often  quite  trouble- 
some on  vigorous  young  shoots  of  the  grape  vine,  both 
wild  and  cultivated,  particularly  the  former.  These  in- 

*  Rept.  cit.  p.  125. 

*  *  Rept.  cit.  p.  134. 

t  Trans.  N.  Y.  Ag'l  Soc.,  1856,  p.  359. 


318  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

sects  soon  cripple  the  growth  of  the  shoot.  The  species 
is  not  known  to  be  different  from  that  of  Europe.  This 
insect  is  briefly  mentioned  by  T.  Glover,  in  Patent  Office 
Rept.  for  1854,  p.  79.  Dr.  Fitch  describes  as  a  grape  leaf- 
louse,  the  Pemphigus  vitifolia,  which  inhabits  the  gall- 
like  excrescences  upon  the  foliage  of  some  varieties,  par- 
ticularly those  with  thin  leaves. 

Aphis  riMs,  (Linn.),  is  the  Aphis  of  the  currant.  It 
causes  the  leaves  to  present  a  blistered  appearance  above ; 
the  lice  are  found  on  the  under  side ;  the  wingless  are  pale 
yellow,  the  others  have  glossy  wings,  mostly  black,  with 
abdomen  light  green.* 

Aphis  lanigera,  now  called  J&riosoma,  or  the  Woolly 
Aphis,  was  first  described  in  1801  as  infesting  the  apple 
trees  in  Germany.  It  has  been  noticed  in  England  in 
1787,  and  has  since  acquired  the  name  of  American  Blight, 
from  the  erroneous  supposition  that  it  had  been  imported 
from  this  country ;  but  it  was  known  to  French  gardeners 
for  a  long  time  previous. 

The  eggs  of  this  insect  are  microscopic,  and  are  envel- 
oped in  a  cottony  substance.  They  are  deposited  in 
chinks  of  bark,  and  crotches  of  limbs,  at  or  near  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground.  When  first  hatched,  the  insects  are 
covered  with  short  down;  as  they  grow,  the  down  in- 
creases in  length.  When  fully  grown,  they  are  one-tenth 
of  an  inch  long;  the  head,  antennae,  sucker,  and  skins, 
are  blackish,  the  abdomen  of  a  honey-yellow  color.  Their 
punctures  produce  warty  excrescences,  the  limbs  become 
sickly,  the  leaves  turn  yellow  and  drop  off,  and  the  whole 
tree  perishes  as  the  insects  spread  over  it.  The  remedies 

*  Lib.  cit.  p.  435. 


INSECTS.  319 

appear  futile  on  badly  affected  trees.  Young  trees  were 
treated  by  painting  over  the  affected  parts  with  a  mixture 
of  melted  resin  and  fish  oil,  in  equal  parts,  applied  warm. 
Sir  Joseph  Banks  removed  them  with  a  stiff  brush.  Spir- 
its of  tar,  turpentine,  oil,  and  soft  soap,  have  been  recom- 
mended. After  scraping  off  the  rough  bark,  wash  the 
tree  with  alkaline  solution,  apply  the  same  to  the  main 
roots  after  laying  them  bare  of  earth.* 

PhemphigUS  pyri,  Eriosoma  pyri,  (Fitch),  or  Pern- 
phigus  Americanusf,  (  Walker),. is  the  Apple-root  Blight. 
It  produces  a  similar  condition  in  the  roots,  and  was  also 
called  the  American  Blight  in  England.  It  is  composed 
of  warty  excrescences  upon  the  roots,  containing  in  their 
crevices  minute  lice,  having  their  bodies  covered  with  a 
white  cottony  subtance.  Removal  of  the  earth,  and  the 
application  of  soapsuds,  has  been  recommended  as  a  prob- 
able remedy  for  the  injuries  done  by  this  insect.** 

Psylla  Pyri. — Some  Aphides  have  the  power  of  leap- 
ing, like  the  leaf-hoppers,  but  they  differ  from  those  in- 
sects in  having  very  large  transparent  upper  wings,  which 
cover  the  sides  of  the  body  like  a  steep  roof.  The  genus 
embracing  these  insects,  is  called  Psylla.  One  of  the 
species  was  observed  by  Dr.  Harris,  upon  a  pear  tree. 
They  live  by  suction,  and  having  gorged  themselves,  the 
juice  runs  down  on  the  bark,  producing  a  blackish  color; 
young  trees  suffered  excessively.  As  Dr.  Phumb,  of 
Salisbury,  Conn.,  had  observed  them  in  1833  on  some  im- 
ported pear  trees,  of  which  he  lost  several  hundred  in  a 

*  Harris1  Kept.  p.  211. 

*  *  For  further  particulars  respecting  these  insects,  consult  Dr.  Fitch's  Kept, 
p.  5,  and  Harris'  Kept.,  p.  241. 


320  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

few  years,  Dr.  Harris  suspected  the  insect  to  be  the  Psyl- 
la  pyri,  of  Europe.  Kollar  recommends  brushing  off  the 
insects,  and  crushing  them  under  foot ;  and  also  advises  to 
destroy  the  winged  females  in  the  spring.  This  being 
tedious  and  uncertain,  it  is  recommended  to  wash  the 
twigs  with  a  brush,  dipped  in  a  mixture  of  strong  soap- 
suds and  flowers  of  sulphur,  before  the  buds  expand,  to  de- 
ter the  insects  from  laying  their  eggs.  A  weaker  solution, 
or  the  whale  oil  soap,  might  kill  the  young  insects  after 
they  have  fastened  upon  the  bark,  if  applied  with  a 
syringe.* 

Cicada  septendecim,  or  the  Seventeen-year  Locust,  as 
it  is  erroneously  called,  is  110  Locust  at  all,  but  should  be 
called  Cicada,  because,  as  already  stated,  when  copsider- 
ing  the  order  Orthoptera,  the  true  Locusts,  are,  what  we 
call  Grasshoppers. 

This  insect  is  remarkable  for  the  long  period  of  its  pupal 
existence,  which  is  subterranean,  and  during  which  it  feeds 
upon  the  juices  of  roots.  In  its  perfect  state,  it  does  not 
eat,  and  is  neither  able  to  bite  nor  to  sting.  The  injury 
it  does  to  our  orchards  is  effected  by  its  piercer  in  deposit- 
ing its  eggs,  causing  twigs  to  break  and  fall  off.  There 
are  several  Harvest-flies  that  belong  to  this  order. 

Tree  Hoppers>  being  members  of  the  same  order,  feed 
upon  the  juices  of  plants,  through  their  suckers,  and  are 
thus  injurious;  but  their  numbers  are  not  sufficient  to 
render  them  of  much  consequence. 

PalftOthripS  mall,  (Fitch),  is  the  name  of  an  insect 
described  by  Dr.  Fitch  *  *  as  infesting  apple  trees  in  the 

*  Vide  Harris'  Kept.,  p.  232. 

*  *  Kept.,  p.  403. 


INSECTS.  32] 

month  of  August,  where  they  were  attacking  the  fruit. 
They  excavated  a  little  hollow"  near  the  blossom  end  of 
the  apple  about  the  size  of  a  pea,  which  was  occupied  by 
small  insects.  Until  the  habits  of  the  insect  are  more 
thoroughly  understood,  it  will  be  difficult  to  advise  any 
remedies. 

There  is  quite  a  number  of  insects  in  this  class  that  af- 
fect the  grape  vine,  some  of  which  may  become  trouble- 
some, and  we  should  watch  their  habits.  The  following 
accounts  are  condensed  from  Dr.  Fitch's  Report : 

Raping  easier  sarpinus,  or  the  large  Green  Tree-bug,  is 
grassy-green,  edged  with  yellow,  and  a  black  point  at 
every  joint  of  the  abdomen;  found  in  September. 

Pentatoma  ligata,  or  the  Bound  Tree-bug,  is  also 
grassy-green,  but  more  widely  bordered  all  round,  except 
the  head,  with  pale  red,  and  has  a  pale  red  spot  on  the 
middle  of  its  back  and  on  the  apex  of  its  scutel ;  antennae 
green. 

Arma  modesta,  or  the  Modest  Tree-bug,  is  tawny  yel- 
lowish-gray, thickly  dotted  with  brown  punctures ;  the 
wing-covers  are  red  at  the  apex  of  their  leathery  portion, 
and  have  a  brown  spot  at  the  tip  of  the  hyaline  portion ; 
the  under  side  is  whitish,  with  a  row  of  black  dots  along 
tjhe  middle,  and  another  on  each  side. 

Thelia  iinivittata,  (Harris),  or  the  Single-striped  Tree- 
hopper,  is  chestnut-brown,  shaped  like  a  beech-nut,  with  a 
perpendicular  protuberance  on  the  fore  part  of  its  back, 
higher  than  wide.  It  is  tawny  white  in  front,  a  white 
stripe  along  the  .back  to  the  tip ;  length  0.37  inch ;  July 
and  August. 

Ceresa  bubalus,  or  Buffalo  Treehopper,  is  of  a  light 
14* 


AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

grass-green,  freckled  with  whitish  dots ;  with  a  sharp  short 
point  on  each  side,  projecting  like  horns. 

Ceresa  taurina,  is  like  the  preceding,  but  the  space  be- 
tween the  horns  is  concave. 

Acutalis  dorsalis,  is  a  small,  triangular,  shining  Tree- 
hopper,  with  a  smooth  round  back ;  it  is  greenish-white, 
with  a  large  black  spot,  from  the  anterior  corners  of  which 
a  line  runs  off  to  ^ach  eye.  Plentiful  about  the  last  of 
July,  a  few  remaining  until  October. 

Erythroneura  Yitis,  (Harris),  or  the  Vine-leaf  hopper, 
is  pale  yellow,  with  two  broad  blood-red  bands,  and  a  third 
dusky  one  on  the  apex.  Swarms  of  these  small  insects 
occur  in  August,  and  often  bleed  the  foliage  so  as  to  injure 
it  seriously. 

Erythroneura  tricincta,  or  the  Three-banded  Leaf- 
hopper,  is  like  the  preceding  species,  but  the  bands  are 
narrower. 

Erythroneura  Titifex,  or  the  Vine-destroying  Leaf- 
hopper,  is  yellowish- white ;  the  wing-covers  have  oblique 
confluent,  blood-red  bands,  and  a  short,  oblique,  black  line 
on  the  middle  of  their  outer  margin.  The  thorax  com- 
monly has  three  red  stripes,  the  middle  one  forked  anteri- 
orly and  confluent,  with  two  red  stripes  on  the  crown  of 
the  head.  When  the  wing-covers  are  closed,  they  loofe 
red,  with  a  cream-colored  spot,  shaped  like  a  heart  placed 
anteriorly,  and  on  the  middle,  a  large  diamond-shaped 
spot,  with  a  small  red  spot  in  its  centre. 

These  insects  are  sometimes  seen  in  such  numbers  upon 
the  grape  vines  in  September,  that,  when  the  leaves  are 
disturbed,  they  fly  out  and  resemble  a  shower  of  snow- 


INSECTS.  323 

flakes.  The  young  resemble  their  parents,  but  are  desti- 
tute of  wings. 

A  REMEDY  is  much  needed. 

Erythroneura  vulnerata,  (Fitch\  or  the  Wounded  Tree- 
hopper,  is  tawny  yellowish,  sometimes  tinged  with  red ; 
the  wing-covers  have  white  spots  and  veins,  and  on  the 
middle  of  the  outer  margin  an  oblique  black  streak,  be- 
tween two  creamy  white  spots ;  the  hind  one  smaller,  and 
an  oblique  blood-red  line  at  its  end ;  tips  smoky-blackish ; 
length  0.12  inch  ;  September. 

Otiocerus  Coquebertii,  is  a  slim  fly  of  yellowish-white 
color,  with  a  bright  carmine-red  stripe  along  each  side  of 
the  body  and  wings,  which  are  widely  forked  behind. 
Length  042  inch;  July  until  autumn,  on  the  wild  grape 
vine. 

There  are  a  great  many  insects  of  this  order,  which  are 
familiar  to  most  country  residents  on  account  of  their  un- 
pleasant smell.  These  are  the  true  bugs,  and  belong  to 
the  sub-division  called  Heteropterous  Hemiptera.  The 
Squash-bug  is  a  familiar  illustration  of  these  insects;  it  is 
called  the  Coreus  tristis,  from  its  sad  dull  color ;  they  are 
quite  destructive  to  all  plants  of  the  Squash  family. 

ReduvillS  tr  mot  at  US,  is  one  of  this  order,  which  is  a 
valuable  aid  to  the  horticulturists,  because  its  sucker  is 
armed  with  sharp  instruments,  that  enable  it  to  pierce  and 
consume  other  insects,  many  of  which  are  destroyed  by 
it.  This  insect  has  been  introduced  into  the  West  for  the 
sake  of  its  valuable  services. 


824  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY 

ORDER   LEPIDOPTERA. 

The  insects  of  this  order  are  very  numerous,  and  in  their 
larval  or  caterpillar  state  they  are  often  very  destructive. 
In  the  perfect  form  of  butterflies  and  moths,  they  commit 
little  or  no  depredations,  because  their  jaws  have  been 
transformed  into  a  sucking  apparatus.  They  consume, 
in  their  perfect  state,  little  else  than  honey. 

The  order  has  been  divided  into  three  great  sections : 
Butterflies,  Papiliones •  Hawk-moths,  Sphinges;  and 
Moths,  or  Nocturnes.  Of  these,  the  ^Egeridce  constitute 
a  very  distinct  family,  resembling  bees  and  wasps  rather 
than  butterflies ;  their  caterpillars  also  differ,  being  borers, 
and  nearly  naked.  Butterflies  are  produced  from  cater- 
pillars that  are  not  generally  very  injurious  to  our  crops. 
Hawk-moths  are  large  insects,  and  have  great  power  of 
flight ;  their  caterpillars  are  large  and  voracious.  It  is  the 
moths  proper,  a  very  numerous  family,  which  do  us  the 
most  harm,  and  which  will  demand  the  largest  share  of 
our  attention.  They  vary  much  in  size  and  appearance. 
Some  of  the  females  are  destitute  of  wings. 

The  Arctians,  or  Woolly  Bears,  are  a  very  numerous 
division  of  the  tribe  of  JSombyces  or  Spinners,  so  called 
from  the  name  of  the  Silk- worm;  some  of  these  will  be 
mentioned. 

Orgyia  leilCOStigma,  or  the  Yaporer  Moth,  is  a  very 
beautiful  caterpillar,  frequently  seen  upon  .our  fruit  trees, 
though  not  confined  to  them.  They  feed  separately,  and 
therefore  we  can  best  destroy  them  in  the  egg.  Fortu- 
nately, these  may  easily  be  found  during  the  winter,  for 
the  female,  being  wingless,  never  quits  her  cocoon,  but 
deposits  the  eggs  in  a  mass  upon  the  outside  of  it.  The 


INSECTS.  325 

whole  contrivance  is  one  of  the  many  illustrations  of  the 
wonderful  instinct  of  insects.  When  about  to  spin,  the 
worm  secures  two  or  more  leaves,  by  entwining  her  silk 
about  their  stems,  and  also  around  the  woody  twig  upon 
which  they  grow ;  she  then  attaches  them  together  by 
bands  of  silk,  and  spins  her  cocoon  between  them.  She 
thus  secures  a  winter  resting  place  for  her  eggs,  and  her 
progeny,  when  they  hatch  the  next  summer,  are  upon  the 
tree  that  furnishes  them  their  appropriate  food.  These 
dead  leaves  will  attract  our  attention  during  the  winter, 
and  should  be  gathered  and  burned.  Many  of  the  cater- 
pillars are  destroyed  by  a  little  Ichneumon-fly. 

Orgyia  antiqua,  or  the  Kusty  Vaporer  Moth,  of  Europe, 
has  been  introduced  into  this  country,  and  has  been  quite 
destructive  to  thorn-hedges  in  Rhode  Island.  They  may 
become  troublesome  to  our-  orchards. 

Several  of  these  Arctians,  or  Tiger-moths,  may  be  seen 
about  our  houses  on  a  summer  evening,  as  they  are 
chiefly  nocturnal.  One  of  the  most  common  is 

Arctia  phalerata,  or  the  Harnessed  Moth,  so  called 
from  the  markings  on  its  wings.  Another  distinctly 
marked  one  is  Gattimorpha  militaris,  now  called  G.  Le- 
contei.  Beautiful  illustrations  of  these  are  given  in  Dr. 
Harris'  Report. 

S  pilose  ma  Virginica,  is  the  beautiful  White  Moth,  or 
"  Miller,"  that  we  see  in  May ;  it  is  the  imago  or  perfect  in- 
sect of  a  large  hairy  caterpillar,  of  a  yellowish  color,  fre- 
quently seen  in  our  gardens,  and  quite  destructive  to 
vegetation. 

Hyphantria  textor,  or  the  Fall  Web-worm,  is  very 
troublesome  upon  shrubs  and  trees  during  the  summer  and 


326  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

fall.  They  are  called  the  Web-worms  from  their  habit  of 
feeding  gregariously  in  large  numbers,  and  spinning  a 
web  that  envelopes  the  leaves  and  the  whole  branch,  as 
they  devour  the  foliage. 

This  insect  commits  sad  ravages  upon  our  cultivated 
trees  of  various  kinds,  for  it  is  not  a  choice  feeder,  con- 
suming but  one  species,  like  many  other  insects.  Their 
most  common  pasture  is  the  mulberry,  and  the  related 
Osage  Orange  is  frequently  attacked.  The  Elder  bushes 
appear  very  attractive  to  them,  and  are  often  covered 
with  their  unsightly  webs.  Elms  suffer  very  much ;  our 
favorite  fruit  trees  are  attacked ;  apples,  pears,  cherries, 
quinces,  and,  occasionally,  even  the  peach  trees  are  eaten 
by  them.  Even  the  repulsive  Ailantus,  which  has  often 
been  recommended  as  a  wormless  tree,  is  greedily  de- 
voured by  these  caterpillars,  notwithstanding  its  disagree- 
able odor. 

The  eggs,  from  two  to  three  hundred  in  number,  are 
deposited  on  the  under  side  of  a  leaf,  near  the  end  of  a 
twig.  These  soon  hatch,  and  the  larvae  commence  feeding 
on  the  upper  surface,  spinning  their  threads  from  side  to 
side,  and  then,  attaching  two  or  three  leaves  together,  they 
soon  make  a  web.  They  continue  feeding  and  spinning 
along  the  twig,  as  they  consume  the  tender  portion  of  the 
leaf,  leaving  the  mere  skeleton. 

The  caterpillars  are  small,  of  a  pale  yellow  color,  with 
a  broad  blackish  stripe  on  the  back,  and  another  beneath. 
They  are  thickly  clothed  with  whitish  hair ;  the  head  and 
feet  are  black.  Worms  of  the  same  nest  vary  in  size  and 
colors.  When  about  an  inch  long,  they  disperse,  and  spin 
their  cocoons.  The  moth  is  milk  white,  without  any 


INSECTS.  327 

markings  on  its  wings,  and  is  1.25  to  1.35  inch  in  width. 
(Vide  Harris,  p.  358). 

Though  called  the  Fall  Web- worm,  these  caterpillars 
appear  about  Cincinnati  in  the  end  of  May  quite  abun- 
dantly, and  from  that  time  until  October,  they  are  more 
or  less  frequent ;  most  so  in  August.  In  the  North,  they 
may  be  later ;  I  have  seen  large  tracts  of  forest  defoliated 
on  the  lake  shore,  in  August,  1865. 

REMEDIES. — For  the  destruction  of  these  pests  we  must 
resort  to  hand-picking,  when  they  are  in  the  caterpillar 
state.  The  twig  or  branch  should  be  taken  off,  and  the 
worms  crushed  or  burned.  It  is  fortunate  for  us  that  they 
are  gregarious  and  that  they  spin  a  web,  for  we  can  de- 
tect them  while  they  are  yet  young,  and  when  confined  to 
one  or  two  leaves,  so  that  the  whole  brood  may  be  de- 
stroyed with  very  little  effort.  Birds,  and  some  insects, 
aid  us  in  keeping  them  in  check. 

Clisiocampa  decipiens,  (Walker) ,  or  C.  Americana, 
(Harris),  is  commonly  known  as  the  Tent-caterpillar,  or 
Nest-caterpillar.  The  larvaa  are  not  indiscriminate  feed- 
ers, but  prefer  the  foliage  of  certain  members  of  the  ^Rosa- 
ceous family  of  plants.  Their  natural  food  appears  to  be 
the  common  wild  cherry,  but  they  attack  the  apple  so  vig- 
ously,  that  they  are  often  called  the  apple  tree  worm. 
Mr.  Fitch  thinks  they  do  not  feed  upon  the  peach ;  but  I 
have  frequently  found  them  upon  this  tree  since  1855. 
The  moth  appears  to  be  endowed  with  wonderful  instinct 
in  depositing  her  eggs ;  selecting  a  terminal  shoot  that 
has  completed  its  growth,  they  are  placed  to  the  number 
of  200  or  300  around  it  in  a  broad  ring  or  sheath,  and 
covered  with  a  sort  of  varnish  that  protects  them. 


328  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

Very  early  in  the  spring,  when  the  bnds  of  the  apple 
have  just  begun  to  swell,  the  eggs  hatch,  and  the  little 
worms  traverse  the  twig,  spinning  a  slender  thread ;  when 
they  reach  another  branch,  they  halt  in  the  bifurcation, 
and,  moving  about,  soon  create  a  slight  web  with  the 
silken  threads,  and  from  this  they  emerge  in  search  of 
food,  spinning  a  thread  along  their  route,  and  when  they 
return,  they  travel  about,  and  thus  enlarge  their  web. 

REMEDIES. — These  insects  may  be  attacked  in  the  egg 
or  in  the  larval  state.  The  former  are  so  arranged  as  to 
be  conspicuous  on  the  naked  spray  at  any  time  during  the 
winter — whenever  seen,  they  should  be  broken  or  cut  off, 
and  carried  to  the  fire.  In"  the  early  spring,  we  must 
watch  for  the  little  tents  in  the  bifurcations  of  the  limbs, 
and  remove  the  nests  with  all  the  worms ;  this  may  be 
done  when  they  are  small,  by  using  the  thumb  and  finger ; 
if  larger,  it  is  a  disagreeable  task,  but  no  orchardist 
should  hesitate  when  he  recollects  that  six  hundred  leaves 
is  a  day's  ration  for  one  colony.  They  can  easily  be  gath- 
ered in  their  web,  thrown  upon  the  ground,  and  crushed 
with  the  foot.  Mr.  Needham,  of  Massachusetts,  h.is  in- 
vented, what  he  calls,  a  caterpillar  scourge ;  it  is  a  little 
cone  of  wood,  clothed  with  a  piece  of  wool-card.  This  is 
attached  to  a  pole :  when  thrust  into  the  web,  the  whole 
nest  is  gathered  by  the  card-teeth  and  brought  down. 
An  old  dry  mullein  stalk  has  often  been  used  for  the  same 
purpose,  and  some  recommend  burning  the  nest,  or  shoot- 
ing it ;  but  I  have  more  faith  in  thumb  and  finger  work, 
believing  it  to  be  more  thorough. 

Among  the  natural  enemies  of  these  caterpillars  are  the 
Tiger-beetles,  which  a  successful  orchardist  of  Illinois 


INSECTS.  329 

uses  systematically  for  their  destruction.  He  catches  a 
beetle,  and  puts  it  upon  a  tree  containing  a  nest  of  the 
Tent-caterpillar,  after  which  he  finds  the  worms  soon  dis- 
appear. 

Gastrophaca  Americana,  (Harris}. — The  Lappet-cater- 
pillars are  found  on  apple  trees.  The  worms  are  flat,  and 
when  at  rest  on  a  limb,  they  often  escape  observation 
from  their  gray  color  resembling  the  bark.  A  fringe  of 
hairs,  along  their  sides,  gives  them  this  flat  appearance. 
They  feed  only  at  night.  Dr.  Harris  found  some  in  Sep- 
tember that  measured  two  and  one-half  inches  in  length, 
and  above  half  an  inch  in  breadth. 


SATURNIANS,   CERATOCAMPIANS,  ZEITZEEIANS. 

Platysamia  (Attacus)  cecropia9  (Linn.),  the  Cecropia 
Emperor  Moth,  is  found  as  a  large  cylindrical,  pale  green 
worm,  three  or  four  inches  long,  and  as  thick  as  one'? 
thumb,  and  having  two  rows  of  pale  blue,  projecting 
points  along  each  side,  and  two  rows  of  pale  yellow  ones 
upon  the  back,  with  four  larger,  bright  orange,  or  red  ones 
anteriorly,  all  ending  in  little  black  prickles.  The  moth 
is  large ;  its  wings  dark  gray ;  each  has  a  large  white, 
crescent  like  spot  in  the  centre,  margined  with  red,  and  a 
red  band  crossing  both  wings.  Appears  in  June ;  width 
five  to  seven  inches. 

There  are  others  of  this  family  of  noble  moths  whose 
names  have  been  indicated  above,  but  they  are  not  very 
destructive  to  the  orchard. 


330  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

Then  come,  in  Dr.  Harris'  classification,  the  Zeuzerians, 
a  group  of  moths  which,  like  ^Egerians  among  the  Sphin- 
ges, pierce  the  roots  and  stems  of  trees.  Among  these  is 
Xyleutes  (Cossus)  robinice,  or  the  Locust-tree  Boring- 
moth. 

The  Saturnians  are  a  group  of  large,  naked  caterpillars, 
which  are  generally  short,  thick,  clumsy,  and  cylindrical ; 
they  are  leaf-eaters,  and  some  of  them,  when  young,  keep 
together  in  families,  but  separate  as  they  become  older, 
when  they  spin  large*  silky  cocoons  sometimes  among 
leaves,  which  they  secure  by  silk  to  the  twigs,  sometimes 
attaching  them  to  the  stems  and  limbs,  and  at  others  at,  or 
beneath,  the  surface  of  the  ground.  This  group  contains 
some  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  moths,  with  large 
woolly  bodies,  and  widely  extended,  highly  colored'  and 
ornamented  wings.  They  lay  a  great  many  eggs ;  some 
females  deposit  several  hundreds.  Still  they  are  seldom 
so  numerous  as  to  commit  serious  devastations. 

"  Among  these  are  the  Telea  Polyphemus,  Tropce  aluna, 
Cdllosamia  Promethea,  Platysamia  cecropia,  (formerly 
known  under  the  genus  Attacus,  which  is  now  restricted 
to  the  immense  A.  Atlas,  and  another  species  of  China), 
and  the  Euchronia  Maia,  and  Hyperchiria  varia,  (for- 
merly known  under  the  genus  Saturnia,  which  is  now  re- 
tained for  several  European  species).  The  latter  species, 
(If.  varia),  has  been  generally  known  among  us  under  the 
name  of  Saturnia  lo,  but  according  to  Dr.  Packard,  (who 
published  '  a  Synopsis  of  the  Bombycidse  of  the  United 
States,'  in  the  Third  Volume  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia),  our  species  has 
been  confounded  by  authors  with  Cramer's  species  '  .70,' 


INSECTS.  331 

from  South  America,  and  which  belongs  to  a  different 
genus." — [E.  T.  Cresson,  Mss. 

These  moths  may  yet  become  valuable  for  the  produc- 
tion ot  a  kind  of  silk,  as  they  are  enclosed  in  large  co- 
coons, the  fibres  of  which  surpass  those  of  the  Silk-worm 
in  strength,  and  might  be  employed  in  the  formation  of 
fabrics,  similar  to  those  manufactured  in  India  from  the 
Tusseh  and  Arrindy  Silk-worms,  the  strength  and  dura- 
bility of  which  are  proverbial.  Mr.  Pullein,  who  experi- 
mented with  the  cocoons  of  the  Cecropia,  found  that 
twenty  threads  of  this  silk,  twisted  together,  would  sus- 
tain nearly  an  ounce  more  in  weight  than  the  same  num- 
ber of  common  silk. — (Vide  Harris,  pp.  295-303.) 

Psychidce  are  curious  caterpillars,  which,  being  naked, 
cover  themselves  during  the  larva  state  with  a  case  that 
protects  their  bodies,  though  open  at  both  ends,  and  which 
thoy  carry  about  with  them ;  these  cases  are  made  up  of 
fragments  of  leaves,  generally  the  stems  and  veins,  which 
they  connect  together  by  threads  of  silk.  The  Germans  call 
them  Sack-bearers.  Huebner  called  them  Cancephorce,  or 
Basket-carriers,  because  the  cases,  often  made  of  little 
sticks,  resemble  a  basket.  One  genus  is  called  CEceticus, 
or  House-insect ;  and  the  common  species,  which,  in  some 
parts  of  the  country,  commits  great  devastation  upon  the 
leaves  of  trees,  is  called  the  Drop-worm,  or  the  Basket- 
worm,  in  many  places. 

We  have  several  genera  and  species  belonging  to  this 
sub-family,  the  most  common  of  which  are  the  Thyridop- 
teryx  ephemeraformis,  and  (Eceticus  coniferarum.  The 
best  means  for  the  destruction  of  this  pest  consist  in  per- 
severing efforts  for  their  individual  destruction ;  each  case 


332  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

should  be  cut  or  torn  off  in  the  winter,  when  they  show 
very  plainly  upon  deciduous  trees;  they  may  be  crushed, 
but  had  better  be  committed  to  the  flames. 

The  Notodontians  are  so  called  from  a  hump  or  horn, 
which  rises  from  the  top  of  the  fourth  ring  of  the  cater- 
pillar ;  the  tail  is  always  raised  when  the  insect  is  at  rest. 
One  of  these  is  called,  from  its  horn,  Ccelodcisys  (Nbto- 
don  to)  unicomis.  Some  species  consume  the  foliage  of 
our  fruit  trees,  particularly  the  apple  and  quince  ;  one  of 
these,  the  Datana  ministra,  (the  Eumetopona  ministra 
of  Fitch,  or  the  Pygcera  ministra  of  Harris),  will  be  no- 
ticed below. 

Eudryas  grata,  and  E,  unio,  —  The  Beautiful  Wood- 
nymph,  and  the  Pearl  Wood-nymph. — The  worms  are  very 
much  alike,  and  resemble  the  Spotted  Forrester.  The 
moths  come  forth  in  July ;  the  fore-wings  are  milk  white, 
bordered  behind  and  on  the  outer  side,  from  the  base  to 
the  middle,  with  rusty  brown,  edged  on  the  inner  side  with 
greenish  olive ;  hind-wings  nankeen  yellow,  with  a  black- 
ish-brown border.  These  worms  are  best  removed  by 
hand-picking. 

Datana  ministra,  or  the  Hand-maid  Moth. — The  moths 
are  troublesome  visitors  to  the  evening  student  in  June ; 
they  are  brown,  hairy,  thick-bodied,  and  measure  rather 
more  than  an  inch  across  the  wings.  This  creature  is 
destined  to  give  us  a  great  deal  of  trouble  by  her  progeny, 
for  she  deposits  her  numerous  eggs  on  the  under  side  of 
the  leaf  on  a  twig  of  quince,  apple,  and  cherry  trees, 
where  they  hatch  into  worms,  that,  during  their  existence 
of  about  four  weeks,  consume  immense  quantities  of  foli- 
age, often  stripping  the  trees  bare. 


INSECTS.  333 

The  wo rins  feed  gregariously,  lying  side  by  side  in  solid 
phalanx.  They  are  of  a  dark  brown  in  their  younger 
state,  but  become  lighter  and  more  clearly  marked  at 
each  successive  moulting,  so  that  they  are  distinctly 
striped  with  black  and  yellow.  The  peculiar  character 
of  this  worm  is,  that  when  at  rest,  the  head  and  tail  are 
carried  up  in  the  air,  or  recurved  over  the  body,  which  is 
supported  by  the  six  prop  legs  placed  near  the  middle. 
When  disturbed,  these  caterpillars  often  throw  their  heads 
from  side  to  side,  as  though  in  anger.  They  are  sparingly 
furnished  with  hairs,  and  they  spin  but  little ;  though 
when  young,  the  worms  will  sometimes  drop  from  the 
leaves  when  disturbed,  and  hang  suspended  by  a  fine 
strand  of  silk.  At  full  size,  these  creatures  are  an  inch  and 
three-quarters  to  two  inches  long,  and  as  thick  as  a  goose 
quill,  so  that  we  can  readily  imagine  the  amount  of  de- 
struction which  may  be  committed  by  one  of  these  armies 
or  family  groups  of  one  to  two  hundred  worms. 

TREATMESTT. — Constant  vigilance  is  required  on  the  part 
of  the  orchardist,  and  unremitting  efforts  while  the  insect 
is  in  the  larval  condition.  Fortunately  for  us,  their  habits 
are  such  as  to  aid  us  in  a  remarkable  way.  They  may  be 
looked  for  in  July,  but  they  become  numerous  only  about 
the  end  of  August,  and  in  September.  Some  late  broods 
may  be  seen  on  the  access  of  early  frosts,  but  by  the  end 
of  September,  the  worms  generally  perfect  their  growth, 
and  descend  into  the  earth  to  undergo  their  changes  for 
the  next  season,  when  the  moths  will  again  appear. 

When  we  may  be  inspecting  our  orchards,  in  the  sum- 
mer and  autumn,  we  should  observe  any  defective  foliage, 
as  this  is  often  an  indication  of  the  inroads  of  insects. 


334  AMERICAN   POMOLOd  Y. 

If  our  trees  have  been  neglected,  we  may  be  alarmed  by 
observing  some  of  the  thriftiest  shoots  and  branches  quite 
stripped  of  their  leaves ;  and,  lying  along  the  stems,  or 
crowded  together,  we  shall  see  these  unpleasant  worms, 
unless  they  be  foraging  upon  an  adjoining,  or  sometimes 
upon  quite  a  distant  branch ;  for,  in  changing  their  pas- 
ture, they  descend  one  twig  and  pass  out  upon  another, 
which  may  diverge  considerably  from  the  first. 

In  the  early  stages  of  their  existence,  however,  the  lit- 
tle worms  consume  only  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves, 
and  it  is  at  this  period  that  we  may  most  advantageously 
attack  them.  The  leaves  that  have  thus  had  their  sub- 
stance eroded  become  dry  and  whitish,  and  attract  our 
attention.  They  are  generally  found  upon  a  single  twig 
or  spray,  usually  a  lateral,  and  it  should  at  once  be  exam- 
ined, as  we  may  now  easily  destroy  the  whole  brood  by 
rolling  a  single  leaf  between  the  thumb  and  finger. 


NOCTTL2E,   OR    OWLET-MOTHS,    CUT-WORMS. 

The  perfect  insects  are  thick-bodied,  and  of  dull  colors ; 
they  fly  at  night.  The  caterpillars  are  naked,  live  in  the 
soil,  and  feed  above  ground  at  night,  when  they  do  con- 
siderable damage.  The  common  Cut-worm,  Agrotis,  is 
an  illustration.  There  are  several  sorts,  which  have  re- 
ceived different  names,  but  the  worms  all  have  very  simi- 
lar habits.  •* 

•The  moths  are  supposed  to  lay  their  eggs  in  July,  when 
they  soon  hatch  and  feed  during  the  season ;  they  attain 
eiderable  size  and  hybernate  in  the  soil. 

REMEDIES. — Fall  and  winter  plowing  has  been  recom- 


INSECTS.  335 

mended,  as  it  exposes  the  worms  to  the  birds,  and  to  the 
weather,  but  especially  because  it  destroys  the  vegetation 
upon  which  they  might  subsist  in  the  early  spring.  The 
only  safe  way,  is  to  watch  their  traces  among  our  plants, 
and  dig  down  beside  them,  find  the  worm,  and  destroy  it. 
Though  this  does  not  restore  the  plant  already  killed,  we 
prevent  further  damage,  and  may  hope  to  thus  diminish 
the  pest  in  future  years,  which  is  no  small  matter.  A 
knowledge  of  their  nocturnal  habits  has  induced  some 
gardeners  to  go  among  their  young  plants  with  a  lamp  or 
candle  at  night,  when  they  may  find  the  caterpillars  feed- 
ing. A  few  choice  plants  may  be  protected  by  wrapping 
their  stems  with  a  strip  of  paper,  or  a  stout  leaf,  (hickory), 
at  the  time  of  transplanting  into  infested  grounds ;  this 
will  save  them.  Tobacco  water  has  been  found  very  ef- 
fective, applied  to  the  plants,  which  it  does  not  injure. . 

Mamestra  arctica,  (Hadena  arnica,  of  Harris,  and  H. 
amputatrix,  of  Fitch),  is  a  Cut-worm  of  a  brownish  color, 
about  one  and  a  half  inch  long.  It  is  sometimes  quite 
destructive  in  the  nursery  and  garden,  ascending  woody 
plants,  and  cutting  them  off  where  succulent,  in  the  month 
of  May.  It  can  only  be  checked  by  seeking  for  it,  in  the 
soil,  near  the  base  of  the  plants  affected. 

All  these  Cut-worms  are  eaten  by  birds,  among  which 
the  crow  is  a  valuable  aid  to  the  farmer,  and  should  be 
cherished  for  his  services  instead  of  being  condemned  as 
a  bird  of  ill-omen.  Predacious  insects  also  consume  num- 
bers of  them ;  one  of  these  is  the  larva  of  a  beetle,  Har- 
palus  calaginosus.  A  large  Ichneumon-fly  has  been 
found  hunting  after  the  worms,  and  is  considered  their 
natural  enemy. 


336  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

GEOMETERS,   SPAN-WORMS,    CANKER-WORMS. 

The  measuring  worms  take  their  niime  from  their  pecu- 
liar method  of  locomotion ;  having  their  legs  at  each  end 
of  their  long  bodies,  they  walk  by  progressive  leaps,  arch- 
ing up  their  backs  by  bringing  their  hind-legs  forward,  and 
then  thrusting  their  heads  out  to  their  full  length.  Many 
of  them  drop  from  the  trees,  and  hang  suspended  by  a 
thread  of  silk,  when  disturbed,  or  when  seeking  the  earth 
to  undergo  their  transformations.  Some  of  them  are  nak- 
ed, or  have  few  hairs ;  most  are  smooth,  often  striped,  or 
of  an  uniform  color,  like  the  bark  of  the  trees  on  which 
they  feed. 

The  moths  are  slender-bodied ;  the  wings  large ;  of  some 
the  females  have  no  wings.  These  are  the  Hybemians, 
including  the  Canker-worm,  Anisopterix  vernata.  These 
caterpillars  are  very  numerous  and  destructive ;  they  do 
not  feed  gregariously,  and  are  difficult  to  combat  in  that 
form.  The  pupae  are  under  ground,  and,  as  the  female 
moths  are  wingless,  and  must  ascend  the  trees  to  deposit 
their  eggs,  we  can  destroy  them  in  the  perfect  form  by 
meeting  them  on  the  highway  they  have  to  pass.  Ingen- 
ious devices  have  been  invented  for  this  purpose ;  among 
the  most  effective  of  these  are  vessels  of  oil,  fastened 
closely  around  the  bole  of  the  tree.  The  moths  emerge 
from  the  ground  in  early  spring,  but  many  come  out  dur- 
ing pleasant  mild  days  in  the  winter,  and  some  even  in  the 
autumn ;  so  the  remedies  must  be  applied  early  to  be  of 
any  use. 

Harris  describes  a  smaller  species  as  the  Anisopterix 
pometaria. 

Hybernia  tiliaria.  or  the  Span-worm  of  the  Linden,  is 


INSECTS.  337 

abundant  in  June,  growing  to  the  length  of  an  inch  and  a 
half.  A  belt  of  tar,  applied  to  the  trees,  has  been  found 
effective  in  preventing  the  ascent  of  the  wingless  females ; 
this  needs  renewing  daily,  until  the  season  of  their  rising 
has  passed. 

Ellopia  ribcaria,  or  the  Currant-moth,  was  figured  and 
described  by  Fitch  as  the  Abraxas?  ribearia,  in  New 
York  Reports  for  1856.  The  worm  is  light  yellow,  with 
black  dots.  It  eats  the  leaves  of  currants  and  gooseber- 
ries, in  June.  The  moth  ascends  from  the  ground  in  July  ; 
it  is  nankeen-yellow ;  quite  a  common  insect  in  some  parts 
of  the  country.  It  must  have  some  natural  enemies,  for, 
where  very  abundant  one  year,  it  sometimes  disappears 
altogether  the  next.  Hand-picking  is  the  only  remedy 
known,  and  this  is  quite  a  tedious  process. 


TORTRICES,  DELTA  MOTHS,  OR  LEAF-ROLLERS. 

The  Leaf-rollers  are  a  numerous  tribe,  and  some  of  them 
are  troublesome  upon  our  cultivated  trees  and  vines.  They 
curl  up  the  edge  of  the  leaf  upon  which  they  feed,  and 
fasten  it  with  little  bands  of  silk,  and  thus  shelter  them- 
selves from  the  weather  and  from  their  enemies.  They 
are  naked  worms,  and  generally  light  colored,  and  exceed- 
ingly active.  Some  live  in  the  unfolding  leaves  and  flow- 
er-buds, fastening  them  together  so  they  cannot  expand, 
while  they  devour  the  tender  tissues.  Some  enter  the 
young  fruit,  which  they  cause  to  ripen  and  fall  premature- 
ly. The  moths  are  generally  small,  often  prettily  marked, 
and  fly  only  in  the  evening. 
15 


338  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

Loxotaenia  rosaceana,  (Harris],  is  found  soon  after 
the  buds  of  the  apple  begin  to  expand.  They  curl  up 
and  fasten  them  together,  and  do  considerable  damage. 

Penthina  ociilana,  (Harris),  has  similar  habits,  and 
preys  upon  the  apple ;  both  must  be  -killed  by  hand. 

Bracbytcenia  melania,  or  the  Many-dotted  Apple  Leaf- 
worm,  is  mentioned  by  Fitch*  as  eating  holes  in  the 
leaves,  in  June  and  September.  It  is  rather  thick,  light 
green,  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  with  five  white  lines 
and  numerous  white  dots ;  the  worms  spin  their  cocoons 
in  a  leaf.  There  are  two  crops. 

Loxotaenia  cerasivorana,  (Fitch),  or  the  Cherry  Tor- 
trix,  is  a  deep  yellow  worm,  with  black  head  and  feet. 
Found  in  July,  fastening  the  leaves  together  and  living  in 
families,  forming  a  large  nest.** 

Desmia  maculalis,  or  the  Spotted-winged  Sable,  or 
Grape  Leaf-folder,  is  a  slender,  active  green  worm,  that 
feeds  upon  and  disfigures  the  leaves  of  our  grape  vines, 
rolling  them  with  great  regularity,  and  fastening  them 
with  strong  bands  of  beautiful  white  silk.  The  pupa  is 
formed  within  the  rolled  leaf.  These  worms  begin  in 
June,  but  continue  to  fold  the  leaves  during  the  season  of 
growth. 

They  can  be  destroyed  by  hand-picking,  but  it  requires 
quickness  and  dexterity,  as  the  worm  escapes  from  either 
end  of  the  open  pipe  when  disturbed.  The  warblers  are 
very  fond  of  them,  and  destroy  a  great  many. 

Carpocapsa  pomonclla,  or  the  Codling-moth,  is  one  of 
these  Tortrices,  which  gives  great  trouble.  It  has  been  in- 

*  Kept.,  p.  ail. 

*  *  Vide  Fitch,  in  N.  Y.  Trans.  1866,  p.  382. 


INSECTS.  339 

troduced  from  Europe,  but  is  steadily  increasing  as  our  or- 
chards grow  older,  until  we  now  have  few  perfect  fruit.  The 
moth  appears  early  in  the  summer  to  lay  the  eggs  of  the 
first  crop  of  worms.  This  insect  is  figured  and  described 
by  different  authors,  among  whom  Dr.  Trimble,  of  IsTew 
Jersey,  has  paid  it  especial  attention  in  his  recent  work. 

The  eggs  are  dropped  singly  upon  the  blossom  end  of 
the  apple,  that  affords  an  entrance  to  the  young  worm, 
which  passes  to  the  core,  about  which  it  consumes  the 
pulp  and  the  seeds.  The  worm  is  whitish,  becoming  flesh- 
colored.  In  warm  weather  it  attains  its  growth  in  three 
or  four  weeks,  and  makes  its  exit  by  gnawing  through  the 
side  of  the  fruit.  It  instinctively  seeks  the  stem  of  the 
tree  to  secrete  itself  under  the  scales  of  bark,  and  this  af- 
fords us  an  opportunity  to  destroy  it  in  the  pupa,  state,  for 
it  will  creep  under,  any  shelter  that  may  be  put  in  its  way. 

The  REMEDIES  will  depend  upon  the  habits  of  the  in- 
sect. The  moth,  being  nocturnal,  may  be  destroyed  by 
burning  lamps  or  fires  in  the  orchard  during  June,  when 
they  are  first  at  work ;  cheap  coal-oil  may  be  used  for  the 
purpose.  The  pupa3  can  be  entrapped  in  large  numbers, 
by  putting  a  piece  of  old  rag  in  the  crotch  of  the  tree,  be- 
neath which  the  worms  will  crawl  to  spin  their  cocoons, 
when  they  may  easily  be  destroyed.  Dr.  Trimble  has 
used  a  trap,  made  by  twisting  a  hay  rope  and  fastening  it 
about  the  trunk  of  the  tree ;  under  the  rope  immense  num- 
bers will  be  found.  This  trap  should  be  examined  fort- 
nightly, as  the  moths  hatch  out  during  hot  weather  in  a 
shorter  tiine  than  later  in  the  season,  when  some  remain 
over  winter  in  the  pupal  state. 

All  wormy  fruit  should  be  gathered  as  soon  as  it  falls 


340  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

from  the  trees,  and  either  be  boiled,  or  at  once  fed  to 
swine.  Hogs  and  sheep,  kept  in  the  orchard,  will  general- 
ly consume  the  fruit  as  fast  as  they  fall  to  the  ground ; 
and  this  is  the  simplest  and  cheapest  method  of  destroying 
the  worms. 

Cliff  toe  kilns  pomctellus,  (Harris),  is  commonly  called 
the  Palmer-worm.  It  feeds  upon  the  leaves  of  our  or- 
chard and  forest  trees  in  June.  Sometimes  it  appears  in  im- 
mense numbers,  and,  coming  after  the  period  for  the  pro- 
duction of  new  leaves,  great  damage  is  done  to  the  trees ; 
old  trees,  and  limbs  of  younger  ones,  are  sometimes  killed. 
There  have  been  two  celebrated  invasions  of  this  insect  in 
the  Eastern  States,  those  of  1791  and  of  1853.* 


GRAPE   VINE  FEEDERS. 

Grape  vines  are  subject  to  the  attacks  of  many  lepidop- 
torous  insects.  Dr.  Harris  gives  the  history  of  seven 
American  larvae,  mostly  of  large  moths,  which  feed  upon 
grape  leaves. 

Pteropkorus  periscelidactylus,  or  the  Gartered  Grape 
vine  Plume,  is  a  pale  green  worm,  half  an  inch  long,  which 
hides  itself  in  a  hollow  ball  of  leaves,  fastened  together 
with  silken  threads.  It  is  described  at  length  by  Dr. 
Fitch,  in  the  New  York  Agricultural  Transactions. 

OkiS  myrOHj  ( Choerocampa  pampinatrix,  of  Harris), 
called  also  the  Vine  Dresser,  is  somewhat  troublesome  in 
the  vineyards,  as  it  eats  the  leaves,  and  cuts  off  the  bunches 

*  For  interesting  details  vide  Fitch's  Bept.,  p.  221. 


INSECTS.  341 

of  grapes  when  half  grown.  This  worm  is  thick,  cylindri- 
cal, tapering  anteriorly,  pale  green,  freckled  with  pale 
yellow  dots,  and,  when  mature,  a  pale  dusky  olive ;  2.25 
inches  long.  The  pupa  is  found  under  leaves  on  the 
ground ;  the  moth  emerges  in  June. 

Philampelus  satellita,  and  P.  Achemon,  the  Satellite 
and  Achemou  Sphinges,  are  large  green  worms  that  feed 
upon  the  vine.  They  bury  themselves  in  the  ground 
when  going  into  the  pupa  state,  and  remain  until  the  next 
July.  The  worms  are  seen  in  August  and  September. 

Procris  Americana,  or  the  American  Forrester,  is  found 
feeding  upon  the  grape  leaves  at  mid-summer,  (June  22). 
The  worms  feed  gregariously  on  the  surface  of  a  leaf, 
some  twenty  side  by  side,  leaving  only  a  skeleton  behind 
them  when  small,  and  consuming  the  leaf  when  older. 
They  are  small,  0.60  inch  long ;  yellowish.  The  moth  is 
blue-black,  with  a  bright  orange  neck. 

Alypia  8-maculata,  or  the  Eight-spotted  Forrester,  is 
a  light  blue  worm,  1.25  inches  in  length.  They  leave  the 
vines  in  July,  and  spin  a  web  on  the  ground ;  the  moth 
appears  in  May ;  it  is  black,  with  orange  shanks ;  each  of 
the  fore-wings  has  two  large,  light  yellow  spots ;  the  hind- 
wings  have  two  white  ones.  Width  1,  to  1.50  inch. 


JEGERIANS. 

JEgeria  exitiosa,  (Say),  or  Trochilium  exitio&um,  is 
well  known  in  its  larval  state  as  the  Peach  tree  Borer,  and 
is  often  so  destructive  as  to  kill  the  trees.  The  habits  of 


342  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

the  worm  as  a  borer,  and  its  situation  at  the  base  of  tho 
tree,  are  somewhat  similar  to  those  of  the  apple  tree  bor- 
er ;  but  while  that  is  the  footless  grub  of  a  beetle,  this  is 
a  true  caterpillar,  the  larva  of  a  butterfly  or  moth,  with 
feet.  The  females  deposit  their  eggs  from  June  to  Octo- 
ber, placing  them  upon  the  bark  at  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  sometimes  in  the  forks  of  the  large  limbs.  The 
larva  enters,  and  works  downward ;  first  consuming  the 
bark,  but  afterwards  eroding  the  wood  also.  Gum  exudes 
from  the  wound,  mixed  with  their  castings,  and  indicates 
their  presence.  When  ready  to  enter  the  pupa  form,  the 
worms  come  to  the  surface,  excavate  a  hollow  in  the 
wood,  and  prepare  a  tough  leathery  follicle  or  pod,  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  long,  in  which  they  repose  as  pupae. 

This,  or  an  analagous  insect,  attacks  the  plum  tree,  and 
behaves  in  a  similar  manner.  The  double-flowering  Al- 
mond of  our  shrubberies  is  also  attacked  by  the  borer. 

The  perfect  insect  looks  more  like  a  wasp  than  a  butter- 
fly, for  the  wings  of  all  this  group  are  partially  clear  of 
feathers,  and  transparent.  It  varies  in  size  from  a  half  to 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  from  eight-tenths 
to  one  and  three-tenths  of  an  inch  across.  The  female  va- 
ries more  than  the  male,  and  her  wings  are  larger  in  pro- 
portion to  the  body,  which  is  heavier.  The  male  is  of  a 
deep  steel-blue  color,  with  sulphur-yellow  marks,  and  glossy 
luster.  The  wings  are  transparent  and  glossy ;  the  veins 
margined  and  fringed  steel-blue. 

REMEDIES  will  depend  upon  the  habits  of  the  insect, 
and  must  be  directed  to  the  pupa  and  larva,  though  valu- 
able preventives  are  applicable  to  the  perfect  insect.  The 
worms  may  be  sought  out  by  scraping  away  the  gum  and 


INSECTS.  343 

cutting  the  dead  bark  until  we  find  them,  often  along  the 
main  roots ;  the  follicles  with  the  pupae  should  also  be 
sought.  This  work  can  be  done  in  the  autumn  and  spring ; 
if  at  the  former  season,  the  removed  earth  should  be  left 
away  from  the  stem,  when  coal  tar  may  be  applied  to  de- 
stroy any  worms  left  in  the  tree  and  to  act  as  a  preven- 
tive against  future  attacks,  but  this  substance  should  be 
used  with  great  caution.  If  applied,  the  earth  should  be 
thrown  back  to  the  tree.  Boiling  soap-suds  has  been 
used  with  good  effects. 

PREVENTIVES  are  sometimes  better  than  cures,  and  in 
this  case  they  have  been  very  successfully  used.  They 
all  consist  in  means  to  keep  the  moth  from  depositing  her 
eggs  in  the  part  of  the  tree  where,  alone,  the  borers  can 
be  harmful.  Some  raise  a  little  mound  of  earth  about 
the  tree  in  the  spring,  and  allow  it  to  remain  there  all 
summer.  The  first  application  of  this  principle  consisted 
in  placing  a  chimney  crock  about  the  base  of  the  young 
tree  when  planted  ;  into  this  coal  ashes,  cinders,  or  even 
gravel  was  placed,  which  protected  the  base  of  the  tree. 
In  the  autumn  the  crock  was  lifted,  and  the  materials 
scattered.  An  open  box,  made  of  four  bits  of  board, 
tacked  together,  answered  the  same  purpose.  A  cone  of 
coarse  brown  paper,  tied  about  the  tree  with  grocers' 
string,  or  pasted  upon  the  tree  itself,  when  applied,  will 
answer  a  very  good  purpose  in  keeping  off  the  fly. 

A  small  portion  of  sulphur  thrown  about  the  tree  is 
said  to  have  the  desired  effect,  but  the  statement  has  not 
been  confirmed  by  trial.  It  has  been  recommended  to 
plant  Tansy  with  every  peach  tree,  but  doubt  attaches  it- 
self to  this  suggestion  also. 


344  A.MERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

In  the  American  Agriculturist,  for  February,  1865,  is  a 
notic'e  of  a  peach  tree  protector  made  of  sheet-iron,  like 
a  stove-pipe ;  and  in  the  April  number,  Mr.  Bouthorpe, 
of  Massachusetts,  says,  he  had  used  a  similar  apparatus 
made  of  zinc,  eight  inches  long,  and  twice  the  size  of  the 
tree,  which  was  of  easy  application ;  the  contained  space 
next  the  tree  was  to  be  filled  with  loose  dirt.  They  were 
found  to  be  a  perfect  protection. 

iEgeria  tipuliformis,  (Linn.),  or  the  Currant  Borer, 
has  been  imported  from  Europe.  The  eggs  are  laid  near 
a  bud;  when  hatched,  the  worms  penetrate  the  pith  of 
young  shoots,  killing  them. 

jEgcria  pjri  is  mentioned  by  Dr.  Harris*  as  having 
done  a  good  deal  of  damage  to  pear  trees,  by  boring  un- 
der the  bark.  The  perfect  insect  resembles  that  of  the 
Currant  Borer,  and  makes  its  appearance  near  the  end  of 
summer,  leaving  its  chrysalis  skin  projecting  from  the  hole 
in  the  bark,  whence  it  had  escaped. 

JEgeria  polistftformis,  or  Grape  Vine  Borer,  is  men- 
tioned by  Mr.  Glover  in  the  Patent  Office  Report  for 
1854,  p.  80.  He  had  received  it  from  North  Carolina, 
where  it  was  very  destructive  to  all  vines,  except  the 
Scuppernong.  This  insect  has  become  rather  common  hi 
the  vineyards  about  Cincinnati,  and  its  depredations,  in 
consequence  of  the  large  size  of  the  caterpillar,  are  very 
serious.  The  eggs  are  laid  near  the  roots  of  the  vine, 
and  the  larvae  bore  into  the  bark  and  wood  during  the 
summer,  consuming  them  so  completely,  that  the  vine 
sickens  and  dies,  and  often  breaks  off  at  the  ground,  or 
just  below  the  surface.  When  fuily  grown,  they  measure 

*  Kept.,  p.  258. 


INSECTS.  345 

from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  three-quarters  in  length,  are 
thick  and  -whitish,  and  they  form  a  pod-like  chrysalis,  sim- 
ilar to  that  of  the  Peach  Tree  Borer,  but  within  or  beside 
the  injured  roots. 

The  moths  are  of  a  dark  brown  color,  tinged  with  taw- 
ny-orange, and  banded  with  bright  yellow  on  the  edge 
of  the  second  ring  of  the  body ;  the  fore-wings  are  dusky, 
and  the  hind  ones  transparent. 

REMEDIES. — No  effectual  methods  of  prevention  are 
known ;  but  it  is  well  to  inspect  the  vines,  and  when  the 
presence  of  the  insects  is  suspected,  examine  the  roots, 
to  find  and  destroy  the  worms. 


NEUROPTERA,    HYMENOPTERA,    AND     DIPTERA. 

These  several  orders  will  be  introduced  together  for 
convenience,  as  they  may  be  disposed  of  in  a  briefer 
mention  than  some  of  their  predecessors ;  because  they  do 
not  contain  so  many  species  that  are  noxious  by  preying 
upon  our  cultivated  plants.  Some  are  even  of  advantage 
to  us  by  their  carnivorous  propensities. 

Among  the  JYcuroptcra  are  several  which  are  aquatic  in 
their  larval  condition,  but  when  winged,  they  devour 
many  insects ;  among  these  are  the  Dragon-flies,  common- 
ly called  DeviPs-needles  by  the  children,  who  dread  them, 
but  they  are  harmless  creatures.  The  Ant-lions  were  re- 
ferred to  under  the  head  of  Aphids,  in  the  consideration 
of  the  order  Hemiptera^  as  most  voracious  destroyers  of 
Plant-lice.  Reference  was  also  made  to  the  Lace-winged 
Flies,  ITemerobius,  which,  in  the  larval  state,  consume 
15* 


346  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

immense  numbers  of  the  same  pests.  A  few  of  these  in- 
sects are  injurious;  among  them  are  the  Wlaite-ants, 
Wood-lice,  and  the  Wood-ticks,  which  are  annoying, 
though  they  do  not  affect  our  crops. 

Of  the  Hymenoptera  there  are  many  which,  in  a  per- 
fect state,  consume  the  juices  of  our  choice  fruits,  as  well 
as  the  pollen  and  honey  of  flowers.  Their  services  among 
these  last,  as  aids  in  fertilizing  the  germs,  is  often  of  great 
importance  to  the  fruit-grower.  But,  while  acknowledg- 
ing our  gratitude  to  many  for  this  service,  and  to  the  in- 
dustrious bee  for  gathering  abundant  stores  of  the  nectar- 
ed  sweets,  we  have  a  serious  charge  to  bring  against  the 
family  for  their  depredations.  The  wasps  especially  are 
often  troublesome,  particularly  in  the  vineyard,  and  their 
stings  are  annoying.  Some  ants  are  quite  injurious. 

The  larvae  of  some  species  are  destructive  as  wood  bor- 
ers and  as  leaf-eaters,  and  others  cause  an  excrescence  or 
warty  growth  upon  the  twigs  and  leaves  where  the  eggs 
have  been  deposited;  these  are  called  GaU-flies.  The 
great  benefits  rendered  by  a  very  large  class  of  insects 
in  this  order,  however,  may  compensate  for  all  the  evil 
done  by  the  others.  I  refer  to  the  tribe  of  Ichneumon- 
flies  of  several  genera.  Some  of  these  are  very  small, 
and  deposit  their  eggs  within  other  insects,  where  they 
hatch  and  destroy  them  by  feeding  upon  their  juices. 

Many  of  the  wasps  are  predaceous,  and  destroy  nume- 
rous insects  to  feed  their  larvae.  Some  of  these  exercise  a 
wonderful  instinct  in  preparing  and  securing  this  food  for 
their. young,  which  is  stored  up  in  safe  caskets  with  the 
egg,  and  are  ready  to  serve  as  food  to  the  young  larvae. 

The  Diptera^  or  two-winged  insects,  form  an  extensive 


INSECTS.  317 

order,  containing  many  species,  and  these  are  composed 
of  very  numerous  individuals.  Flies  and  mosquitos  are 
exceedingly  annoying  to  man  and  animals,  and  many  spe- 
cies, in  the  larval  state,  consume  vegetable  matters ;  but 
even  here  they  are  often  of  use  in  consuming  decayed 
vegetation,  and  like  many  others  of  the  order  may  be  con- 
sidered scavengers,  consuming,  as  they  do,  immense  quan- 
tities of  filth  and  carrion,  that  would  otherwise  continue 
to  taint  the  air  and  produce  disease. 

Some  of  the  most  destructive  insects  of  this  order  are 
the  Gall-gnats,  among  which  are  the  Wheat-fly  and  the 
Hessian-fly,  which  often  sadly  interfere  with  the  farmer's 
prospects. 

A  few  insects  will  now  be  noticed  more  in  detail. 

Selaildria  cerasi,  or  Blennocampa  cerasi,  is  the  com- 
mon Slug  of  the  cherry  and  pear  trees,  and  quite  a  trouble- 
some hymenopterous  insect.  In  some  parts  of  the  United 
States  these  little  creatures  are  so  numerous  as  to  strip 
the  substance  from  the  foliage  of  pears  and  cherries. 

Our  Slug  resembles  the  Selandria  cethiops  of  Europe, 
but  is  declared  to  be  diflerent.  The  larvas  are  at  first 
white,  but  the  slimy  substance  that  oozes  from  their  bodies 
covers  them  with  an  olive  coating.  They  have  twenty 
very  short  legs ;  when  fully  grown,  the  largest  are  about 
nineteen-twentieths  of  an  inch  long.  The  head  is  con- 
cealed under  the  fore  part  of  the  body,  which  is  largest 
before,  and  tapers  behind.  They  attain  their  growth  in 
twenty  days,  casting  their  skins  five  times,  eating  them 
until  the  last  time,  after  which  they  remain  free  from  vis- 
cidity, and  are  of  a  clear  yellow  color.  They  leave  the 
tree  and  enter  the  ground  to  the  depth  of  one  or  three 


348  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

inches,  to  form  their  chrysalids.  In  three  days  they  come 
up  as  flies,  in  July  and  August,  to  lay  eggs  for  a  second 
brood,  the  pupse  of  which  remain  in  the  ground  during 
the  winter. 

Another  insect  of  this  genus  is  very  destructive  to  our 
rose  bushes ;  it  is  called  Selandria  rosce. 

Selandria  vitis,  is  a  species  that  appears  upon  our  grape 
vines,  and  is  quite  troublesome  in  some  vineyards  in  July. 
They  feed  in  companies  of  a  dozen  or  more. 

REMEDIES. — Shaking  them  off  the  leaves  has  been  rec- 
ommended, but  does  not  promise  to  be  effectual.  When 
few,  they  should  be  sought  for  and  crushed,  to  prevent 
their  increase.  Though  troublesome,  this  may  be  effec- 
tually done,  and  their  ravages  leave  traces  that  will  direct 
us  to  the  leaves  which  contain  them. 

When  more  numerous,  the  foliage  may  be  syringed  with 
common  soapsuds,  or  with  the  whale  oil  soap,  two  pounds 
to  fifteen  gallons  of  water. 

Air-slaked  lime  has  been  dusted  upon  them  with  good 
effect ;  ashes,  and  even  dry  dust  from  the  road,  will  de- 
stroy them,  by  adhering  to  the  slimy  surface.  These  ap- 
plications are  best  made  when  the  foliage  is  wet  after  a 
shower,  or  with  the  dew.  The  great  difficulty  consists  in 
their  habit  of  going  under  the  leaves,  and  thus  being 
protected. 

Mr.  Parkman,  the  noted  rose  fancier,  has  found  a  mix- 
ture of  soap  and  petroleum  of  great  service,  as  it  kills  the 
slugs  without  injuring  the  buds  and  foliage.  To  a  gallon 
of  soft  soap  he  adds  two-thirds  of  a  pint  of  petroleum,  mixes 
them  thoroughly,  and  dissolves  in  half  a  barrel  of  water ; 
to  be  applied  with  a  syringe. 


INSECTS.  349 

Diptcrai — Dr.  Fitch  describes  as  a  new  species  Malo- 
bnn$  mail.  He  found  them  in  a  fruit  that  had  been  per- 
forated by  the  Codling-moth.  The  larvae  are  transparent ; 
the  flies  resemble  the  Hessian-fly,  that  destroys  the  wheat 
plant.* 

(  CCidomyia  grossularift,  or  Gooseberry  Midge,  attacks 
the  fruit,  giving  it  the  appearance  of  ripening  premature- 
ly. Considerable  fruit  is  lost  in  this  way.** 

In  closing  this  chapter,  the  author  feels  obliged  to  ex- 
press his  regrets  that  no  more  space  could  have  been  ap- 
propriated to  this  important  subject.  He  could  only  in- 
dicate some  of  the  most  troublesome  insects  of  our  orch- 
ards and  vineyards,  and  he  hopes  that  the  reader  will  be 
induced  to  pursue  the  investigation  for  himself.  He 
knows,  by  experience,  that  the  study  will  bring  its  own 
reward  in  the  information  that  is  received,  and  which  is 
absolutely  necessary  to  enable  us  to  combat  these  trouble- 
some pests  successfully. 


*  See  Fitch's  Eeport,  p.  176. 

*  *  Sec  Fitch's  Report,  p.  35*. 


CHAPTER    XV. 

CHARACTERS  OF  FRUITS  A^D  THEIR  VALUE. 
TERMS  USED. 


IMPORTANCE  OF  SEIZING  THE  STRONG  MARKS  —  EXTERNAL  ;  WEIGHT, 
SHAPE,  SIZE,  SURFACE — BASIN  AND  EYE  —  CAVITY  AND  STEM  — 
INTERNAL;  FLESH,  CORE,  AXIS,  SEEDS,  FLAVOR  —  THESE  CONSIDERED 
SEPARATELY  AND  ILLUSTRATED — EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS  USED  — 
SHAPE  REFERRED  TO  RELATIONS  OF  THE  DIAMETERS  ;  AXIAL  AND 
TRANSVERSE  — LEADING  FORMS  DESCRIBED  AND  ILLUSTRATED  — 
SIZE,  A  COMPARYTIVE  TERM  —  SKIN  CHARACTERS,  COLOR  ;  ITS  USE 

IN  CLASSIFYING  — PERMANENCE  OF  STRIPES  —  LINES  —  DOTS  AND 
SPECKS  —  FUNGOUS  SPOTS  —  FORMS  OF  BASIN  AND  EYE,  OF  CAVITY 
AND  STEM,  ARE  VALUABLE ;  TERMS  USED  —  THE  INTERIOR,  AXIS, 
CORE,  SEEDS,  FLESH  — FLAVOR  UNCERTAIN  —  SWEET  AND  SOUR  GOOD 
CHARACTERS  —  QUALITY,  TERMS  EXPRESSIVE  OF. 

In  the  description  of  a  fruit,  it  is  very  desirable  for  the 
writer  to  catch  the  strong  characters,  so  that  he,  who 
reads,  may  the  more  readily  identify  the  specimen  he  holds 
in  his  hand.  Among  these  several  characters  there  is  con- 
siderable difference  as  to  their  permanence  and  value; 
some  are  evanescent,  some  variable,  while  others  are 
350 


CHARACTERS    OF   FRUITS.  .  351 

found  to  be  more  reliable  and  constant.  Let  us  consider 
some  of  these  in  the  systematic  order  by  which  they  will 
be  taken  in  the  descriptions  that  are  to  follow. 

In  describing  a  fruit,  the  firmness,  weight,  and  external 
characters,  first  claim  our  attention,  then  the  internal; 
these  are  taken  up  in  the  following  order:  externally,  its 
shape,  size,  surface,  color,  and  dots  are  examined.  In  the 
apple  and  pear  the  basin  is  next  observed  and  its  charac- 
ters noted,  with  any  peculiarities  connected  with  the  eye, 
by  which  term  the  triangular  space  is  designated  that  is 
embraced  by  the  calyx,  as  shown  in  an  axial  section 
of  the  fruit;  at  the  same  time  the  length  and  breadth 
and  shape  of  the  calyx  segments  are  noted.  The 
other  end  of  the  fruit  is  then  explored  as  to  the  form  and 
markings  of  the  cavity,  and  the  length,  size,  and  peculi- 
arities of  the  stem.  Having  thus  disposed  of  the  exter- 
nals, we  are  now  to  investigate  the  nature  of  the  internal 
structure ;  to  do  this,  a  section  is  made  vertically  through 
the  middle  of  the  fruit  from  the  eye  to  the, stem,  which 
exposes  the  flesh,  the  axis  with  its  core  and  the  seeds,  and 
which  enables  us  to  investigate  some  very  important  char- 
acters, such  as  the  length  of  the  axis,  its  form  and  that  of 
its  carpels,  and  the  manner  of  their  union,  whether  they 
form  an  open  core  or  otherwise. 

The  number,  color,  and  shape  of  the  seeds  are  noted. 
The  color  of  the  flesh,  its  texture  and  juiciness  .are  exam- 
ined ;  the  latter  qualities  are  always  tested  by  the  teeth, 
and  then  the  palate  gives  us  an  account  of  the  degree  of 
richness,  acidity,  or  sweetness  and  flavor.  The  investiga- 
tor is  now  prepared  to  render  judgment ;  having  the  tes- 
timony of  his  organs,  of  touch,  sight,  taste  and  smell,  he 


352  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

can  pronounce  his  decision  as  to  quality,  and  is  prepared 
to  specify  the  particular  uses  to  which  the  fruit  is  especi- 
ally adapted ;  whether  for  the  table  as  a  dessert,  for  the 
kitchen,  as  in  baking  and  stewing,  or  for  drying,  or 
whether  it  be  valuable  for  cider-making.  A  good  judge 
will  now  be  able  to  decide  whether  the  fruit  be  especially 
adapted  for  the  market  or  for  the  amateur.  The  season 
of  ripening  should  be  noted  in  this  place,  with  any  remark 
as  to  qualities  not  already  provided  for. 

FOEM  is  one  of  our  most  permanent  characters ;  though 
subject  to  modifications,  the  general  shape  of  the  speci- 
mens is  always  characteristic  of  the  variety.  Even,  a 
novice  will  soon  learn  the  peculiar  outline  of  a  variety  of 
fruit. 

Before  commencing  the  study  of  these  varieties  of 
form,  it  will  be  well  to  explain  some  of  the  leading  terms 
introduced.  By  referring  to  the  illustrations,  it  will  be 
observed  that  the  outlines  are  inscribed  in  circles  to  which 
they  are  compared ;  these  are  drawn  with  dotted  lines, 
and  they  are  bisected  with  cross  lines  representing  the 
two  diameters  referred  to  in  the  classification  by  form : 
the  vertical  or  axial  diameter,  AA,  passing  through  the 
axis  of  the  fruit,  and  the  transverse  diameter,  BB,  at 
right  angles  to  the  vertical. 

The  FOEM  may  be  round  or  globular  when  it  is  nearly 
spherical ;  the  two  diameters,  the  axial  and  transverse,  be- 
ing nearly  equal ;  fig.  30. 

Globose  is  another  term  of  about  the  same  meaning. 

Conic,  or  conical,  indicates  a  decided  contraction  to- 
ward the  blossom  end,  fig.  31 ;  Ob-conic  implies  that  the 
cone  is  very  short  or  flattened. 


CHARACTERS    OF   FRUITS. 


353 


Fig.  30. — ROUND. 
A 


Fig.  31.— CONICAL. 

A 


Fig.  32. — OBLONG   OR   TRUNCATE. 
A 


Fig.  a3.— OBLONG  CONIC. 


Fig.  34.— OVATE. 


Fig.  35.— OBLATE. 


354  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

Oblong  means  that  the  axial  diameter  is  the  longer,  or 
that  it  appears  so,  for  an  oblong  apple  may  have  equal  di- 
ameters; fig.  32. 

Oblong-conic,  that  the  outline  also  tapers  rapidly  to- 
ward the  eye ;  fig.  33. 

Oblong-ovate,  that  it  is  fullest  in  the  middle ;  and  like 

Ovate,  which  means  egg-shaped,  that  it  tapers  to  both 
ends ;  fig.  34. 

Oblate,  or  flattened,  when  the  axial  diameter  is  decid- 
edly the  shorter ;  fig.  35. 

Obtuse  is  applied  to  any  of  these  figures  that  is  not 
very  decided. 

Cylindrical  and  truncate  are  dependent  upon  one  an- 
other, thus  a  globular,  or  still  more  remarkably,  an  oblong 
fruit,  which  is  abruptly  truncated  or  flattened  at  the  ends, 
appears  cylindrical  in  its  form. 

Depressed  is  an  unusually  flattened  oblate  form. 

lurbinate  or  top-shaped,  and  pyriform  or  pear-shaped, 
are  especially  applicable  to  pears,  and  seldom  to  apples. 

When  these  forms  are  described  evenly  about  a  vertical 
axis,  as  shown  by  a  section  of  the  fruit  made  transverse- 
ly, or  across  the  axis,  the  specimen  may  be  called  regular 
or  uniform,  fig.  36 ;  if  otherwise,  it  is  irregular,  fig.  37, 
unequal,  fig.  38,  oblique  or  lop-sided,  fig.  39,  in  which  last 
cases  the  axis  is  inclined  to  one  side.  If  the  development 
at  the  surface  is  irregular,  as  in  the  Duchesse  d' Angouleme 
and  Bartlett  pears,  the  fruit  is  termed  uneven. 

When  a  transverse  section  of  the  fruit,  made  at  right 
angles  to  the  axis,  gives  the  figure*  of  a  circle,  the  fruit  is 
regular ;  if  otherwise,  it  may  be  compressed  or  flattened 
at  the  sides,  fig.  40 ;  angular,  quadrangular,  fig.  41 ; 


CHARACTERS    OF   FRUITS. 


355 


Fig.  36.— REGULAR. 


Fig.  37. — IRREGULAR. 


Fig.  38.— UNEQUAL. 


Fig.  39.— LOP-SIDED. 


Fig.  40.— COMPRESSED. 


Fig.  41. — QUADRANGULAR. 


356 


AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 


sulcate  or  furrowed,  fig.  42,  when  marked  by  sulcatior^s ; 
or  ribbed^  fig.  43,  when  the  intervening  ridges  are  abrupt. 


Fig.  42.— SULCATE. 


Fig.  43.— RIBBED. 


Heart-shaped  is  a  form  that  applies  more  especially  to  the 
cherry,  than  any  other  kind  of  fruit. 

SIZE  is  a  character  of  but  second  rate  importance,  since 
it  is  dependent  upon  the  varying  conditions  of  soil,  cli- 
mate, overbearing,  etc.  It  has  its  value,  however,  when 
it  is  considered  as  comparative  or  relative.  The  expres- 
sions employed  in  this  work  to  indicate  size,  are :  very 
large,  large,  medium,  small,  very  small,  making  five 
grades. 

The  characters  of  the  SKIN  and  surface  are  generally 
very  reliable,  though  the  smoothness  of  the  skin  as  well 
as  the  coloring  depend  upon  both  soil  and  climate.  We 
find,  however,  that  a  striped  apple  which  has  been  shaded, 
though  pale,  will  always  betray  itself  by  a  splash  or 
stripe,  be  it  ever  so  small  or  rare,  nor  will  any  exposure 
so  deepen  and  exaggerate  its  stripes  as  to  make  it  a  self- 
colored  fruit ;  and  no  circumstances  will  introduce  a  true 
stripe  upon  a  self-colored  variety.  Hence  we  may  con- 


CHARACTERS    OF    FRUITS.  357 

sider  this  kind  of  marking  a  reliable  character,  and  apply 
it  as  an  element  of  our  classification.  We  sometimes  find 
lines  on  self-colored  fruits  that  are  as  distinctive  as  the 
stripes,  but  entirely  distinct  from  them. 

The  skin  itself  may  be  either  thick  or  thin,  smooth 
rough,  or  polished,  and  it  is  sometimes  uneven  /  it  may  be 
covered  with  a  bloom,  it  may  be  russeted  in  whole  or  in 
part,  and  this  may  be  thickly  or  thinly  spread  over  the 
surface,  or  only  net-veined.  A  sort  of  russeting  occurs 
about  the  stem  only  in  some  varieties,  and.  is  never  seen 
in  others,  making  a  pretty  good  character,  but  in  the  same 
variety  it  is  often  much  increased  or  diminished. 

This  character,  russet  on  the  skin,  has  been  very  puzzling 
to  young  pomologists  in  the  study  of  pears,  owing  to  its  lia- 
bility to  exaggeration  in  some  varieties,  under  the  influ- 
ence of  certain  climatic  conditions  that  have  even  pro- 
duced it  in  varieties  in  which  it  had  not  been  previously 
suspected.  Some  pears  are  characterized  by  this  russet- 
ing  of  the  skin,  either  generally  spread  over  the  surface 
or  confined  to  a  limited  area  at  either  end  of  the  fruit, 
particularly  about  the  insertion  of  the  stem ;  others  have 
never  shown  any  disposition  to  put  on  this  character,  but, 
under  certain  circumstances  some  varieties,  which  should 
have  been  smooth  and  fair,  become  thickly  spread  with 
this  russeting,  that  seems  even  to  thicken  the  skin  and 
which  deteriorates  the  qualities  of  the  fruit.  In  some 
cases  this  appearance  is  local,  occupying  one  end  of  the 
fruit,  or  making  a  band  around  the  middle  and  contract- 
ing it  like  a  cincture,  as  though  its  presence  prevented  the 
proper  growth  and  development  of  the  sarcocarp  or  fleshy- 
mass  of  the  fruit. 


358  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

The  colors  themselves  being  as  various  almost  as  tli« 
hues  of  the  rainbow,  will  be  designated  by  their  appro- 
priate or  customary  names ;  the  manner  of  their  laying 
on  will  require  the  use  of  certain  definite  terms,  which 
should  be  understood  to  comprehend  the  classification, 
which,  in  part,  depends  upon  this  circumstance.  Thus  a 
fruit  is  called  self-colored  when  it  is  not  striped,  though  it 
may  be  Hushed  or  bronzed,  and  the  coloring  may  be  so 
broken,  without  stripes,  as  to  be  mixed  or  curdled,  blotch- 
ed,  marbled,-  mottled,  clouded,  spotted,  stained,  shaded  or 
dappled  ;  but  some  of  these  characters  are  often  found 
associated  with  striping  also,  or  they  are  observed  in 
those  kinds  of  fruit  that  are  always  devoid  of  stripes. 
Striped  fruits  are  often  so  deeply  colored  that  the  separate 
stripes  do  not  appear  so  distinctly,  as  when  there  are  fewer 
of  them  on  a  lighter  ground  and  they  can  scarcely  be  per- 
ceived. When  the  stripes  are  long  and  distinct,  they  are 
called  streaks  /  when  short  and  broken  abruptly  at  their 
ends,  the  surface  is  said  to  be  splashed.  Certain  pears  are 
striped  by  a  paleness  or  faintness  of  color,  these  are  called 
panache,  and  are  considered  sports  of  their  namesake  va- 
rieties which  they  resemble  in  other  respects.  A  few 
peaches  are  distinctly  striped ;  some  plums  and  cherries 
obscurely  so. 

Another  class  of  surface  or.  skin  characters  consists  in 
the  DOTS  and  SPECKS,  which  appear  to  be  very  valuable 
distinctive  markings,  on  account  of  their  uniformity  in 
different  varieties.  These  may  be  large  or  small,  nume 
rous  or  scattered,  darker  or  lighter  colored,  prominent  or 
indented.  In  shape  they  are  round  or  elongated,  and  this 
last  is  a  valuable  character  because  quite  rare.  Sometimes 


CHARACTERS    OF   FRUITS.  359 

the  dots  are  characterized  by  having  a  green  base  or  are- 
ola  around  them,  which  is  very  noticeable,  and  in  some 
varieties  these  marks,  which  are  perhaps  the  stomata  of 
the  skin,  are  surrounded  by  distinct  rings  of  a  gray  color, 
that  resemble  ocellations  or  eyes.  No  reliance  can  be 
placed  upon  tlie  delicate  coloring  that  is  often  to  be  seen 
upon  the  surface  of  certain  light  colored  fruits,  making 
rose,  red,  or  purplish  tints  about  these  dots,  as  they  are 
accidental  only  and  not  distinctive  markings. 

No  one  should  confound  these  pores,  that  are  designated 
as  the  dots,  with  the  superficial  and  extraneous  marks  that 
appear  to  be  the  accidental  growth  of  some  fungus  or 
lichen,  and  which  are  very  commonly  found  upon  the  sur- 
face of  many  fruits,  often  giving  them  a  quite  pretty  ap- 
pearance that  would  be  seized  upon  by  the  fruit  painter 
as  a  special  beauty,  unless  when  so  abundant  as  to  pro- 
duce an  unpleasant' smutchiness  or  cloudiness,  such  as  is 
often  found  in  the  product  of  apple  orchards  that  are  situ- 
ated in  low  bottom  lands,  and  which  peculiarity  is  attri- 
buted to  the  influence  of  fogs. 

The  BASIN  or  APEX  of  a  fruit  consists  of  that  portion 
most  distant  from  the  stem.  In  the  apple  and  pear  it  is 
commonly  called  the  blossom  end,  and  is  often  more  or  less 
depressed ;  hence  the  term  basin.  In  other  fruits  it  is  called 
the  point  or  apex.  Both  are  characterized  by  peculiarities 
of  form  that  serve  as  distinctive  marks  in  the  description  of 
fruits,  and  these  are  characters  of  considerable  value  on  ac- 
count of  their  permanence.  In  respect  to  its  form,  the  basin, 
according  to  its  depth,  is  called  deep,  fig.  44 ;  shallow,  fig. 
45 ;  very  shallow,  or  medium.  It  is  abrupt,  fig.  44,  when 
the  edges  are  steep ;  it  is  narow  and  pointed,  fig.  46, 


360  AMEIUOAX    POMOLOGY. 

or  wide  /  it  is  regular,  or  wavy,  wrinkled,  plaited,  folded, 
ribbed  or  angular,  fig.  46 — when  these  peculiarities  exist. 


Fig.  44.— DEEP  AND  ABRUPT.  Fig.  45.— SHALLOW. 

Some  fruits  are  russeted  at  this  part  of  their  surface  only, 
but  this  marking  is  a  variable  character  and  is  found  in 

greater  or  less  degree  in  dif- 
ferent localities  ;  thus  the  Rhode 
Island  Greening,  to  which  it  be- 
Fig.  46.— NARROW  AND  FOLDED  longs,  is  sometimes  almost  en- 
tirely divested  of  the  russeting,  and  in  other  localities 
the  surface  is  thickly  spread  with  it  half  way  to  the  stem  ; 
the  Westfield  Seek-no-further,  which  is  slightly  marked 
with  this  character  in  the  North,  often  becomes  a  russet 
apple  in  more  southern  latitudes. 

The  basin  of  some  fruits  is  very  apt  to  crack  into  irreg- 
ular fissures,  and  this  appears  to  be  peculiar  to  certain  va- 
rieties, though  it  is  not  esteemed  a  very  reliable  mark ; 
the  term  cracked  is  used  to  express  this.  In  some  fruits, 
however,  we  find  a  very  peculiar  cracking  that  forms  a 
permanent  character,  upon  which  great  dependence  may 
be  placed :  all  the  rim  of  the  basin  in  these  is  marked 
with  a  slightly  cracked  appearance  that  does  not  rupture 
the  skin,  and  which  resembles  the  incipient  breaking  of 
the  surface  of  a  piece  of  dry  leather;  it  has,  therefore,  re- 
ceived the  name  of  leather-crack.  This  is  characteristic 
of  a  few  sorts,  and  hence  a  valuable  mark". 

Within  the  basin  is  the  EYE,  which  furnishes  characters 
of  great  yalue.  This  I  consider  to  mean  the  meeting  of 


CHARACTERS    OF    FRUlTS.  361 

the  segments  of  the  calyx,  and  more  particularly  in  the 
apple,  the  triangular  space  enclosed  by  these  parts,  in 
which  the  remains  of  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  found. 
Hence  the  Eye  can  only  be  displayed  by  making  a  verti- 
cal section  of  the  fruit.  There  are  but  a  limited  number 
of  expressions  used  in  its  description ;  thus  the  eye  is  said 
to  be  large,  small,  long  or  short,  and  it  may  be  open  or 
closed.  The  segments  of  the  calyx  may  be  converging  or 
reflexed, persistent  or  obsolete,  according  to  their  condition 
in  the  ripe  fruit,  and  these  several  characters  are  quite 
reliable;  but  the  simple  fact  that  the  eye  is  open  or 
closed,  may  depend  upon  the  accidental  breaking  away 
of  the  segments  of  the  calyx,  and  is  of  little  value  as  a 

sign. 

> 

The  next  character  to  be  considered  is  the  attachment 
of  the  stem,  which,  in  some  fruits,  is  so  depressed  as  to 

constitute  what  is  called 
the  CAVITY.  In  the  ap- 
ple this  portion  has 
many  variations  that  are 
quite  characteristic  of 
Fig.  47.— DEEP,  STEM  LONG.  certain  varieties  of  fruit. 

In  form  the  cavity  may  be  either  deep,  fig.  47,  or  shallow  ; 
regular  or  irregular;  wide,  fig.  48 ;  or  narrow,  and  acute, 


Fig.  48.— WIDE,    STEM   STOUT.  Fig.  49.— W4LVY,    STEM   CLUBBED. 

wavy,  fig.  49 ;  and  uneven,  folded,  and  even  lipped,  fig. 
50 ;  as  when  a  portion  of  the  flesh  protrudes  against  the 


16 


362  AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 

stem,  as  in  Pryor's  Red,  Roman  Stem,  and  other  apples, 
and  in  some  pears.  This  portion  is  sometimes  defaced  by 
cracks  that  separate  the  skin;  it  is  occasionally  green,  and 

this  is  a  good  and  dis- 
tinguishing character  of  a 
limited  number  of  fruits, 
both  apples  and  pears.  The 
Fig.  50.— CAVITY  LIPPED.  cavity  is  also  brown  or 

" russeted"  in  some  fruits,  and,  though  this  character  is 
quite  variable  in  its  depth,  amount  and  extent,  we  may 
consider  the  brown  or  russeting  about  the  stem  quite 
reliable  in  both  pears  and  apples. 

The  sfcpm  has  its  place  of  insertion  in  the  region  we 
have  just\  been  considering.  It  is  the  peduncle  of  bota- 
nists, and  ni  some  species  it  separates  from  the  fruit  by  a 
joint — in  others  it  remains  attached  and  separates  from 
the  twig,  when  it  is  considered  a  part  of  the  fruit  itself, 
as  in  the  apple  and  pear.  The  shape,  average  length, 
thickness,  and  other  characters,  and  especially  its  mode 
of  attachment  to  the  carpos  *  in  the  pear,  give  us  some 
important  characters ,  but  these  are  always  somewhat  un- 
certain and  variable ;  hence  they  are  rather  relative  than 
positive  traits.  In  apples,  stems  may  be  long,  fig.  47, 
short,  fig.  48,  or  medium,  according  to  their  projection 
beyond  or  concealment  within  the  cavity,  being  called  me- 
dium when  they  simply  reach  the  contour  of  the  outline. 
They  are  slender,  fig.  47 ;  medium  or  thick,  fleshy,  knobby  or 
clubbed,  fig.  49,  according  to  the  amount  of  their  substance 
and  its  arrangement.  They  are  curved  or  straight,  and 
direct  and  axial,  or  inclined,  according  to  their  direction 

*  From  «:a/)7roc,  Greek,  for  fruit. 


CHARACTERS    OF  FRUITS.  363 

and  relation  to  the  axis  of  the  fruit;  and  in  pears,  they 
often  have  a  peculiarity  of  the  insertion  dependent  upon 
their  being  more  or  less  fleshy ;  in  both  plums  and  pears, 
this  fullness  is  often  arranged  in  rings  surrounding  the 
base  of  the  stem. 

Some  pomologists  have  taken  great  pains  to  measure 
the  length  of  the  stems,  which  they  report  in  inches  and 
lines.  As  above  stated,  this  is  an  uncertain  quantity,  and 
therefore  of  little  value,  except  when  taken  in  relation  to 
other  measurements  by  way  of  comparison ;  hence  I  have 
preferred  to  use  the  above-mentioned  terms  only  in  their 
relation  to  the  axial  diameter  in  describing  the  apples,  un- 
less where  their  extension  is  unusual.  The  variable  length 
of  this  organ  in  some  varieties  is  remarkable,  and  we  often 
find  the  smallest  fruits  having  the  longest  stems. 

When  we  come  to  examine  the  interior  portions  of  a 
fruit,  if  it  be  an  apple  or  pear,  we  make  a  vertical  section 
through  the  axis  from  basin  to  cavity.  This  exposes  the 
internal  structure  and  enables  us  to  judge  of  the  color  and 
other  characters  of  the  fleshy  pericarp,  the  length  of  the 
axis,  the  size  of  the  core  and  carpels,  and  the  number  and 
appearance  of  the  seeds.  These  characters  are  possessed 
of  value,  and  are  quite  reliable ;  in  many  fruits  the  seeds 
furnish  distinctive  indications,  and  this  is  particularly  the 
case  with  the  stone  fruits,  many  of  which  are  readily  iden- 
tified by  the  form  and  markings  of  the  stones  or  pits,  the 
endocarps  of  botany. 

In  the  apple  particularly,  we  first  have  our  attention 
drawn  to  the  Axis,  which  is  sometimes  very  short,  so  that 
in  some  decidedly  oblate  specimens,  with  deep  basin  and 
cavity,  there  is  scarcely  room  between  them  for  the 


364  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

core,  which  is  shortened  to  correspond  with  the  oblate 
character  of  the  fruit.  This  is  illustrated  by  many  of  the 
outlines  given  in  Class  I.  It  is  well  also  to  observe  and 
note  whether  the  axis  be  inclined.  The  form  of  the  core 
is  not  very  reliable,  but  it  has  characters  that  are  perma- 
nent and  peculiar  to  certain  varieties.  Thus  it  is  always 
open  in  some,  and  always  closed  in  other  sorts  of  the  ap- 
ple. In  the  pear  it  is  gritty  in  some  varieties,  and  sur- 
rounded with  fine  grained  flesh  in- others.  The  core  is 
large,  medium,  or  small,  and  these  distinctions  are  perma- 
nent. Its  outline,  embracing  the  group  of  carpels,  may 
be  regular  or  irregular,  long  or  short,  cordate,  wide  or  com- 
pressed /  it  may  reach  the  eye  or  otherwise,  and  it  fre- 
quently clasps  that  portion. 

The  SEEDS  are  numerous  or  otherwise ;  they  are  long  or 
short,  acuminate  or  rounded,  flat,  angular,  imperfect,  or 
plump,  large  or  small ;  they  may  be  pale,  even  yellow,  or 
brown,  dark,  and  nearly  black  •  and  these  shades  are  dis- 
tinctive, often  enabling  the  pomologist  to  decide  upon  the 
variety  when  other  characters  are  less  marked.  The  pe- 
culiarities of  the  stones  of  peaches,  plums  and  cherries, 
and  of  the  seeds  of  the  grape,  had  better  be  described  in 
immediate  connection  with  those  species  of  fruit. 

In  the  FLESH  of  fruits  we  find  characters  that  most 
pomologists,  even  the  amateurs,  are  generally  pleased  to 
have  under  practical  consideration.  They  are  also  very 
reliable,  for  if  the  fruits  be  in  good  condition,  they  are  al- 
ways the  same  in  any  given  variety.  In  its  consistency, 
this  tissue  is  either  firm  and  compact,  or  spongy  /  it  is 
fine  grained,  granular,  gritty*  fibrous,  or  breaking,  on  the 
one  hand,  or  tender,  buttery  and  melting,  on  the  other ; 


CHARACTERS    OF   FRUITS.  365 

the  flesh  is  either  dry  or  juicy,  and  tinted  with  various 
shades  of  color.  In  some  we  find  a  satisfying  richness, 
while  others  are  thin  and  poor.  Some  have  a  fine  aroma, 
while  others  have  an  unpleasant  flavor  or  are  scentless. 

So  intimately  associated  are  our  organs  of  taste  and 
smell,  that  it  is  difficult  to  separate  and  distinguish  the 
impressions  we  receive  through  these  senses.  For 
our  present  purpose  it  will  be  best  to  consider  all  under 
this  head,  whether  really  belonging  to  one  or  the  other 
sensation ;  and  the  lexicographers  themselves  admit  the 
commonalty  of  taste  and  smell  in  the  word  flavor.  These 
qualities  of  a  fruit  depend  upon  so  many  accidents  of  sea- 
son, culture,  and  especially  of  the  condition  of  ripeness, 
that  they  are  of  comparatively  little  value  in  descriptions, 
except  in  their  broadest  expressions  of  acidity  and  its  op- 
posite, which  indeed  are  sufficiently  pronounced  to  be  used 
in  the  classification  of  fruits. 

With  regard  to  their  FLAVOR,  fruits  may  be  said  to  be 
vinous,  sub-acid,  acid,  and  very  acid,  or  sugary,  sweet, 
very  sweet,  and  honey  sweet ;  they  may  \>zflat  and  insipid, 
or  highly  flavored,  mild,  or  astringent  /  and  as  to  fra- 
grance, in  which  they  may  remind  us  of  many  other  agree- 
able odors,  they  may  be  said  to  be  perfumed  and  aro- 
matic, or  otherwise. 

In  deciding  upon  the  quality  of  the  fruit  that  has  thus 
been  subjected  to  this  series  of  tests,  and  to  this  thorough 
examination,  we  shall  find  that  the  decision  will  depend 
upon  the  individual  tastes,  the  likes  and  dislikes  of  those 
who  are  called  upon  to  render  judgment,  and  that,  at 
best,  the  result  must  be  arbitrary.  The  terms  expressive 
of  this  division  are  inferior,  good,  very  good,  and  best. 


CHAPTER   XVI. 

CLASSIFICATION. 


NECESSITY  FOR  — BASIS  OF  —  CHARACTERS  -*  SHAPE  —  ITS  REGULARITY 
—  FLAVOR  —  COLOR  —  THEIR  SEVERAL  VALUES  —  THOMAS'  CLASSIFI- 
CATION—  GERMAN  WRITERS  —  DIEL'S  SEVEN  CLASSES — MODIFICA- 
TIONS BY  DOCHNAL  —  ROBERT  HOGG'S  MODIFICATION  BASED  UPON 
SEASON  —  DIEL'S  CONSPECTUS  OF  CLASSIFICATION  —  DOCHNAL'S  — 
THE  AUTHOR'S  CLASSIFICATION  EXPLAINED  —  EXPLANATION  OF 
TERMS  —  TOPICS  COMBINED — CONSPECTUS  OF  CLASSIFICATION  USED 

IN  THIS  WORK. 

The  need  of  some  classification  grows  more  and  more 
pressing,  as  our  fruit  lists  have  become  more  extended, 
and  they  now  reach  many  hundreds.  A  good  and  reliable 
systematic  classification  has  become  absolutely  necessary, 
and  has  received  a  great  deal  of  consideration. 

Upon  what  principle  shall  this  classification  be  founded  ? 
The  common  alphabetical  arrangement  of  most  text  books 
may  be  very  convenient  for  a  mere  dictionary  of  fruits, 
but  is  utterly  useless  to  the  novice  who  does  not  know 
the  name  of  his  specimen.  The  arrangement  by  season 
366 


CLASSIFICATION.  367 

and  size  has  its  difficulties  in  the  uncertainty  and  varia- 
tion of  these  characters  in  the  different  soils. and  climates 
o£  our  extended  country,  and  a  sub-division  and  group- 
ing of  fruits  by  their  quality  of  excellence  is  not  only  un- 
reliable, but  is  altogether  arbitrary,  and  subject  to  the 
greatest  diversity  of  opinion  arising  from  the  various 
tastes  of  different  individuals.  We  must  look  to  some 
marked  and  reliable  characters  that  are  always  present, 
easily  recognized,  and  permanent  or  fixed.  Among  these 
shape  or  figure  stands  pre-eminent,  notwithstanding  the 
acknowledged  fact  that  some  varieties  are  almost  protean. 
The  shape  of  the  general  outline  appears  to  be  the  best  char- 
acter for  the  broad  divisions  of  a  classification.  A  sub- 
division may  again  be  made,  which  is  to  be  based  upon 
the  regularity  or  irregularity  of  the  shape. 

The  next  character,  and  one  of  considerable  value,  is 
that  dependent  upon  flavor  in  its  broadest  characters  of 
sweet  and  sour,  which,  though  sometimes  giving  rise  to 
a  puzzling  question,  is,  in  most  varieties,  sufficiently 
marked  to  constitute  the  basis  of  a  minor  sub-division. 
Color,  which  is  notoriously  the  poorest  character  and  least 
esteemed  by  botanists  in  their  descriptions,  on  account  of 
its  liability  to  variation,  is,  however,  of  sufficient  import- 
ance in  pomology  to  take  a  high  rank  and  to  appear  very 
prominently  in  fruit  nomenclature.  Still  it  should  be  re- 
served for  the  lowest  sub-divisions  of  a  classification. 

Among  our  American  writers,  who  deservedly  stand 
prominent  as  pomologists,  the  most  satisfactory  attempt 
at  classification  is  found  in  the  little  work  prepared  by  J. 
J.  Thomas.  No  one  who  has  realized  the  advantages  to 
be  derived  from  the  simple  and  clear  sub-divisions  made 


AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

by  this  author,  will  ever  be  satisfied  with  a  fruit-book  that 
is  not  arranged  upon  the  basis  of  some  classification. 
Thomas,  in  his  excellent  work,  makes  three  great  divisions 
of  apples  according  to  their  period  of  ripening,  as  the 
Summer,  Autumn,  and  "Winter  fruits",  to  which  some  of 
us  would  desire  to  add  Spring,  or  long-keepers.  Each  of 
these  he  has  divided  into  two  classes — those  characterized 
by  their  flavor  as  sweet  apples,  and  those  possessed  of 
more  or  less  acidity ;  and  each  of  these  classes  is  subdi- 
vided into  two  sections,  according  to  their  color,  as  striped 
with  red  and  not  striped ;  so  that  in  this  arrangement  we 
have  eighteen  groups,  and,  with  specimen  in  hand,  this 
synopsis  enables  us  at  once  to  decide  in  which  of  these 
groups  of  moderate  dimensions  we  may  look  for  the  de- 
scription we  desire.;  and,  if  it  be  contained  in  the  book, 
it  may  readily  be  found.  The  labor  of  searching  through 
the  whole  list  is  thus  obviated. 

The  Germans  have  made  many  attempts  at  the  classifi- 
cation of  fruits.  Christ,  Diel,  Dochnal,  Manger  and 
Sickler,  have  been  engaged  in  this  work ;  and  Diel's  Sy- 
nopsis, though  far  from  perfect,  has  been  generally  adopt- 
ed. He  makes  seven  classes,  with  orders  under  each. 
Dochnal,  a  later  writer,  has  modified  this  by  making  two 
sections  according  to  the  shape,  whether  angular  or  sphe- 
rical, and  four  classes  also  based  upon  their  form. 

Robert  Hogg,  in  his  British  Pomology,  which  is  an  ex- 
cellent account  of  the  apples  cultivated  in  England,  has 
given  a  modification  which  answers  a  good  purpose  for 
classification.  He  makes  three  great  sections,  according 
to  season,  Summer,  Autumn,  and  Winter.  Each  of  these 
is  divided  into  two  classes,  according  to  shape:  1st, 


CLASSIFICATION.  369 

Round,  roundish,  or  oblate  /    and  2nd,  Oblong,  conical, 

oval,  or  ovate.     These  again  are  grouped  according  to 

their  colors:  A, pale;  B,  striped;  C,red;  and  D,  russet. 

As  a  matter  of  interest*  I  will  give  Diel's  classification. 

CLASS    L— RIBBED    APPLES. 

1.  They  are  furnished  with  very  prominent,  but  regular 
ribs  around   the  eye,  extending  also  over  the  fruit,  but 
which  do  not  render  it  irregular. 

2.  Having  wide,  open,  and  very  irregular  cells. 

ORDER    I.— TRUE    CALVTLLES. 

1.  They  taper  from  about  the  middle  of  the  fruit  to- 
ward the  eye. 

2.  They  are  covered  with  bloom  when  on  the  tree. 

3.  They  have,  or  acquire,  by  keeping,  an  unctuous  skin. 

4.  They  are  not  distinctly  and  purely  striped. 

5.  They  have  light,  spongy,  delicate  flesh. 

6.  They  have* a  strawberry  or  raspberry  flavor. 

ORDER    n.— SCHLOTTER    ^EPFEL. 

1.  The  skin  does  not  feel  unctuous. 

2.  They  are  not  covered  with  bloom. 

3.  They  are  either  of  a  flat,  conical,  cylindrical,  or  taper- 
ing form. 

4.  They  have  not  a  balsamic,  but  mostly  a  sweetish  or 
sourish  flavor. 

5.  They  have  a  granulous,  loose,  and   coarse-grained 
flesh. 

ORDER    HL— GUELDERLINGE. 

1.  They  are  not  balsamic,  like  Order  I.-,  but  of  an  aro- 
matic flavor. 

2.  They  have  a  fine  flesh,  almost  like  that  of  the  Rei- 
nettes. 

3.  They  are  either  of  a  conical  or  flat  shape. 

4.  They  are  most  prominently  ribbed  around  the  eye. 

CLASS    II.— ROSEN^EPFEL— ROSE    APPLES. 

1.  They  are  covered  with  blue  bloom  when  on  the  tree. 

2.  They  have  not  unproportionally  large,  but  often  only 
regular  cells. 

16* 


370  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

3.  They  emit  a  pleasant  odor  when  briskly  rubbed. 

4.  The  skin  does  not  feel  unctuous. 

5.  They  are  handsomely  and  regularly  ribbed  around 
the  eye,  and  often  also  over  the  fruit. 

6.  They  have  a  tender,  loose,  .spongy,  and  mostly  fine 
grained  flesh. 

7.  They  have  a  fine  rose,  fennel,  or  anise  flavor. 

8.  They  are  mostly  of  short  duration,  and  are  often 
only  summer  or  autumn  apples. 

9.  They  are  mostly  striped  like  a  turnip. 

ORDER    I.— FRUIT    TAPERING    OR    OBLONG. 
ORDER    H.— FRUIT    ROUND    OR    FLAT. 

CLASS    III.— RAMBOTJRS. 

1.  They  are  all  large  apples,  and  comprise  the  largest 
sorts. 

2.  They  have  mostly,  or  almost  always,  two   unequal 
halves — namely,  one  side  lower  than  the  other. 

3.  They  are  constantly  furnished  with  "ribs  around  the 
eye  which  are  broad,  rising  irregularly,  one  above  the  oth- 
er, and  extending  over  the  fruit  so  as  to  render  it  irregu- 
lar in  its  shape ;  they  are  also  compressed,  and  have  one 
side  higher  than  the  other. 

4.  They  are  constantly  broader  than  high,  and  only 
sometimes  elongated. 

5.  They  have  all  a  loose,  coarse  grained  and  often  very 
pleasant  flesh. 

ORDER  I.— WITH  WIDE  CELLS. 
ORDER  H.— WITH  NARROW  CELLS. 

CLASS    IV.— REINETTES. 

1.  They  have  a  fine  grained,  delicate,  crisp,  firm  flesh. 

2.  They  are  mostly  the  ideal  of  a  handsomely  shaped 
apple ;  in  them  the  convexity  or  bulge  of  the  middle  of 
the  apple  towards  the  eye  is  the  same  as  that  towards 
the  stalk,  or  not  much  different. 

3.  They  are  all  gray  dotted,  or  have  russety  patches,  or 
completely  covered  with  russet. 

4.  They  have  rarely  an  unctuous  skin. 


CLASSIFICATION.  371 

5.  They  have  all  the  rich,  aromatic,  sugary,  and  brisk 
flavor,  which  is  called  the  Reinette  flavor. 

6.  They  decay  very  readily,  and  must,  of  all  apples, 
hang  longest  on  the  tree. 

7.  The  really  sweet  and  at  the  same  time  aromatic  apples 
belong  to  the  feeinettes,  only  as  regards  their  shape,  their 
character,  and  their  fine  and  firm  flesh. 

8.  Apples  with  fine,  firm,  crisp  flesh,  which  cannot  of 
themselves  form  a  distinct  class ;  for  instance,  the  Pippins 
>elong  to  this  class. 

ORDER    I.— SELF-COLORED    REINETTES. 

1.  Having  a  uniform  green  ground  color,  which  changes 
to  the  most  beautiful  golden  yellow. 

2.  Having  no  lively  colors  or  marks  of  russet  on  the 
side  next  the  sun,  except  those  that  are  very  much  expos- 
ed, and  which  assume  a  slight  tinge  of  red. 

3.  Having  no  covering  of  russet,  but  only  slight  traces 
of  russety  stripes. 

ORDER    II.— RED    REINETTES. 

Having  all  the  properties  of  the  self-colored  Reinettes, 
but  of  a  pure  red  on  the  side  next  the  sun,  without  any 
mixture  of  russet. 

.   ORDER    HI?— GRAY    REINETTES. 

1.  The  ground  color  is  green,  changing  to  dingy  dull 
yellow. 

2.  The  coating  of  russet,  or  the  russety  patches,  spread 
over  the  greater  part  of  the  fruit,  are  very  conspicuous. 

3.  The  side  next  the  sun  is  often  dull  brownish  or  ochre- 
ous  red. 

ORDER    IV.— GOLDEN    REINETTES. 

1.  On  the  side  next  the  sun  they  are  washed  or  striped 
with  beautiful  crimson. 

2.  The  ground  color  changes  by  keeping  to  a  beautiful 
deep  yellow. 

3.  Over  the  ground  color,  and  the  crimson  of  the  ex- 
posed side,  are  spread  light  thin  patches,  or  a  complete 
coat  of  russet. 


372  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

CLASS    V.— STREIFLINGE— STRIPED    APPLES. 

1.  They  are  all,  and  almost  always,  marked  with  broken 
stripes  of  red. 

2.  These  stripes  are  found  either  over  the  whole  fruit, 
or  only  very  indistinctly  on  the  side  exposed  to  the  sun. 

3.  The  stripes  may  be  distinct — that  is   to   say,  truly 
striped ;  or  between  these  stripes  on  the  side  next  the  sun 
the  fruit  is  dotted,  shaded,  or  washed  with  red ;    but  on 
the  shaded  side  the  stripes  are  well  denned. 

4.  The  cells  are  regular. 

5.  They  are  of  a  purely  sweet,  vinous,  or  acid  flavor. 

6.  They  have  not  the  same  flavor  as  the  Rose  apples. 

7.  They  do  not   decay,  except  when  gathered  before 
maturity. 

OEDEK    I.— FLAT    STREIFLINGE. 

1.  They  have  the  bulge  at  the  same  distance  from  the 
eye  as  from  the  stalk,  and  are  broadly  flattened. 

2.  They  are  constantly  half  an  inch  broader  than  high. 

ORDER    n.— TAPERING    STREIFLINGE. 

1.'  They  are  broader  than  high. 

2.  They  diminish  from  the  middle  of  the  apple  towards 
the  eye,  so  that  the  superior  half  is  conical,  or  pyramidal, 
and  not  at  all  similar  to  the  inferior  half. 

ORDER    m.— OBLONG    OR    CYLINDRICAL    STREIFLINGE. 

1.  The  hight  and  breadth  are  almost  equal. 

2.  They  diminish  gradually  from  the  base  to  the  apex. 

3.  Or  from  the  middle  of  the  Iruit  they  gradually  di- 
minish toward  the  base  and  apex  equally. 

ORDER    rV.— ROUND    STREIFLINGE. 

1.  The  convexity  of  the  fruit  next  the  base  and  the 
apex  is  the  same. 

2.  The  breadth  does  not  differ  from  the  hight,  except 
only  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch. 

3.  Laid  in  the  hand,  with  the  eye  and  stalk  sidewise, 
they  have  the  appearance  of  a  roundish  grape. 


CLASSIFICATION.  373 

CLASS  VI.— TAPERING  APPLES. 

1.  They  have  the  cells  regular. 

2.  They  are  not  covered  with  bloom. 

3.  They  are  not  striped,  and  are  either  of  a  uniform 
color,  or  washed  with  red  on  the  side  next  the  sun. 

4.  Constantly  diminishing  to  a  point  towards  the  eye. 

5.  They  are  sweet  or  vinous,  approaching  a  pure  acid. 

6.  They  do  not  readily  decay. 

ORDER    I.— OBLONG,    CYLINDRICAL    OR    CONICAL. 

Characters  the  same  as  Order  III.  of  the  Streiflinge. 

ORDER    H.— TAPERING    TO    A    POINT. 

Characters  the  same  as  Order  II.  of  the  Streiflinge. 

CLASS    VII.— FLAT    APPLES. 

1.  They  are  constantly  broader  than  high. 

2.  They  are  never  striped. 

3.  They  are  either  of  a  uniform  color,  or,  on  the  side 
exposed  to  the  sun,  more  or  less  washed  or  shaded  with 
red. 

4.  They  have  regular  cells. 

5.  They  are  not  unctuous  when  handled. 

6.  They  do  not  readily  decay. 

7.  Flavor  purely  sweet,  or  purely  sour. 

ORDER  I.— PURELY  FLAT  APPLES. 

1.  The  difference  is  obvious  to  the  eye. 

2.  The  breadth  is  constantly  half  an  inch  more  than  the 
hight. 

ORDER    H.— ROUND-SHAPED    FLAT    APPLES. 

1.  The  eye  cannot  easily  detect  a  distinction  between 
the  breadth  and  hight. 

2.  The  breadth  rarely  exceeds  the  hight  by  a  quarter 
of  an  inch. 

3.  The  fruit,  cut  ^  transversely,  exhibits  almost  or  quite 
two  equal  halves. 


874  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

DOCHNAHL'S    CLASSIFICATION. 
SECTION  I, — PLEUROIDEA. — ANGULAR  on  RIBBED. 

Having  sharp  or  flat  ribs,  which  extend  over  the  length 
of  the  fruit  and  are  most  prominent  around  the  eye,  where 
they  are  most  generally  situated. 

CLASS  I.— MALA  CYDONARI  A— QUINCE-SHAPED. 

OKDER    I.— CALVTLLES. 

1.  They  have  large  heart-shaped  cells,  open  towards  the 
axis,  or  often  entirely  torn ;    the  cells  extend  very  often 
from  the  stalk  even  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx. 

2.  They  diminish  from  about  the  middle  of  the  fruit,  or 
a  little  above  it,  towards  the  eye. 

3.  They  are  regular,  and  provided  generally  with  fine 
ribs,  which  do  not  disfigure  the  fruit. 

4.  On  the  tree,  the  fruit  is  covered  with  bloom. 

5.  They  are  never  distinctly  striped. 

6.  Their  flesh  is  soft,  loose,  fine  and  light,  of  a  balsamic 
flavor,  similar  to  that  of  strawberries  or  raspberries. 

7.  The  eye  is  frequently  closed. 

8.  Many  of  them  acquire  by  keeping  an  oily  or  unctu- 
ous skin. 

GROUP  I. — Fruit  red,  almost  entirely  covered  with  red. 

GROUP  II. — Fruit  parti-colored;  yellow;  very  much 
striped  or  washed  with  red. 

GROUP  III. — Fruit  yellow;  of  a  whitish,  greenish,  or 
golden  yellow. 

ORDER    H.— PSETJDO-CALVTLLES. 

1.  The  cells  are  almost  the  same  as  the  true  Calvilles — 
very  large  and  open. 

2.  The  calycinal  tube  is  wide  and  generally  very  short. 

3.  They  are  slightly  narrowed  toward  the  eye,  and  flat- 
tened toward  the  stalk. 

4.  Their  ribs  are  very  prominent,  especially  around  the 
eye. 

5.  They  are  aromatic,  and  have  not  the  balsamic  flavor 
of  the  true  Calvilles. 


CLASSIFICATION.  375 

6.  Their  flesh  is  fine,  opaque,  a  little  succulent,  and  al- 
most equal  to  the  Reinettes. 
GROUPS  I.,  II.,  III.,  as  above. 

CLASS   II.— MALA  PYRARIA— PEAB-SHAPED. 

Their  flavor  is  neither  balsamic  nor  aromatic;  they  are 
purely  sweet  or  acid ;  their  flesh  is  granulous  and  loose. 

ORDER    I.— TREMLARIA— SEEDS    LOOSE. 

1.  They  are  almost  always  large  apples,  the  skin  of 
which  is  neither  unctuous  nor  covered  with  bloom. 

2.  They  are  also  furnished  with  ribs ;  but  they  are  not 
so  regular  as  in  the  Calvilles. 

3.  The  cells  are  very  large,  irregular,  widened,  and  gen- 
erally open. 

4.  The  calycinal  tube  is  most  generally  widely  conical, 
and  does  not  extend  to  the  cells. 

5.  They  are  of  a  flattened,  conical,  cylindrical  or  point- 
ed shape. 

6.  Their  flesh  is  loose,  more  often  a  little  coarse,  and  of 
a  slightly  balsamic  flavor. 

7.  The  leaves  of  these  trees  are  very  large,  rather  deeply 
dentated,  and  less  downy  than  those  of  the  Calvilles. 

GROUP  I. —  Unicolore$ — Green,  greenish,  yellow,  or 
golden  yellow,  and  slightly  tinged  with  red. 

GROUP  II. — Bicolores — Yellow  or  green,  and  distinctly 
striped  or  washed  with  red. 

ORDER    H.— RAMBURES. 

1.  They  are  all  very  large. 

2. 'They  have  almost  always  the  two  halves  unequal. 

3.  They  are  constantly  broader  than  high,  and  appear 
sometimes  higher  than  they  are. 

4.  They  are  not  furnished  with  ribs,  except  around  the 
eye ;  these  are  often  irregular  in  numbers,  and  frequently 
form  broad  projections  on  the  fruit. 

5.  They  do  not  decay,  but  shrivel  when  they  have 
passed  maturity. 

6.  The  flesh  is  coarsely  granulous,  rarely  aromatic,  nev- 
ertheless often  very  agreeable. 

GROUP  I. —  Gapsulis  amplis — Wide  cells. 
GROUP  II. —  Capmlis  angustis — Narrow  cells. 


376  AMERICAN  POMOLOGY. 

SECTION  II.— SPHffiROID-ZE— SPHERICAL. 

They  have  sometimes  prominences  on.   the   fruit   and 
around  the  eye,  but  never  true  ribs. 

CLASS    III— MALA    MESPILAKIA— MEDLAR  SHAPED. 

Their  flavor  is  sweet,  aromatic,  similar  to  that  of  the 
Rose,  fennel  or  anise. 

ORDER    I.— APIANA,    OB    ROSE    APPLES. 

Their  flesh  is  soft,  loose,  marrowy,  very  fine  grain,  and 
of  a  snow  white  color. 

2.  The  cells  are  almost  always -regular  and  closed. 

3.  They  are  regularly  ribbed  around  the  eye,  and  often 
also  over  the  fruit,  but  sometimes  not  at  all  ribbed. 

4.  They  have  a  balsamic  flavor,  accompanied  with  a 
very  agreeable  odor. 

5.  They  emit  a  pleasant  odor  when  briskly  rubbed. 

6.  When  on  the  tree  they  are  frequently  covered  with 
a  blue  bloom,  and  striped  like  a  Tulip. 

7.  The  fruit  is  mostly  small,  or  middle  sized. 

8.  They  are  mostly  of  short  duration,  and   lose  their 
good  flavor  the  same  year. 

GROUP  I. —  Oblonyi — Oblong  fruit. 
GROUP  II. — Sphmrici — Round  or  flattened. 

ORDER    H.— REINETTA— REINETTES. 

1.  These  are  apples  which  generally  have  the  most  regu- 
lar and  handsome  shape,  having  the  bulge  in  the  middle, 
at  the  same  distance  from  the  eye  as  from  the  stalk. 

2.  All  are  dotted,  clouded,  or  entirely  covered  with 
russet. 

3.  They  are  very  rarely  inclined  to  be  unctuous,  but 
generally  rough  when  handled. 

4.  They  all  decay  vefy  readily ;  (they  must  therefore 
be  left  as  long  as  possible  on  the  tree.) 

5.  Their  flesh  is  fine  grained,  crisp,  firm,  or  fine  and 
delicate. 

6.  They  are  all  charged  with  only  a  balsamic,  sugary 
acid,  which  is  called  Reinette-flavored. 


CLASSIFICATION.  377 

GROUP  I.  —  Uhicolores.  —  1.  Having  uniform  green 
ground  color,  which  changes  to  the  most  beautiful  golden 
yellow. 

2.  Having  no  lively  colors  or  marks  of  russet  on  the 
side  next  the  sun,  except  those  that  are  very  much  expos- 
ed, and  are  slightly  tinged  with  red. 

3.  Having  no  covering  of  russet,  but  only  slight  traces 
of  russety  stripes. 

GROUP  II. — JRubri — Fruit  red ;  having  all  the  proper- 
ties of  the  self-colored  Reinettes ;  but  on  the  side  next  the 
sun  they  are  of  a  red  color,  with  a  mixture  of  russet. 

GROUP  III. — Ravi — Russeted. 

1.  Their  ground  color  is  green,  changing  to  dingy,  dull 
yellow. 

2.  The  coatings  of  russet  are  very  conspicuous. 

3.  The  side  next  the  sun  is  often  dingy,  brownish,  or 
ochreous  red. 

4.  They  all  decay  very  readily. 

GROUP  IV. — Aurei — Yellow  or  golden  fruit,  Golden 
Reinettes. 

1.  On  the  side  next  the  sun  they  are  washed  or  striped 
with  beautiful  crimson. 

2.  The  ground  color  changes,  by  keeping,  to  "beautiful 
deep  yellow. 

3.  Over  the  crimson  there  is  a  light  thin  trace,  or  a  com- 
plete covering  of  russet. 

CLASS   IV.— -MALA  MALARIA— PERFECT  OR  PURE    APPLE- 
SHAPED. 

They  are  of  a  perfectly  sweet  or  vinous  flavor,  approach- 
ing to  pure  acid. 

ORDER    I.— STRIOLA,    OK    STRIPED. 

1.  They  are  almost  always  marked  with  broken  stripes 
of  red. 

2.  These  are  either  over  the  whole  fruit,  or  qnly  indis- 
tinctly on  the  side  exposed  to  the  sun. 

3.  The  stripes  may  all  be  distinct — that  is,  clearly  and 
finely  striped ;  or  between  these  stripes,  on  the  side  next 
the  sun,  the  fruit  is  dotted,  shaded  or  washed  with  red ; 
but  o\  the  shaded  side  the  stripes  are  well  defined. 


378  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

4.  The  cells  are  regular. 

5.  The  fruit  does  not  decay,  except  when  gathered  be- 
fore maturity,  or  after  the  period  when  it  has  been  prop- 
erly ripened. 

GROUP  I. — Depressa — Flat. 

1.  They  have  the  bulge  at  the  same  distance  from  the 
eye  as  from  the  stalk,  and  are  broadly  flattened. 

2.  They  are  always  half  an  inch  broader  than  high. 
GROUP  II. — Acuminati — Pointed. 

1.  They  are  broader  than  high. 

2.  They  diminish  from  the  middle  of  the  apple  toward 
the  eye,  so  that  the  superior  half  is  conical,  and  is  not  at 
all  similar  to  the  inferior  half. 

GROUP  III.: — Oblongi — Oblong  or  cylindrical. 

1.  The  hight  and  breadth  are  almost  equal. 

2.  They  diminish  gradually  from  the  base  to  the  apex. 

3.  Or,  from  the  middle  of  the  fruit  they  gradually  di- 
minish toward  the  base  and  apex  equally. 

GROUP  IV. — Sphcerici — Round. 

1.  The  convexity  of  the  fruit  next  the  base  and  the 
apex  is  the  same. 

2.  The  breadth  does  not  differ  from  the  hight,  except 
only  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch. 

3.  When  laid  on  their  side  they  present  a  spherical 
.shape. 

ORDER    n.—CONTTJBERNALIA— STOKING    APPLES. 

1.  Having  the  cells  regular. 

2.  They  are  not  striped,  and  are  either  of  a  uniform 
color  or  washed  with  red  on  the  side  next  the  sun. 

3.  Thtfy  do  not  readily  decay. 

4.  They  are  not  unctuous  when  handled. 

5.  They  are  never  covered  with  bloom. 

GROUP  I. — Acuminati — Tapering,  diminishing  toward 
the  eye. 

GROUP  II.  —  Depressi  —  Flat.  These  are  constantly 
broader  than  high.* 

After  a  long  and  careful  consideration  and  study  of 
this  subject,  I  have  prepared  the  following  formula  for  the 


*  As  translated  for  R.  Hogg's  British  Pomology. 


CLASSIFICATION.  379 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  APPLES.  It  consists  of  four  classes 
that  are  based  upon  the  general  figure  of  the  fruit ;  with 
two  orders,  that  are  distinguished  by  a  modification  of  the 
form,  causing  the  fruit  to  be  regular,  or  irregular,  and 
angular.  The  characters  upon  which  the  classes  are 
founded  are  exemplified  by  a  vertical  section  through  the 
length  of  the  axis  of  the  fruit.  Those  by  which  the  Or- 
ders are  distinguished  are  shown  by  a  transverse  section, 
made  at  right  angles  to  the  axis,  or  by  holding  the  fruit 
with  the  blossom  end  toward  the  eye.* 

Each  of  these  Orders  may  contain  two  Sections,  charac- 
terized by  their  flavor  as  sweet  and  sour;  and  each  of 
these  may  again  be  sub-divided  •  into  three  Sub-sections , 
that  are  based  upon  color. 

CLASS  I. — OBLATE  OR  FLAT,  having  the  axis  shorter 
than  the  transverse  diameter. 

ORDER  I. — REGULAR. 

ORDER  II. — IRREGULAR. 

SECTION  1. — Sweet. 

SECTION  2. — Sour. 

SUB-SECTION  1. — Pale  or  blushed,  more  or  less,  but  self- 
colored  and  not  striped. 

SUB-SECTION  2. — Striped  or  Splashed. 

SUB-SECTION  3. — Russeted. 

CLASS  II. — CONICAL,  tapering  decidedly  toward  the 
eye,  and  becoming  OVATE  when  larger  in  the  middle  and 
tapering  to  each  end,  the  axial  diameter  being  the  shorter. 

ORDERS  I  and  II. 

SECTIONS  1  and  2. 

SUB-SECTIONS  1,  2,  and  3. 

*  Figures  38  to  46,  pp.  355  to  356. 


380  AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 

CLASS  III. — ROUND,  GLOBULAR  or  nearly  so,  having 
the  axial  and  transverse  diameters  about  equal,  the  former 
often  shorter  by  less  than  one-quarter  of  the  latter.  The 
ends  are  often  so  flattened  as  to  look  truncated,  when  the 
fruit  appears  to  be  cylindrical  or  globular-oblate. 

ORDERS,  SECTIONS,  and  SUB-SECTIONS,  as  above. 

CLASS  IV. — OBLONG,  in  which  the  axis  is  longer  than 
the  transverse  diameter,  or  appears  so.  These  may  also 
be  truncate  or  cylindrical. 

ORDERS,  SECTIONS,  and  SUB-SECTIONS,  as  above. 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  APPLES. 

ARRANGED     ACCORDING     TO     THEIR     CLASSIFICATION     ALPHABETICALLY, 
UNDER     EACH     DIVISION. 


CLASS    I.— FLAT    APPLES. 
ORDER    I.— REGULAR    IN    FORM. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 

SUB-SECTION    1.— SELF-COLORED,    NOT    STRIPED. 
Cainaclc  Svreet. 

This  newly  introduced  sort  is  said  to  have  originated  in 
North  Carolina  or  Georgia.     The  trees  cultivated  in  the 


Fig.  51.— CAMACK  SWEET. 

Northern  States  are  yet  too  young  for  us  to  judge  of  their 
characteristics,  but  they  appear  to  be  healthy  and  vigor- 
ous. 

381 


382 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Fruit  medium  to  large,  flat,  regular. 

Surface  smooth,  greenish-white,  rarely  blushed  with  red. 

Basin  broad,  shallow,  and  regular  or  wavy ;  Eye  medi- 
um, open. 

Cavity  deep,  acute ;  Stem  rather  long ;  Flesh  yellowish, 
firm,  rather  tough,  but  juicy,  rich  and  sweet. 

This  variety  keeps  well,  lasting  until  May.  Not  yet 
sufficiently  tested  in  the  North. 


Campfield. 

NEWARK   SWEETING. 


Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  productive.  This  fruit  is 
especially  valuable  for  cider,  but  it  may  be  used  also  in 
the  kitchen ;  being  a  long  keeper  and  often  beautifully 


Fig.  52.—  CAMPFIELD. 

colored  at  maturity  iu  the  spring,  it  is  often  exposed  on 
the  fruit-stands,  where  it  attracts  purchasers  by  the  great 
beauty  of  its  brilliant  colors. 

Fruit  always   fair,  bnt  its  figure  is  variable,  being  some- 
times globular  or  conical.      The  characteristic  form 
round-oblate,  regular  j  Size  medium. 


is 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    I.    I. 


888 


Surface  very  smooth,  of  a  dull  green,  often  suffused 
with  a  taint  blush  on  the  exposed  side  ;  but  at  maturity, 
bright  lemon  yellow,  shaded  with  carmine  ;  Dots  minute, 
gray  and  indented. 

Basin  shallow,  regular;  Eye  rather  large,  closed;  Seg- 
ments of  medium  length. 

Cavity  regular,  with  medium  width  and  depth  ;  Stem 
medium,  rather  stout. 

Core  wide,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye;  Seeds  nu- 
merous, plump  ;  Flesh  white,  firm,  tough  ;  Juice  very 
sweet  and  rich  at  maturity,  making  excellent  cider. 

Season,  December  until  March. 


This  variety  was  found  in  an  old  orchard  of  D.  C. 
Richmond,  near  Sandusky,  Ohio.  Tree  productive,  and 
sufficiently  vigorous. 


Fig.  53.— DILLINGHAM. 

Fruit  round-oblate  rather  than  flat,  generally  regular 
and  of  medium  size ;  Surface  rough,  yellowish-green,  and 
bronzed,  or  shaded  vrith  a  purplish  tint ;  Dots  numerous 
russet. 


o84  DESCRIPTIONS  "OF    APPLES. 

Basin  wide,  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  rather  deep,  wide,  regular,  wavy,  brown ;  Stem 
sometimes  long,  of  medium  size,  red. 

Core  small  and  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, large,  brown. 

Flesh  yellow  ;  Flavor  sweet,  juicy;  Use,  good  for  bak- 
ing ;  Season,  November  to  February.  Not  highly 
esteemed  nor  largely  cultivated,  though  its  productiveness 
and  sweetness  would  render  it  desirable  for  stock-feeding. 

Ewe's    Winter    Sweet. 

From  J.  S.  Downer,  Elkton,  Kentucky ;  a  southern  fruit 
of  some  merit. 

Fruit  medium,  flat,  regular;  Surface  roughish,  uneven, 
greenish-yellow,  blushed  and  russeted ;  Dots  numerous, 
minute,  russet  veined. 

Basin  abrupt,  regular,  leather-cracked  ;  Eye  large,  open. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  brown ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  round,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous,  angular, 
imperfect ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine  grained ;  Flavor  very  sweet, 
rich ;  Quality  quite  good  ;  Use,  table  ;  Season,  December. 


Fig.  54— GREEN  SWEET. 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    I.    I.  385 

Green    Sweet. 

HONEY  GREENING. 

Tree  vigorous  and  productive  in  most  situations  where 
cultivated,  but  is  not  much  planted  in  the  West. 

Fruit  rather  small,  regular,  and  usually  flat,  though 
sometimes  conical;  Surface  smooth^green;  Dots  whitish, 
with  green  bases. 

Basin  rather  shallow  and  wavy;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular  and  brown  ;  Stem  long  and  stout. 

Core  'closed,  regular,  meeting  the  eye,  containing  nu- 
merous angular,  acuminate  brown  seeds ;  Flesh  greenish- 
white,  breaking,  tender,  juicy  and  fine  grained ;  very  sweety 
and  valued  for  baking  and  market ;  those  who  do  not  ad- 
mire sweet  apples  would  hardly  consider  it  second  rate. 

Season  from  December  to  February,  or  March. 

Haskell's    Sweet. 

Found  in  the  orchard  of  Dr.  Geo.  Haskell,  at  Rockford, 
Illinois. 

Fruit  large,  flat,  regular ;  Surface  green,  bronzy ;  Dots 
numerous,  large,  white. 

Basin  deep ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy ;  Stem  short. 

Core  closed ;  Seeds  numerous,  -plump ;  Flesh  yellow, 
juicy ;  Flavor  sweet,  rich  ;  Quality  very  good  ;  Use,  bak- 
ing ;  Season  August,  September. 

A  practical  test  at  the  table  of  mine  host  must  convince 
any  one  that  either  the  apple  or  the  cook,  or  both,  are 
eminently  deserving.  This  is  supposed  to  be  the  Massa- 
chusetts variety  of  the  same  name. 

Hay   Boys. 

I  do  not  know  where  this  summer  apple  was  produced, 
>r  christened  with  its  peculiar  cognomen  ;  Specimens  re- 
'-eived  from  H.  N.  Gillett,  Lawrence  Co.,  Ohio. 

Fruit  large,  oblate,  regular  or  slightly  angular ;  Surface 
pale  yellow ;  Dots  numerous,  dark,  prominent. 

Basin  wide,  abrupt,  wavy ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 
17 


386 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Cavity  wide,  folded,  green ;  Stem  long. 

Core  very  wide,  flat,  open,  clasping  the  eye ;  Flesh  yel- 
low, fine  grained,  breaking;  Flavor  sweet;  Quality  good, 
to  very  good ;  Use,  table  and  baking ;  Season,  August. 


Lancaster    Sweet. 


Origin  unknown,  grown  in  Central  Ohio,  where  it  is 
much  admired  for  baking  and  apple  butter. 


Fig.  55. — LANCASTER  SWEET. 

Fruit  medium,  regular,  oblate,  slightly  conical*;  Surface 
green ;  Dots  scattered,  dark,  minute. 

Basin  medium,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed ;  Segments 
of  calyx  long  and  reflexed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy  ;  Stem  very  short  and  small. 

Core  medium,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 
numerous,  dark,  plump ;  Flesh  greenish-white,  tender,  fine 
grained,  juicy,  rich ;  very  sweet. 

Quality  not  first  rate,  except  for  cooking ;  Season  Sep- 
tember and  October. 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    I.    I. 


387 


London.     Sweet, 

This  vigorous,  upright,  and  productive  tree  is  supposed 
to  have  had  its  origin  near  Dayton,  Ohio,  whence  it  has 
been  largely  disseminated,  giving  entire  satisfaction  to  all 
of  its  planters.  Foliage  abundant,  and  quite  dark 
colored. 

Fruit  always  fair,  regular,  flat,  and  of  large  size ;  Sur- 
face smooth,  pale  yellow,  with  scattered  dots  that  are  of- 
ten colored. 


Fig.  56. — LONDON  SWEET. 


Basin  abrupt,  regular,  often  having  concentric  cracks ; 
Eye  small  and  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular ;  Stem  short,  rather  thick. 

Core  medium  width  and  closed,  clasping  the  eye ;  Axis 
vory  short ;  Seeds  variable,  some  being  plump  and  some 
imperfect ;  Flesh  yellowish-white,  breaking,  rather  dry, 
but  very  sweet ;  Quality  good  ;  and  considered  by  some 
persons  the  very  best  baking  apple  of  its  season,  which  is 
from  November  to  January  or  later. 


388 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Mountain    Sweet. 


MOUNTAINEER. 


From  Pennsylvania ;  exhibited  by  Joel  Wood,  before 
the  Ohio  Pomological  Society. 

,  ^  Fruit  large,  beautiful,  but  too  delicate  for  transporta- 
tion, oblate ;  Surface  smooth,  light,  yellow ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  wide,  wavy ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy ;  Stem  short,  slender. 

Core  wide,  open,  dark,  clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds  numerous, 
pointed ;  Flesh  white,  breaking,  very  tender,  fine  grain- 
ed, juicy ;  Flavor  sweet ;  Quality  good  to  very  good ; 
Use,  table,  baking ;  Season,  December. 

A  rival  of  Broadwell  or  Ladies'  Sweeting. 


Fig.  57. — MUNSON  SWEET. 

Sweet. 

OKANGE     SWEET. 


This  New  England  variety  is  considered  quite  promis- 
ing in  its  new  western  homes,  where,  however,  it  is  not 
yet  widely  known  or  tested.  Tree  vigorous,  spreading, 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    I.    I. 


389 


and  productive  when  established ;  said  to  be  a  regular 
bearer. 

Fruit  medium,  flat ;  Surface  smooth,  green,  becoming 
yellow ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  small,  abrupt,  often  folded  or  plaited ;  Eye  me- 
dium, closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  green  ;    Stem  medium  or  short. 

Core  small,  closed ;  Seeds  plump ;  Flesh  yellowish-white, 
fine  grained,  tender,  juicy;  Flavor  very  sweet ;  Quality 
nearly  first  rate;  Valuable  for  baking;  Season  early 
winter. 


Fig.  58.  —  SNEPPS'. 


JNO.  SNEPPS'. 

This  fine  apple  is  believed  to  have  originated  at  Edin- 
burgh, Indiana,  and  was  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  State 
Society  by  the  orchardist  whose  name  it  bears,  and  by 
whom  it  has  been  distributed.  As  it  appears  to  be  distinct 
from  any  known  fruit,  it  is  here  described.  Tree  vigor- 
ous and  sufficiently  productive. 


390  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

Fruit  above  medium,  almost  large,  flat,  generally  regu- 
lar. 

Surface  nearly  smooth,  of  a  dull  green,  becoming  pale 
yellow,  with  numerous  dark  dots,  that  often  give  it  a  gray 
appearance. 

feasin  rather  shallow,  sometimes  folded  or  wavy ;  Eye 
large  and  closed ;  Segments  of  the  calyx  coarse. 

Cavity  acute,  regular,  rather  deep ;  Stem  medium  to 
short,  stout. 

Core  large  but  closed ;  Seeds  numerous,  pointed,  brown ; 
Flesh  yellowish,  breaking,  fine  grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  very 
rich,  and  agreeably  sweet  when  ripe ;  Use,  fine  dessert 
fruit,  and  good  for  cooking ;  Season,  December  to  March. 

Snperl>   Sweet. 

This  variety  is  worthy  of  more  attention  than  it  has 
received ;  native  of  Massachusetts,  where  it  is  a  vigorous 
and  productive  tree.  Its  period  of  maturity  makes  it  less 
valuable  than  it  would  otherwise  be. 

Fruit  above  medium,  roundish ;  Surface  smooth,  of  a 
pale  yellow  color,  often  shaded  with  red. 

Basin  rather  shallow,  broad ;  Calyx  large,  open. 

Cavity  regular,  deep ;  Stalk  long. 

Flesh  white,  fine  grained,  tender,  juicy ;  Flavor  rich, 
sweet. 

Cole  gives  its  season  as  September  and  October,  in 
Massachusetts. 

Tr  mil  It  ii  II    Sweet. 

FENTON     SWEET. 

This  is  another  fine  white  sweet  apple,  originating  in 
Ohio,  which,  notwithstanding  its  beauty,  is  less  esteemed 
on  account  of  its  season,  but  its  productiveness  makes  it 
valuable  for  stock-feeding.  Tree  vigorous,  spreading, 
productive,  and  an  early  bearer. 

Fruit  above  medium,  regular,  flat ;  Surface  very  smooth, 
pale  yellow,  or  white,  resembling  ivory ;  Dots  scattering, 
minute.  » 

Basin  deep,  regular ;  Eye  large,  rather  open. 

Cavity  deep ;   Stem  short. 

Core  closed ;  Seeds  numerous,  plump ;  Flesh  white,  fine 


CLASS   I. FLAT    APPLES. — I.    I.    II.  391 

grained,  breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor  very  sweet ;  Quality  very 
good  ;  Use,  baking  and  stock ;  Season  September  and  Oc- 
tober. 


CLASS    I.— FLAT    APPLES. 
ORDER    I.— REGULAR. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 
SUB-SECTION    2.— STRIPED. 
•*altimoi-4%— [Of  Elliott.] 

FLUSHING   SPITZENBERG,    OF   NORTHWEST. — CABLE'S   GILLIFLOWER. — 
ROYAL   PIPPIN   IN   ILLINOIS. 

The  origin  of  this  very  satisfactory  second  rate  fruit  is 
unknown,  though  it   is  extensively  cultivated  in  western 


Fig.  59. — BALTIMORE. 

orchards,  especially  in  the  lake  country,  for  it  is  scarcely 
known  within  the  Ohio  river  fruit  region. 

Tree  thrifty,  sufficiently  vigorous  but  with  slender 
growth,  very  productive,  spreading. 

Fruit  medium,  regular,  oblate,  almost  round  in  some 
specimens ,  Surface  smooth,  red,  striped  with  deep  red  and 
often  covered  with  whitish  or  gray  markings  that  give  it 


392 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


a  blue  appearance  like  a  bloom ;    Dots  scattered,  large, 
yellow  or  fawn  color. 

Basin  shallow,  regular;    Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  short  to  medium. 

Core  large,  closed  ;  Seeds  numerous,  plump ;  Flesh  yel- 
low, fine  grained,  juicy,  almost  sweet,  aromatic,  lacking 
character ;  Of  second  quality,  but  valuable  for  market ; 
December  and  January ;  Not  disposed  to  rot,  does  not 
show  bruises. 

Butter. 

PULKERSON'S. 

The  origin  of  this'  fruit  has  not  been  definitely  traced, 
and  though  not  very  widely  diffused,  it  is  a  prime  favorite 
with  its  acquaintances,  and  the  lovers  of  rich  apple-butter. 

Fruit  small,  very  regular,  oblate ;  Surface  very  smooth, 
and  so  covered  with  mixed  red  as  rarely  to  show  the  yel- 


.  60.—  BUTTER. 


low  ground  color  ;  upon  this  are  laid  darker  stripes  of 
deep  red  ;  Dots  minute  and  inconspicuous. 

Basin  medium,  regular,  or  folded  ;  Eye  rather  large, 
closed. 

Cavity  acute,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  of  medium  thick- 
ness, rather  long. 


CLASS    I. FLAT   APPLES. 1.    L    II.  393 

Core  wide,  large,  closed ;  with  large,  plump,  pointed 
seeds;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  fine  grained,  juicy ;  with  a 
sweet,  rich  and  aromatic  flavor.  Valuable  for  stock  and 
for  apple-butter ;  Season,  October  to  January. 

4  011:1111**    Red. 

This  variety  is  cultivated  in  southern  Ohio  and  adjacent 
regions,  to  which  it  has  been  distributed  by  the  venerable 
Pornologist,  H.  N.  Gillett,  of  Quaker  Bottom,  to  whom 
the  author  is  under  many  obligations  for  valuable  informa- 
tion connected  with  the  fruits  of  that  productive  region. 


Fig.  61.— CONANT'S  RED. 

Fruit  full  medium,  regular,  oblate,  and  sometimes 
nearly  round. 

In  appearance  this  apple  is  not  very  prepossessing,  as 
the  surface  is  rough,  the  yellow  ground  is  obscured  by 
mixed  red,  upon  which  are  red  stripes  and  streaks  of  rus- 
set ;  dots  are  numerous,  minute,  indented,  yellow  or  fawn 
colored. 

Basin  rather  deep,  abrupt,  regular  or  wavy ;  Eye  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy  or  regular,  green ;  Stem  medium  to 
long,  slender. 
17* 


394 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Core  large,  regular,  closed  ;  Seeds  numerous,  some  are 
imperfectly  developed  ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine  grained,  juicy  ; 
flavor  sub-acid  to  sweet,  very  aromatic,  agreeable,  fitting 
it  admirably  for  a  dessert  fruit,  as  which  it  is  nearly  first 
rate.  Season  from  September  to  December. 

Connett    Sweet. 

The  tree  grows  vigorously,  is  upright  and  productive, 
bearing  early.  Its  origin  I  have  not  learned,  but  procured 
the  specimens  from  my  valued  friend,  Jno.  C.  Teas,  ot 
Raysville,  Indiana. 

Fruit  of  good  size,  regular,  flat ;  Surface  rather  rough, 
dull  red,  with  indistinct  stripes ;  Dots  few,  dark,  sunken. 


Fig.  62.— CONNETT  SWEET. 

Basin  not  deep,  wide,  regular ;  Eye  rather  large,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  medium  to  long. 

Core  wide,  closed ;  Seeds  of  medium  size ;  Flesh  com- 
pact, yellow,  fine  grained ;  Flavor  very  sweet ;  Quality 
very  good ;  Season,  December  to  March. 

O  raitni  winkle. 

This  is  supposed  to  be  the  famous  cider  apple  of  New 
Jersey,  described  by  Coxe,  except  that  the  form  is  differ- 


CLASS    I. FLAT   APPLES. 1.    I.   II. 


095 


ent ;  it  has  as  good  qualities  for  making  a  rich  cider ; 
specimens  obtained  from  W.  C.  Hampton. 

Fruit  small,  oblate,  regular;  Surface  dull  red,  striped 
purple  ;  Dots  numerous,  yellow. 

Basin  wide,  regular ;  Eye  large,  open. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  long,  inclined. 

Core  medium,  round,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ; 
Seeds  numerous,  angular,  plump;  Flesh  yellowish-white, 
firm,  tough;  Flavor  sweet;  Use,  cider;  Season,  winter. 

Jersey    Sweet. 

AMERICAN. 

In  some  parts  of  the  country  this  is  a  favorite  baking 
apple,  but  its  great  productiveness  renders  it  small,  and 
makes  it  rather  a  stock  apple.  Tree  vigorous,  round- 
headed  ;  Shoots  short-jointed  and  red ;  Foliage  abundant. 


Fig.  63.— JERSEY  SWEET. 

Fruit  medium,  regular,  globular-oblate,  sometimes  rath- 
er conical,  (according  to  Elliott  &  Downing,  roundish- 
ovate,  but  the  drawing  given  by  the  latter  is  globular); 


396 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Surface  smooth,  yellow,  nearly  covered  with  red,  mixed, 
striped  and  splashed  carmine,  more  or  less  distinctly ;  Dots 
generally  minute. 

Basin  medium  to  wide,  regular ;  Eye  small,  generally 
closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular  or  wavy,  rather  deep,  brown,  and 
in  Michigan  often  green  ;  Stem  medium  to  long,  green. 

Core  wide,  regular,  partially  open  in  some  specimens,  but 
generally  closed  ;  Seeds  numerous,  wide,  pointed,  plump ; 
flesh  pale  yellow,  tender,  fine  grained,  juicy  ;  Flavor  very 
sweet,  aromatic  and  rich ;  Use,  the  dessert,  for  those  who 
like  sweet  apples,  but  especially  valued  for  baking  and  for 
feeding  stock.  Season  August  to  October. 

Uloore's    Sweeling. 

BED   SWEET   PIPPIN. — BLACK   SWEET. 

This  valuable  winter  sweet  apple  is  much  cultivated 
throughout  the  West  on  account  of  its  productiveness, 


Fig.  64. — MOORE'S  SWEETING. 
and  the  amount  of  nutriment  it  furnishes  to  both  man  and 


CLASS   I. FLAT   APPLES. 1.    I.    II.  897 

animals.  Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  spreading,  round,  with 
branches  sufficiently  open;  Shoots  dark  olive;  Foliage 
large,  dark  green. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  globular-oblate,  regular;  Sur- 
face smooth,  greenish-yellow,  covered  with  dull  red  in 
confused  stripes  and  shaded  with  gray  that  gives  the  fruit 
a  purple  hue  ;  Dots  minute  and  few  ;  Skin  thick. 

Basin  wide,  wavy  or  folded ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  wide  or  acute,  deep,  green  or  brown;  Stem 
short,  rather  stout. 

Core  small,  closed  ;  Seeds  numerous,  plump,  pale ;  Flesh 
yellow,  dry,  firm ;  Flavor  very  sweet ;  Quality  inferior,  for 
the  dessert;  Use,  baking,  market,  stock,  cider;  Season 
from  December  to  March  and  later,  keeping  very  sound. 

Putnam  Sweet. 

Originated  near  Marietta,  Ohio. 

Fruit  large,  flat,  regular ;  Surface  smooth,  mixed,  splash- 
ed and  striped  deep  red ;  Dots  numerous,  large. 

Basin  wide,  shallow,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular ;  Stem  short. 

Core  roundish,  flattened,  open,  clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds 
numerous,  pointed,  pale;  Flesh  tender;  Flavor  sweet; 
quality  very  good ;  Use,  kitchen,  stock ;  Season  August, 
September. 

Richmond. 

Described  by  F.  R.  Elliott,  author  of  American  Fruit 
Growers'  Guide,  and  named  for  our  mutual  friend,  D.  C. 
Richmond,  near  Sandusky,  Ohio,  who  found  it  in  an  old 
seedling  orchard  with  several  other  good  varieties.  The 
seeds  were  supposed  to  have  been  brought  from  the  old 
French  orchards  of  Canada.  Tree  large,  vigorous,  pro- 
ductive, and  would  appear  to  have  been  hardy. 

Mr.  Elliott  says : 

"  Fruit  large ;  Form  roundish,  occasional  specimens  have 
one  side  a  little  enlarged;  Color  light  yellow  ground, 
mostly  or  quite  overspread  with  light  and  dark  red  stripes, 
many  dots  or  specks  of  light  russet ;  Stem  varying,  mostly 
short,  slender ;  Cavity  deep,  open,  regular,  a  little  brown- 


398 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


ish  at  bottom ;    Calyx  large,  segments  long ;    Basin  deep, 
open,  uniformly  furrowed ;  Flesh  white,  tender,  juicy,  deli- 


Fig.  65.— KICHMOND. 

cate,  sweet ;  Core  medium ;  Seeds  large,  full ;  Season  Oc- 
tober to  December." 

Sweet    Tandervere. 

This  is  another  western  favorite  with  the  admirers  of 
sweet  apples.  Tree  sufficiently  vigorous,  healthy,  and 
productive ;  twigs  slender,  like  those  of  the  true  Vander- 
veres. 

Fruit  of  good  size,  from  full  medium  to  large,  regular, 
oblate,  and  resembling  the  Pennsylvania  Yandervere ; 
surface  very  smooth,  yellow,  shaded  with  mixed  red,  and 
striped  with  dull  or  dark  red ;  Dots  yellow,  scattered,  in- 
dented. 

Basin  abrupt,  wide,  deep,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  sometimes  wide  and  regular,  or  acute;  Stem 
long,  slender. 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    I.    III. 


399 


Core  regular,  heart-shaped,  closed ;    Seeds  medium  to 
long,  angular ;  Flesh  firm,  breaking,  yellow ;  Flavor  sweet, 


Fig.  66. — SWEET  VANDERVEKE. 

pleasant ;  Quality  not  first  rate,  valued  for  baking  and  for 
stock ;  Season  December  and  January. 


CLASS    I.— FLAT    APPLES. 

ORDER    I.— REGULAR. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 

SUB-SECTION    3.— RUSSET. 


400  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

CLASS    I.—  FLAT    APPLES. 
ORDER    L—  REGULAR. 

SECTION    2.—  SOUR. 

SUB-SECTION    1.—  SELF-COLORED. 

Better   Than    Good. 

JUICY     BITE. 

Like  our  standard  authority,  I  am  obliged  to  quote  from 
the  American  Pomological  Society's  Transactions.  Origin 
uncertain,  (Elliott  says  from  Pennsylvania)  ;  Tree  thrifty, 
rather  slender,  very  productive. 

Fruit  medium,  oblate  ;  Skin  pale  yellow,  with  a  few 
brown  dots. 

Basin  large  and  open  ;  Calyx  closed. 

Cavity  broad  ;  Stem  short. 

Flesh  yellowish,  very  tender,  juicy;  Flavor  mild, 
pleasant,  sub-acid  ;  November  to  January. 


This  apple  was  brought  into  notice  by  Lewis  Sanders, 
that  veteran  agriculturist  of  Kentucky,  who  was  equally 


Fig.  67.— BOHANON. 


CLASS  I. — FLAT  APPLES. 1.  IL  I.          401 

remarkable  as  a  planter  of  choice  fruits,  and  breeder  of 
fine  cattle.  Mr.  Elliott  thinks  this  variety  may  have  had 
its  origin  in  Virginia.  Tree  moderately  vigorous  and 
productive. 

Fruit  full  medium,  regular,  oblate,  rarely  inclined  to  be 
angular,  sometimes  slightly  conical ;  Surface  very  smooth, 
whitish,  or  waxen,  occasionally  blushed  with  pale  car- 
mine, making  it  very  beautiful ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  abrupt,  narrow,  folded,  wavy  and  irregular;  Eye 
closed ;  Segments  reflexed. 

Cavity  acute,  brown  ;  Stem  rather  long. 

Core  regular,  small,  pyriform,  closed,  clasping  the  eye ; 
Seeds  small, compressed  ;  Flesh  white,  breaking,  fine  grain- 
ed, juicy,  sub-acid ;  Quality  very  good  and  preferred  as  a 
dessert  fruit  to  the  Maiden 's  Blush,  which  it  much  resem- 
bles without  having  the  peculiar  flavor  of  that  variety. 

Cornfield. 

A  southern  variety  received  from  J.  S.  Downer  &  Son. 

Fruit  medium,  roundish-oblate  or  cylindrical,  truncate, 
regular ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow,  covered  with  mixed  deep 
red,  striped  ;  Dots  numerous,  minute. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  regular,  leather-cracked ;  Eye  small, 
open. 

Cavity  wide,  acute ;  Stem  short. 

Core  round,  regular,  closed,  hardly  clasping ;  Axis  short ; 
Seeds  numerous,  plump  ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine  grained,  tender, 
rather  dry ;  Flavor  sub-acid ;  Quality  good ;  Use,  table  ; 
Season,  December. 

Cracking*. 

This  variety  had  its  origin  in  the  eastern  part  of  Ohio. 
The  tree  is  a  strong  grower  and  productive. 

Fruit  large,  oblate,  somewhat  uneven  and  irregular,  but 
handsome;  Surface  smooth,  greenish-yellow  until  ripe, 
when  it  is  often  tinged  with  red ;  Dots  numerous,  minute, 
indented  and  green. 

Basin  wide,  folded ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  wavy,  br,own ;  Stem  short,  rather  stout. 

Core  wide,  open,  clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds  large,  point- 
ed, dark ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid ; 


402 


DESCEIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Fig.  68.—  CRACKING. 

quality  nearly  first  rate  ;   Use,  kitchen  and  table  ;  Season 
September  and  October. 

Cranberry    Pippin. 

This  is  a  beautiful  apple  which  originated  near  Hudson, 
New  York.  Tree  vigorous,  very  productive. 

Fruit  large,  flat,  regular  ;  Surface  very  smooth,  bright, 
clear  yellow,  with  a  shining  scarlet  cheek  ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  wide,  regular  or  wavy  ;   Eye  small,  short,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy  ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  small,  oval,  just  meeting  the  eye  ;  Axis  short  ;  Seeds 
numerous,  long;  Flesh  white,  breaking,  juicy  ;  Flavor  mild, 
sub-acid  ;  Quality  very  good  for  cooking,  not  for  dessert  ; 
Season  November  to  February  in  New  York. 


Origin 


Specimens  from  Mr.  Warren,  of  Massachusetts. 
and  history  unknown. 


CLASS    .1 — FLAT   APPLES. 1.    II.    I. 


403 


Fruit  medium,  flat,  uneven  ;  Surface  smooth,  yellowi&h- 
green,  becoming  greasy ;  Dots  scattered,  green. 

Basin  medium,  folded ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  pointed  ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  medium,  wide,  closed,  clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds 
large;  Flesh  greenish-white,  tender,  juicy;  Flavor  sub- 
acid  ;  Quality  good ;  Use  kitchen,  table ;  Season  September. 

Not  particularly  desirable. 

Early    Harvest. 

This  American  apple  has  long  been  a  prime  favorite  in 
the  orchard,  especially  when  planted  for  family  use,  since 
it  is  of  excellent  quality  for  table  as  well  as  in  the  kitchen. 
For  the  commercial  orchard,  however,  it  is  falling  into  dis- 


I 


\ 


\ 


Fig.  69.—  EARLY  HARVEST. 


favor  with  the  market  men,  because  of  its  uncertainty,  and 
its  proneness  to  be  defective  on  some  soils. 

Tree  spreading,  healthy  and  vigorous  ;  the  limbs  are 
very  strongly  attached  to  the  trunk  by  a  woody  enlarge- 
ment at  their  base,  and  the  pale  olive  twigs  are  remark- 


404 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


able  for  their  peculiar  mode  of  production  in  twos  and 
threes  from  a  common  origin. 

Fruit  medium,  regular,  oblate,  sometimes  almost  round, 
as  described  by  Downing,  but  this  is  rare  in  the  West,  where 
the  oblate  form  prevails.  Surface  smooth,  clear,  waxy 
yellow,  very  rarely  blushed  ;  Dots  numerous,  minute,  green. 

Basin  regular,  narrow,  abrupt ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular ;  Stem  short. 

Core  round,  closed,  not  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  large, 
pointed  ;  Flesh  tender,  breaking,  juicy,  acid  to  sub-acid, 
agreeable ;  Of  first  quality  for  table  or  kitchen  during  the 
month  of  July. 

Faust. 

This  very  nice  apple,  received  from  S.  W.  Westbrooke, 
of  Greensboro,  N.  C.,  deserves  the  commendation  of  its 
southern  admirers. 

Fruit  regular,  globular-oblate,  of  medium  size ;  Surface 


Fig.  70. — FAUST. 

smooth,  yellow,  with  a  white  bloom  and  sunken  white 
dots. 

Basin  shallow,  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  green ;   Stem  medium,  to  long. 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES .—  1.    Jl.     I. 


405 


Core  wide,  closed,  scarcely  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  an- 
gular ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine  grained ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aroma- 
tic, and  first  quality  for  table  or  dessert  use,  in  November 
or  later. 

Finley. 

ABBOTT  ? 

This  fine  fruit  originated  in  Kentucky  and  is  cultivated 
to  some  extent  in  Southern  Indiana,  where  it  is  considered 
entitled  to  the  meed  of  excellence,  and  preferred  to  the 
Early  Harvest  on  the  one  hand,  and  to  the  Maiden's  Blush 


\ 


Fig.  71.— FINLEY. 

on  the  other ;  and  in  its  season,  it  competes  with  both,  be- 
ing useful  in  July  for  the  kitchen,  and  ripening  gradually 
until  September. 

Tree  large,  spreading,  vigorous  and  productive. 

Fruit  large  to  very  large,  regular,  globular-oblate, 
slightly  conical;  Surface  smooth,  greenish-yellow,  becom- 
ing a  clear  lemon  yellow  at  maturity ;  Dots  minute,  gray, 
scattering. 


406  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

Basin  rather  wide,  wavy ;  Eye  small,  closed ;  Segments 
reflexed. 

Cavity  acute,  medium  to  deep,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem 
long,  yellow. 

Core  heart-shaped,  regular,  closed,  clasping  the  eye ; 
Seeds  few,  large,  plump,  nnd  some  imperfect ;  Flesh  yellow, 
breaking,  line  grained,  juicy,  acid,  almost  first  quality ; 
Valuable  for  kitchen  and  market;  Season  August  and 
September. 

Finlc. 

FINK'S  SEEDLING. 

This  long  keeper  was  brought  before  the  notice  of  the 
Ohio  Pomological  Society  many  years  ago  by  Mr.  Clarke, 
of  Somerset,  Ohio.  Mr.  Elliott  considered  it  the  same  as 
Tewksbury  Winter  Blush,  and  introduces  Fink's  Seedling 
as  a  synonym  of  that  variety.  Others  think  it  a  different 
fruit,  among  whom  is  that  practical  Pomologist,  the  Secre- 
tary of  that  association,  M.  B.  Bateham,  Esq.,  who  has 
propagated  and  planted  the  trees  extensively.  It  was  de- 
scribed as  Fink's  Seedling  in  the  Ohio  Cultivator,  May, 
1847.  At  the  meeting  of  1854,  the  merits  and  claims  of 
this  variety  were  freely  discussed,  and  the  Society  named 
it  the  Fink,  after  admitting  that  it  was  an  original  seed- 
ling, as  stated  by  Mr.  Fink,  in  whose  seedling  orchard  it 
had  originated. 

Tree  of  strong  upright  growth,  a  profuse  and  annual 
bearer. 

Fruit  small,  regular,  roundish-oblate;  Surface  very 
smooth,  polished,  greenish -yellow,  blushed  with  brownish- 
red;  Flesh  whitish,  breaking,  juicy,  mild  sub-acid ;  remark- 
able for  its  keeping  qualities,  remaining  sound  until  the 
second  season,  and  has  been  shown  in  May  after  having 
been  kept  over  two  winters. 

Fulioii. 

Origin,  Canton  County,  Illinois.  Tree  large,  vigorous, 
productive,  annual  bearer. 

Fruit  large,  globular-oblate,  often  oblique  or  unsym me- 
trical ;  Surface  smooth,  greenish-yellow,  with  a  carmine 
blush  ;  Dots  minute,  indented. 

Basin  abrupt,  deep,  folded ;  Eye  medium  to  large,  open. 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    II.    I. 


407 


Cavity  deep,  narrow  or  acute,  green  and.  brown ;  Stem 
rather  long  and  slender. 

Core  small,  round,  clasping;  Seeds  numerous,  small, 
short  and  plump ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  fine  grained,  juicy ; 
ilavor  sub-ncid  and  aromatic;  First  quality  for  table  ;  In 


Fig.  7k5.— FULTON. 


November  and  December.  Our  Illinois  orchardists  do 
not  commend  it  so  highly  as  when  first  introduced ;  not 
fully  satisfactory  where  planted  in  Ohio  on  limestone 
clays. 

Oolden    Seedling-. 

Said  to  have  originated  with  Mr.  R'.ehl,  of  St.  Louis, 
cultivated  and  distributed  by  Geo.  Husmann,  of  Hermann, 
Mo.,  in  whose  orchard  I  gathered  it.  . 

Fruit  large,  handsome,  regular,  and  oblate;  Surface 
smooth,  greenish-yellow,  and  blushed ;  Dots  scattered, 
minute. 

Basin  wide,  regular ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy ;  Stem  short. 


408  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

Core  medium,  regular,  meeting  the  eye,  closed ;  Seeds 


.  73.—  GOLDEN   SEEDLING. 


numerous,angular,  pale  ;  Flesh,  yellow,  juicy,  rich;  "Very 
good." 

Green    Crank. 

I  have  received  this  southern  apple  from  Kentucky, 
Term.,  and  also  from  Georgia,  but  have  not  yet  fruited  it. 
Tree  moderately  thrifty  ;  Shoots  brown  ;  Foliage  small. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  flattened  somewhat,  conical, 
regular  ;  Surface  green  to  yellow,  sometimes  bronzed  ; 
dots  small,  gray. 

Basin  medium,  regular  ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

.Cavity  wide,  deep,  acute,  brown  ;  Stem  medium,  green, 
thick. 

Core  wide,  medium,  closed,  not  clasping  the  eye  ;  seeds 
numerous,  plump,  short,  dark;  Flesh  yellow,  firm,  fine 
grained,  juicy;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic,  rich;  Quality 
good  to  very  good  ;  Use  table,  kitchen  ;  Season  Decem- 
ber to  March. 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    II.    I. 


409 


Fig.  74.— GREEN  CRANK. 


18 


.Fig.  75.— -HAWLEY. 


410 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


If  aw  ley. 

Originated  in  Columbia  County,  New  York.  Tree 
vigorous,  with  a  round  spreading  head ;  Shoots  stout,  olive. 

Fruit  large,  regular,  oblate  or  slightly  conic ;  Surface 
waxy  yellow,  rarely  shaded  or  blushed,  becomes  oily  or 
greasy  when  kept. 

Basin  rather  wide,  wavy ;  Cavity  wide,  sometimes  fold- 
ed ;  Stem  short,  medium  and  long. 

Core  regular,  closed,  scarcely  clasping  the  eye;  Seeds 
generally  imperfect ;  Flesh  yellowish-white,  very  tender, 
fine  grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  very  pleasant,  mild  sub-acid, 
rich ;  Season  August  to  September ;  an  amateur's  fruit. 


Fig.  76.—  HAWTHORNDEN. 


This  famous  Scotch  fruit  appears  to  do  very  well  in  this 
country,  but  it  must  yield  the  palm  to  its  American  cousin 
and  representative,  the  Maiden's  Blush,  which  possesses 
all  its  good  qualities  as  a  market  and  kitchen  fruit,  with 
attractive  appearance. 

Tree  spreading,  vigorous  and  productive  ;  an  early 
bearer. 


CLASS    I.— FLAT   APPLES. — I.    II.    I.  411 

Fruit  large,  regular,  and  very  flat ;  Surface  perfectly 
smooth,  always  fair,  and  of  a  beautiful  white,  very  rarely 
and  faintly  blushed  ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  shallow,  narrow,  regular;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  green  ;  Stein  medium. 

Core  wide,  regular,  somewhat  open,  meeting  the  eye ; 
Seeds  numerous,  angular,  imperfect,  brown  ;  Flesh  green- 
ish-white, breaking,  fine  grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid,  aro- 
matic ;  of  second  quality  for  table,  but  first  rate  for  cook- 
ing ;  Uses,  kitchen  and  market ;  Season  October. 

Junalislca. 

This  apple  originated  in  the  Cherokee  country,  where  it 
is  highly  esteemed,  and  fruited  in  Ohio  and  Kentucky  this 
yean 

Fruit  large,  roundish  or  flattened,  slightly  conic,  regu- 
lar; Surface  smooth,  yellow,  with  some  russet,  chiefly 
about  the  a^ex ;  sometimes  blushed  ;  Dots  minute,  gray. 

Basin  rather  small,  regular ;  Eye  small,  long,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  brown ;  Stem  quite  short,  knobby. 

Core  wide,  heart-shaped,  regular,  closed ;  Axis  short ; 
seeds  few,  short,  plump ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  granular ; 
flavor  sub-acid,  spicy,  rich ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  table  and 
kitchen ;  Season  November,  and  through  the  winter. 

It  may  be  destined  to  supply  the  place  of  the  Rhode 
Island  Greening,  where  that  variety  does  not  succeed. 

Kane. 

CAIN. 

Origin,  Delaware.  Tree  upright,  sufficiently  vigorous. 
Has  been  confounded  with  the  Bohanon,  but  is  distinct. 

Fruit  small,  regular,  oblate,  somewhat  conic ;  Beautiful 
for  the  dessert;  Surface  very  smooth,  waxen  yellow, 
blushed  with  bright  crimson;  Flesh  whitish,  crisp,  juicy, 
acid  and  pleasant ;  October  and  November. 

Lady. 

API  PETIT,  ETC. 

This  beautiful  little  French  apple  has  been  fully  natur- 
alized in  our  country,  and  has  received  the  enthusiastic 
admiration  of  the  American  people.  The  fruit  needs  to 


412  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

• 

be  entirely  perfect  to  meet  with  favor  as  an  ornament  to 
the  table,  for  which  use  it  is  especially  adapted ;  unfor- 
tunately it  is  often  overgrown  and  irregularly  developed. 
Wherever  produced  in  proper  size  and  color,  it  is  one  of 
the  most  profitable  varieties,  commanding  fancy  prices  at 
the  period  of  Christmas  decorations.  In  the  rich  soils  of 
the  West  it  is  apt  to  be  too  large,  and  has  generally  failed 
to  meet  the  requisitions ;  but  it  succeeds  well  in  Michigan, 
and  the  neighboring  region  of  Indiana. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  very  close  and  upright,  healthy 
and  productive;  Shoots  very  dark';  the  foliage  small, 
crowded,  curled,  and  very  dark. 

Fruit  very  small,  quite  flat,  very  regular;  Surface  very 
smooth,  shining  or  polished,  of  a  pale  waxen  yellow,  near- 
ly covered  with  bright  carmine,  which  contrasts  finely 
with  the  ground  color,  wherever  the  fruit  has  been  shaded 
by  a  leaf;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  medium,  rather  abrupt ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  deep,  regular ;  Stem  short.  » 

Core  regular,  wide,  closed ;  Seeds  numerous ;  Axis  very 
short ;  Flesh  white,  breaking,  tender  and  juicy  when  ripe ; 
with  a  mild  sub-acid  flavor;  Use  ornament  and  dessert; 
Season  December  until  March. 

Ulaiden's     IBIusli. 

This  beautiful  and  profitable  fruit  has  received  the  un- 
qualified approbation  of  thirteen  out  of  the  eighteen  States 
that  have  reported  lo  the  American  Pornological  Society. 
It  is  a  native  of  New  Jersey,  and  is  still  held  in  high 
repute  there  MS  a  market  apple.  The  tree  is  hardy,  vigor- 
ous, spreading  and  productive,  beginning  to  bear  quite 
early. 

Fruit  medium,  to  large,  regular,  flat  and  very  handsome ; 
Surface  very  smooth,  polished,  of  a  pale  waxen  yellow  and 
blushed  with  bright  carmine ;  Dots  minute. 
1     Basin  shallow,  regular  or  wavy ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy ;  Stem  medium  to  short. 

Core  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye;  Seeds  numerous, 
brown;  Flesh  white,  breaking,  fine  grained,  juicy  ;  Flavor 
acid,  aromatic;,  and  to  most  palates  not  agreeable  at  the 
dessert,  but  very  good  when  cooked,  and  requiring  but 
a  short  time  to  be  reduced  to  a  delicious  pulp  of  light 


CLASS    I. FLAT   APPLES. T.    II.    I.  413 

color.  This  apple  is  also  used  for  drying  and  makes  a 
very  light  colored  product,  that  is  much  admired  by  deal- 
ers. Season  September  and  October,  but  may  be  used  in 
the  kitchen  during  August. 


Fig.  77.— MAIDEN'S  BLUSH. 

Bachelor's  Blush  appears  to  be  a  variety  of  the  above ; 
found  in  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey,  and  exhibited 
before  the  American  Pomological  Society  at  the  Rochester 
meeting  in  1864,  by  Wm.  Parry,  as  a  valuable  and  dis- 
tinct variety.  Having  examined  the  trees  as  they  grew 
together  in  the  orchard,  the  resemblance  to  Maiden's 
Blush  was  very  apparent.  The  fruit  is  larger,  and  for 
market  purposes  is  considered  more  profitable.  The  two 
may  be  different,  but  are  very  much  alike. 

Pickard's     Reserve. 

Grown  in  Parke  County,  Indiana,  from  seed  brought 
from  North  Carolina.  This  apple  was  first  brought  to 
my  notice  by  Jno.  C.  Teas,  of  Raysville,  Indiana.  Con- 
siderably grown  in  that  State.  Tree  hardy ;  the  original 
is  still  standing  in  Rockville. 

Fruit  large,  flat,  somewhat  unequal ;  Surface  smooth, 
pale  yellow;  Dots  scattered,  minute. 


414  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

Basin  abrupt,  regular,  rather  deep ;    Eye  quite   small, 
closed. 

Cavity, deep,  wavy,  brown;  Stem  short  to  medium. 
Core  irregular,  closed,  scarcely  clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds 


Fig.  78. — PICKARD'S  RESERVE. 

numerous,  angular,  dark  brown ;  Flesh  whitish-yellow,  fine 
grained,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  sub-acid,  aromatic  flavor, 
making  this  a  fruit  of  first  quality  for  table  or  kitchen  use ; 
Season  December  and  January. 

Rhode    Island    Greening-. 

From  its  name  this  apple  would  appear,  like  the  Peck's 
Pleasant,  to  have  come  from  the  sea-girt  State.  It  is  a 
universal  favorite,  and  is  found  "to  succeed  well  in  a  great 
many  situations ;  but  there  are  some  portions  of  the  West 
where  it  has  failed  to  give  satisfaction,  being  slow  to  come 
into  bearing,  becoming  an  autumn  instead  of  a  winter  fruit, 
and  falling  badly  from  the  trees  before  picking  time.  In 
sandstone  soils,  however,  even  in  Southern  Indiana  and  Il- 
linois, it  does  better  than  on  the  limestone  clays ;  the  fruit 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    II.    I. 


415 


attains  an  enormouS  size,  but  matures  too  early  for  a  win- 
ter apple. 

Tree  very  vigorous,  crooked,  spreading,  productive ; 
Shoots  stout,  dark,  with  dark  foliage. 

Fruit  large  to  very  large,  varying  in  shape  from  globu- 
lar or  round  to  flat,  which  is  the  prevailing  and  character- 
istic form.  Surface  smooth  in  the  North,  somewhat  rough 
and  often  quite  russeted  in  the  South,  a  dull  green,  becom- 
ing yellow  at  maturity ;  Dots  grey,  irregular,  numerous. 


Fig.  79. — RHODE   ISLAND   GREENING. 

Basin  regular,  small  and  russeted  to  a  greater  or  less 
extent,  sometimes  extending  half  way  down  the  sides  of 
the  fruit;  Eye  small  to  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular ;  Stem  medium  to  long,  curved, 
often  reddish. 

Core  roundish-oval,  regular,  closed,  clasping  the  eye ; 
seeds  numerous,  angular,  dark ;  Flesh  very  yellow,  break- 
ing, tender,  juicy,  with  a  rich,  acid  flavor,  making  it  a 
superior  cooking  apple,  and  very  fine  for  the  dessert  when 
fully  ripe ;  Quality  almost  first  rate ;  Season  October  to 
December — in  the  North,  keeping  until  March. 


416 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Tewksbury    Winter 

This  long-keeping  variety  was  described  by  Coxe  as 
having  its  origin  in  New  Jersey.  It  has  already  been 
named  in  connection  with  the  Fink,  which  resembles  it 
very  closely,  and,  like  it,  the  chief  excellence  of  this  vari- 
ety consists  in  its  superior  keeping  qualities. 

The  tree  is  vigorous,  upright,  productive,  and  holds  the 
apples  well. 

Fruit  small,  regular,  flat ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow,  blush- 
ed ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  juicy,  well  flavored,  and  retains 
its  characters  for  a  long:  time. 


Virginia. 


This  apple  is  supposed  from  its  name  to  have  originated 
in  Virginia.      It  is  cultivated   chiefly  in   the  Southern 


Fig.  80. — VIRGINIA  GREENING. 

States,  and  in  those  parts  of  the  Northwest  to  which 
Southerners  have  migrated.  Its  chief  merit  is  its  long 
keeping.  Tree  large,  spreading,  productive. 


CLASS    I. FLAT   APPLES. 1.    II.    I.  417 

Fruit  large,  regular,  flat  to  roundish,  generally  the 
former;  Surface  smooth,  dull  green  and  often  bronzy,  nev- 
er blushed ;  Dots  scattered,  large,  white  or  gray,  with 
whitish  rings  around  them. 

Basin  regular,  wide,  shallow ;  Eye  small,  open. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  green ;  Stem  long  to  medium. 

Core  regular,  turbinale,  closed,  meeting  the  eye;  Seeds 
numerous,  long ;  Flesh  white,  firm,  breaking,  sub-acid  ;  Fit 
only  for  the  kitchen ;  A  long  keeper ;  March  and  April ; 
often  subject  to  Bitter-rot. 

White    Fall    Pippin. 

FALL  PIPPIN   OF  LOUISVILLE. 

This  handsome  fruit  is  seen  in  quantities  in  the  Louis- 
ville  market  every  fall.  Its  cultivation  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  widely  extended,  nor  has  its  origin  been 
traced.  It  has  been  thought  to  resemble  the  Spanish  Rei- 
nette,  with  which  I  have  not  had  an  opportunity  to  com- 
pare it. 

Fruit  very  large,  slightly  uneven,  roundish-flattened  or 
globular-oblate ;  Surface  smooth,  pale  yellow,  not  bronzed 
or  blushed,  but  having  a  whitish  striping  toward  the 
stem  end ;  Dots  scattered,  minute,  dark. 

Basin  abrupt,  narrow,  deep  and  folded ;  Eye  small,  long, 
closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy ;  Stem  very  short. 

Core  wide,  regular,  somewhat  open,  clasping  the  eye ; 
Seeds  numerous,  angular;  Flesh  yellowish-white,  breaking, 
juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic  and  rich ;  Useful  for  cook- 
ing, drying,  and  table ;  Season  October. 

White    Juiieatiiig. 

JUNEATING,  COM.— YELLOW  JUNE.— EARLY  MAY  ? 

Downing  thinks  this  a  very  old  variety,  mentioned  by 
Evelyn  in  1660,  and  by  Ray  in  1688.  It  has  long  been 
known  in  the  West  and  South  as  a  very  early  apple,  and 
valued  on  this  account,  though  quite  small.  The  tree  re- 
sembles that  of  the  Early  Harvest  in  the  color  and  ar- 
rangement of  its  twigs. 

Fruit  flat,  regular ;  Surface  smooth,  pale  yellow. 
18* 


418  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

Basin  not  deep,  slightly  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed. 
Cavity  wide,  shallow ;  Stem  long,  slender. 
Flesh  breaking,  whitish,  juicy  till  over-ripe,  when  it  is 
dry ;  Flavor  sub-acid ;  Use  table  and  market ;  Season  June. 

Winter    Pippin. 

WINTER  PIPPIN  OP   GENEVA. 

This  very  handsome  fruit  was  received  from  T.  T.  Lyon, 
I  of  Plymouth,  Michigan,  marked  as  having  been  received 
sfrom  Western  New  York.  The  same  fruit  was  a  very 
strong  competitor  for  the  Greeley  prize  before  the  Commit- 
tee of  the  American  Institute,  and  is  believed  to  be  the 
same  as  that  described  by  Downing  as  the  Winter  Pippin 
of  Geneva. 

Tree  thrifty,  branches  spreading ;  Said  to  be  productive. 

Fruit  large,  oblate,  regular,  or  slightly  unequal ;  Surface 
smooth,  pale  yellow,  with  a  bright  crimson  cheek;  Dots 
numerous,  minute. 

Basin  wide,  wavy,  or  plaited ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  regular,  green,  rather  deep ;  Stem  long. 

Core  medium,  regular,  closed,  clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds 
numerous,  plump;  Flesh  yellowish-white,  fine  grained, 
juicy,  sub-acid ;  Season  January  until  May.  A  limited 
acquaintance  does  not  justify  me  in  giving  such  high 
praises  as  those  bestowed  upon  this  fruit  by  Mr.  Downing. 

Yellow   Foster. 

This  apple  is  a  favorite  with  that  worthy  pioneer  Po- 
mologist  of  Southern  Ohio,  II.  N.  Gillett,  of  Lawrence 
County,  to  whom  I  am  under  obligations  for  this  and  many 
other  varieties. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  regular,  oblate ;  Surface  smooth, 
greenish-yellow ;  Dots  scattered,  minute  green. 

Basin  of  medium  depth  and  size,  regular ;  Eye  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  acute,  regular;  Stem  of  medium  size  and  length. 

Core  medium,  wide;  closed,  not  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 
not  numerous,  medium  ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine  grained,  tender, 
juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid  and  aromatic;  Of  first  quality  for 
table ;  During  October, 


CLASS    I. — FLAT   APPLES. — I.    II.    II. 


419 


Fig.  81.— YELLOW   FOSTER. 


CLASS    I.—  FLAT    APPLES. 

ORDER    I.—  REGULAR. 

SECTION    2.—  SOUR. 
SUB-SECTION   2.—  STRIPED. 


FATHER  ABRAHAM,  of  Illinois,  not  that  of  Coxe. 

This  little  southern  favorite  is  not  extensively  cultivated 
in  the  North,  except  where  southern  settlers  have  intro- 
duced it.  It  is  found  in  Illinois,  Indiana  and  Missouri. 
Origin  believed  to  have  been  in  Virginia,  whence  I  have  re- 
ceived specimens  and  trees.  In  Kentucky  it  is  found  to 
be  a  hardy  drooping  tree,  holding  the  fruit  well;  an- 
nually productive,  valued  for  cider,  and  keeping  till  July 
of  next  year. 

Fruit  medium,  globular-oblate,  uneven  ;  Surface  not 
smooth,  yellowish  green,  mixed,  red,  with  stripes  and 
splashes  ;  the  whole  presenting  a  gray  appearance  ;  Dots 
minute,  scattered. 


420  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

Basin  shallow,  wide,  wavy ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  regular ;  Stern  long,  inclined. 

Core  medium,  regular,  closed;  Seeds  numerous,  short, 
plump,  pale ;  Flesh  greenish-yellow,  fine  grained,  juicy ; 
flavor  mild  sub-acid,  rich ;  almost  first  quality ;  keeping 
until  May  or  later. 

American    Pippin. 

GRINDSTONE. 

This  fruit  is  chiefly  valued  for  keeping  very  late  into  the 
summer.  Coxe  commends  it  for  its  cider,  rating  it  as 
nearly  equal  to  the  Grey-House ;  he  says  that  fourteen 
bushels  are  required  to  make  a  barrel  of  cider.  The  ap- 
ples hang  well  to  the  tree,  and  will  bear  a  considerable 
amount  of  freezing.  They  are  so  firm  as  to  suffer  little  from 
bruising,  and  are  not  disposed  to  rot  when  thus  injured.  A 
fruitman  once  said  of  their  ability  to  withstand  rough 
usage,  that  the  apples  might  be  whipped  off  the  tree  with 
a  hoop-pole,  shoveled  into  a  cart,  dumped  upon  the  ground, 
and  have  some  dirt  thrown  upon  them,  and  that  they 
would  keep  until  next  July  ;  but,  he  added,  they  are  then 
as  good  as  dried  apples ;  so  lightly  are  they  esteemed  for 
table  use. 

The  tree  is  thrifty,  with  a  low,  spreading  head  and  de- 
pending branches ;  very  productive ;  notwithstanding  the 
fruit  is  dry  and  deficient  in  flavor,  it  is  considered  profit- 
able, because  so  easily  kept  until  May  and  June,  when  it 
commands  the  highest  price,  because  of  the  rarity  of  green 
fruit  at  that  season. 

Fruit  medium,  regular,  very  flat;  Surface  rough,  some- 
times vein-russeted,  dull  green,  covered  with  mixed  red, 
and  shaded  with  stripes  of  brick-dust  color ;  Dots  numer- 
ous, large,  gray. 

Basin  very  shallow,  wide,  regular  or  plaited  ;  Eye  quite 
small,  open. 

Cavity  regular,  brown,  this  color  extending  over  the 
base  of  the  fruit ;  Stem  medium,  often  thick  and  knobby. 

Core  wide,  irregular,  closed ;  Seeds  numerous,  plump, 
brown  ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  dry,  very  firm  ;  Flavor  mild 
sub-acid;  Quality  poor;  Uses  kitchen  and  market,  which 
last  means  that  it  may  be  sold  to  those  who  do  not  appre- 
ciate the  summer  fruits  of  M:\y  and  June. 


CLASS    I. — FLAT   APPLES. 1.    II.    II. 


421 


Bald-win. 

This  celebrated  apple  of  New  England  has  been  widely 
distributed  over  the  country,  but  has  not  met  with  uni- 
versal favor  in  the  West  and  South  ;  first,  because  it  is 
apt  to  become  a  fall  or  early  winter  fruit,  instead  of  a  keep- 
ing apple ;  and  secondly,  because  it  is  not  well  adapted  to 
our  palates  ;  moreover,  the  tree  has  been  considered  tender, 
having  suffered  extensively  during  the  cold  winters ;  this 
is  especially  true  in  the  nursery.  Its  productiveness  and 
fair  quality  will,  however,  always  make  the  Baldwin  a 
favorite  over  a  large  portion  of  our  country,  and  the  New 
England  settlers  must  have  this  variety. 


Fig.  83.— BALDWIN. 

Tree  robust,  spreading,  very  productive ;  Foliage  large, 
dark,  on  shoots  that  are  stout  and  have  a  rich  brown  bark. 

Fruit  large,  frequently  round,  and  sometimes  almost 
conical,  but  generally  inclined  to  be  flattened,  so  as  to  be 
classed  by  measurement  as  oblate;  large  specimens  in 
southern  latitudes  are  very  apt  to  be  unequal,  and  to  have 


422 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


their  axis  inclined,  or  to  be  what  is  called  lop-sided  ;  sur- 
face smooth,  rich  yellow  where  shaded,  but  the  exposed 
parts  quite  covered  with  deep  red,  which  is  mixed  so  as  to 
conceal  the  ground  color,  and  also  to  obscure  the  stripes 
of  deeper  red  that  prevail ;  this  fruit  is  also  frequently 
marked  with  veined  russet,  overlying  the  red  color,  or  ex- 
cluding it ;  Dots  minute,  and  yellow,  or  gray  where  the 
red  prevails. 

Basin  deep,  often  abrupt  and  narrow,  generally  waved, 
folded  or  plaited,  and  these  marks  are  quite  characteristic  ; 
Eye  large  and  open,  from  the  shortness  of  the  calyx.  On 
this  account  the  variety  is  considered  very  subject  to  the 
attacks  of  the  Codling-moth. 

Cavity  wide,  regular  or  wavy,  generally  brown ;  Stem 
medium  to  long,  often  curved  or  inclined,  sufficiently 
stout. 

Core  medium,  regular,  closed,  meeting,  sometimes  clasp- 
ing the  eye ;  Seeds  numerous,  long,  angular,  imperfect ; 
flesh  yellow,  breaking,  frequently  coarse-grained,  juicy, 
sub-acid,  rich ;  some  northern  specimens  are  fine-grained 
and  almost  first  quality ;  those  from  the  South  are  coarse, 
poor  and  scarcely  second-rate  for  table  use,  but  are  good 
for  cooking;  Season  October  to  January,  occasionally 
keeping  later. 


Fig.  83.—  BETHLEMITE. 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    II.    II. 


423 


Betfelomite. 

This  apple  has  frequently  been  exhibited  before  the  Ohio 
Pomological  Society,  by  friends  Lipsey,  Morris  and  Bene- 
dict, of  Morrow  County,  to  which  region  its  cultivation 
appears  to  have  been  confined.  The  origin  of  the  fruit  is 
obscure. 

Tree  thrifty,  hardy,  productive,  upright. 

Fruit  medium,  flat,  or  oblate-globular,  regular ;  surface 
smooth,  dull  red  or  bright  red,  mixed,-  on  yellow,  with 
broken  splashes  of  crimson ;  Dots  distinct,  large,  gray  and 
yellow. 

Bnsin  wide,  deep,  regular  or  folded,  leather-cracked ;  Eye 
medium,  closed. 

Cavity  rather  wide,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  medium  to 
short. 

Core  regular,  neat,  closed,  just  meeting  the  eye ;  Axis 
short ;  Seeds  numerous,  short,  very  plump,  pale  ;  Flesh  yel- 
lowish-white, breaking,  juicy,  sub-acid,  aromatic  ;  Quality 
good,  for  table  and  cooking ;  Season  December. 


Fig.  &L— BLONDE*. 


424  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

IHomliii. 

This  fine  fruit  originated  with  the  veteran  Pomologist 
of  Indiana,  Reuben  Ragan. 

Fruit  very  large,  oblate,  unequal ;  Surface  rough,  green- 
ish-yellow, splashed  and  striped  with  red ;  Dots  numerous, 
large,  gray. 

Basin  abrupt,  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  deep,  brown;  Stem  short,  rather  slender 
inclined. 

Core  medium  or  small,  regular,  closed,  clasping  thb  eye ; 
Seeds  plump, -pointed,  brown  ;  Flesh  greenish-yellow,  fine- 
grained,  tender,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid  ;  almost  first  rate 
for  table  and  market ;  Season  October  and  November. 

Blooming'    Oraii««*. 

Mr.  Waring  considers  this  the  handsomest  apple.  In 
1839  he  brought  a  large  number  of  sorts  from  the  famous 
Herefordshire  apple  orchards  of  England,  of  which  this  is 
the  only  one  he  retains  as  fully  adapted  to  the  mountain 
region  of  Pennsylvania. 

Tree  a  very  strong,  free,  handsome  grower,  and  an  im- 
mense bearer,  after  six  or  eight  years'  growth. 

Fruit  very  large,  fair,  beautiful,  roundish-oblate,  regular ; 
surface  dark,  richly  clouded  with  claret  and  mahogany,  on 
yellow  ground ;  Eye  open  ;  Flesh  crisp,  juicy,  acid  at  first, 
but  this  merges  into  a  rich,  penetrating,  very  agreeable 
flavor. 

It  is  of  the  Ribston  Pippin,  or  Dutch  Mignonne  type  of 
fruit.— [Mr.  G.  Waring's  MS.] 

Koiiuni. 

MAGNUM  BONUM. 

This  delicious  southern  fruit  originated  in  Davidson 
County,  North-  Carolina.  The  tree  is  vigorous,  very  pro- 
ductive and  bears  early.  I  received  specimens  from  S.  W. 
Westbrooke,  Greensboro',  North  Carolina.  Introduced 
to  the  American  Pomological  Society  at  the  Philadelphia 
meeting,  1860,  by  Walter  Steele,  of  Rockingham  County, 
North  Carolina,  and  highly  recommended. 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    II.    II. 


425 


Fruit  large,  oblate,  regular ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow, 
covered  with  mixed  red,  and  striped  ;  Dots  distinct,  large, 
yellow. 

Basin  medium,  regular;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  long,  not  thick, 
green. 

Core  oval,  small,  closed,  scarcely  meeting  the  eye ;  Axis 


Fig.  85.—  BONUM. 

short  ;  Seeds  large,  plump  ;  Flesh  yellow,  firm,  breaking, 
fine-grained,  juicy  ;  Flavor  rich,  sub-acid  ;  first  quality  for 
the  dessert  ;  in  September. 


This  apple  was  found  on  the  edge  of  the  prairie,  east  of 
Quincy,  Illinois,  in  the  orchard  of  K.  K.  Jones,  Esq., 
where  it  was  supposed  to  have  been  brought  from  the 
State  of  Delaware. 

Tree  large,  vigorous,  spreading  and  productive. 

Fruit  medium,  oblate,  roundish,  slightly  conic,  regular; 
surface  smooth,  greenish,  covered  with  confused  stripes  of 
dull  red  ;  Dots  scattered,  white. 

Basin  shallow,  abrupt,  jegular  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 


426 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Cavity  acute,  regular,  green  ;  Stem  very  short. 

Core  small,  round,  closed,  clasping  ;  Seeds  imperfect ; 


Fig.    86.— BRAND YWINE. 


Flesh  greenish-white,  fine-grained,  tender,  juicy  ;  Flavor 
sub-acid,  aromatic ;  Quality  only  good ;  Use  table,  kitchen  ; 
Season  January,  February. 

Buchanan's. 

Origin  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  the  orchard  of  Robert 
Buchanan,  Esq.,  a  gentleman  long  devoted  to  pomology. 
It  also  closely  resembles  the  Brandy  wine,  as  grown  in  Illi- 
nois, already  described. 

This  variety  is  much  like  the  Minkler,  which  originated 
in  Illinois,  and  both  may  have  come  from  seeds  of  the  Gil- 
pin,  which  they  resemble. 

Tree  vigorous  and  productive. 


CLASS    I. — FLAT    APPLES. 1.    II.    H.  427 

Fruit  medium,  oblate,  regular  ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow, 
covered  with  mixed  red  and  striped  bright  red  ;  Dots  scat- 
tered, minute. 

Basin  medium,  folded  or  plaited  ;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  green  ;  Stem  short  or  medium. 

Core  flattened,  closed,  clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds  numerous, 
plump,  dark;  Flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  breaking;  Flavor 
sub-acid ;  Quality  scarcely  second  rate,  but  useful  for  cook- 
ing, and  keeps  sound  until  May. 

Carolina;    Kaldwin. 

This  nice  southern  apple  was  received  from  S.  W.  West- 
brooke,  of  Greensboro'.  Of  the  tree  I  know  nothing. 

Fruit  medium,  oblate,  regular ;  Surface  yellow-green, 
with  mixed  red  and  stripes ;  Dots  numerous,  large,  white. 

Basin  abrupt,  regular;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular  ;  Stem,  medium  to  long. 

Core  small,  regular,  heart-shaped,  closed ;  Seeds  pointed ; 
Flesh  yellow,  fine-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor,  sub-acid  ;  good 
for  table  in  November. 

Cheese. 

This  fruit  was  received  from  Lewis  Sanders,  of  Grass 
Hills,  Gallatin  County,  Kentucky,  by  whom  it  was  grown 
and  esteemed. 

Fruit  medium  to  small,  oblate,  regular ;  Surface  smooth, 
yellowish-green,  striped  purple  red,  splashed  deep  red; 
dots  scattered,  gray  and  purple. 

Basin  shallow,  regular,  or  abrupt  and  deep,  in  different 
specimens  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  regular,  closed ;  Axis  long ;  'Seeds  plump,  pointed, 
dark  ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub- 
acid,  agreeable;  Quality  good  for  the  table  in  December 
and  January. 

Col  vert. 

Fruit  large,  roundish-oblate,  slightly  conic,  regular,  often 
unequal ;  Surface  smooth,  yellowish-green,  mixed,  striped, 
light  red  ;  Dots  scattered,  distinct,  white. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  regular,  folded ;  Eye  medium. 


428 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Cavity  rather  deep,  acute,  brown  ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  round,  flattened,  slightly  open,  meeting  the  eye ; 
Seeds  numerous,  long,  pointed,  imperfect ;  Flesh  white, 
breaking,  fine-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid;  Quality 
scarcely  good ;  Use,  market  chiefly  ;  Season  October,  No- 
vember. 

Cooper. 

This  delicious  apple  was  introduced  into  the  West  with 
the  cions  that  were  brought  to  the  early  Putnam  nursery 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Muskingum  river  in  1796.  Though  a 
general  favorite  from  its  beauty,  its  fine  texture,  and  ex. 


Fig.  87. — COOPER. 

quisite  flavor,  this  variety  does  not  appear  to  have  been  so 
widely  spread  as  others  very  inferior  to  it.  Though  occur-* 
ring  on  the  original  Putnam  list,  and  therefore  an  eastern 
variety,  it  does  not  appear  to  have  been  recognized  by  cul^ 
tivators  in  the  older  States,  and  there  are  those  in  the  West 
who  claim  that  it  is  of  French  origin. 

The  tree  has  a  stout,  upright  growth,  which  becomes 
spreading  with    age,  when  the  limbs  stand  at  a  right  an- 


CLASS    I. — FLAT    APPLES. — I.    II.    II.  429 

gle  with  the  trunk ;  they  are  frequently  defaced  witn  marks 
of  diseased  action  that  are  called  canker.  The  twigs  are 
reddish  and  rather  slender  ;  the  leaves  are  pale  green,  large, 
broad. 

Fruit  large,  globular-oblate,  regular,  sometimes  unequal, 
light;  Surface  smooth,  pale  waxen-yellow,  with  a  little 
mixed  scarlet  and  very  distinctly  marked  carmine;  Dots 
scattered,  minute. 

Basin  regular,  abrupt,  deep  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  green  ;  Stem  medium,  green. 

Core  small,  closed,  just  meeting  the  eye  ;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, plump,  short,  dark ;  Flesh  pale  yellow,  fine-grained, 
tender,  almost  melting,  juicy;  very  mild  sub-acid,  aromat- 
ic ;  of  first  quality  for  table,  kitchen  or  market  (too  good 
for  drying,  but  makes  a  superior  article  of  suits)  ;  Seaspn 
September  and  October. 

l>r.     Watson. 

AUTUMN  SEEK-NO-FURTHER  OF  INDIANA. 

This  delicious  and  beautiful  dessert  apple  is  much  grown 
in  Central  and  Eastern  Indiana,  particularly  among  the 
Friends.  It  was  for  a  long  time  a  puzzle  to  the  pomolo- 
gists.  In  the  meanwhile  it  must  have  a  name,  and  without 
waiting  for  the  decision  of  the  learned,  the  people  in  dif- 
ferent sections,  without  consultation,  called  it  the  Autumn 
Seek-no-further.  Finally  the  Horticultural  Societies  de- 
cided that  it  was  an  old  sort  named  Doctor  Watson,  though 
upon  what  authority  does  not  appear.  The  fruit  has  not 
been  recognized  by  our  Eastern  friends,  nor  by  the  Ameri- 
can Pomological  Society,  to  which  it  was  referred  in  1860. 

Tree  large,  spreading,  very  productive ;  Twigs  slender, 
foliage  small,  pale  green ;  in  the  nursery  it  is  a  poor 
grower. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  unless  when  too  crowded,  regu- 
lar, oblate,  sometimes  unequal ;  Surface  smooth,  mixed  pale 
and  red  on  waxen-yellow,  beautifully  splashed  with  scar- 
let ;  Dots  minute. 

I      Basin    abrupt,  rather   deep,  wide,    regular,    sometimes 
cracked  ;  Eye  medium,  open. 

Cavity  wide,  regular  or  wavy,  brown  ;  Stem  medium  to 
short. 


4:)0 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Core  medium,  regular,  closed,  just  meeting  the  eye; 
Axis  short ;  Seeds  plump ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine-grained,  very 
tender  and  juicy,  almost  melting,  with  a  rich,  aromatic, 


Fig    88. — DR.  WATSON. 

sub-acid  flavor  ;  Quality  best,  for  table  and  kitchen,  from 
September  to  November ;  also  valuable  for  stock  feeding. 

]>omine. 

Supposed  to  be  a  native  of  this  country ;  origin  un- 
known. Tree  very  thrifty,  making  long,  stout,  brown 
shoots,  which  branch  from  the  ends,  and  form  spurs  along 
their  sides,  so  that  the  tree  has  a  straggling,  open  head,  and 
beafis  its  fruit  crowded  along  the  smaller  branches.  It  is 
hardy,  upright,  vigorous  and  productive.  Foliage  large 
and  long,  with  a  peculiar  curl  or  folding  up  wards,  so  as  to 
show  the  underside  of  the  leaves. 

Fruit  large,  flat,  regular,  sometimes  unequal ;  Surface 
yellowish-green,  nearly  covered  with  mixed  red,  and  striped 
indistinctly  with  carmine,  often  vein-russeted ;  Dots  scat- 
tered, yellow  and  gray,  large. 

Basin  rather  shallow,  folded  or  plaited  ;  Eye  medium  to 
small,  closed. 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    II.   II. 


431 


Cavity  wide,  wavy,  brown ;  Stem  medium  to  long,  slen- 
der at  its  insertion  into  the  fruit,  and  easily  separated  from 
it,  but  holding  firmly  to  the  tree;  hence  care  is  needed  in 
picking  the  fruit. 

Core  regular",  somewhat  open,  scarcely  meeting  the  eye ; 


Fig.  89.  —  DOMINE. 


Axis  often  short  ;  Seeds  numerous,  pointed,  plump  ;  Flesh 
light  yellow,  breaking,  tender,  juicy  ;  flavor  slightly  sub- 
acid,  rich  ;  good,  for  table,  kitchen,  or  market  ;  Season 
December  and  January,  keeping  until  spring  in  the  North. 


,I>nchess    of 

This  very  beautiful  striped  apple  is  from  Russia,  and 
has  proved  one  of  the  hardiest  apples  in  our  trying  climate. 
Reports  from  the  Northwest  are  entirely  satisfactory  as  to 
its  hardiness. 

Tree  medium  size,  round-headed,  sufficiently  vigorous 
and  perfectly  hardy. 


432 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Fruit  medium,  regular,  roundish-oblate ;  Surface  smooth, 
waxen-yellow,  partially  covered  with  distinct  and  regular 
stripes  and  splashes  of  brilliant  red  and  carmine ;  often 
having  a  light  bloom,  such  as  is  found  on  most  Russian 
apples. 

Basin  regular,  pretty  wide ;  Eye  large  and  closed. 

Cavity  regular,  acute;  Stem  medium  to  long,  rather 
slender. 

Flesh  white,  tender,  juicy ;  Sour  and  suitable  for  cook- 
ing. Though  attractive  to  the  dye,  it  is  unsuitecl  for  the 
dessert. 

By  Dr.  Jno.  A.  Kennicott,  the  pioneer  cultivator  of 
Northern  Illinois,  this  apple  was  considered  the  ne  plus 
ultra  for  that  and  higher  latitudes. 

Eqiiiiietelee. 

BACHELOR — BTBRS — IOLA  (Berckmans'  M.S.)  SOL.  CARTER  (Downing.) 

This  fine  southern  apple  has  its  origin  traced  to  Yancev 
County,  in  North  Carolina.  It  has  not  yet  been  sufficiently 


Fig.  90. — EQUTtfETELEE. 

tested  in  the  Northern  States,  but  is  considered  one  of  the 


CLASS    I. FLAT   APPLES. — I.    II.    II. 

best  in  the  South,  and  is  looked  upon  as  having  great  pro- 
mise in  our  northern  orchards,  where  it  is  somewhat  in- 
troduced. Berckmans  says  :  "  The  finest  of  the  late  fall  and 
winter  apples." 

The  trees  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  those  of  the 
Buckingham. 

Fruit  large,  oblate,  sometimes  oblique ;  Surface  light 
yellow,  mostly  covered  with  bright  crimson,  obscurely 
striped  ;  Dots  small,  white. 

Basin  deep,  narrow,  irregular ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  deep  ;  Stem  short. 

Flesh  pale  yellow,  very  tender,  juicy,  melting ;  Flavor 
very  mild  sub-acid,  making  it  a  very  superior  table  fruit, 
from  November  to  January  in  Georgia,  according  to 
Berkmans. 

Evening    Party. 

This  excellent  dessert  fruit  originated  in  Berks  County, 
Pennsylvania,  and  was  brought  into  notice  by  the  late  la- 


Fig.  91.— EVENING  PARTY. 

mented  Dr.  Brinkle,  of  Philadelphia,  in  his  ad-interim  re- 
ports, and  also  in  Hoffy's  Fruits.  It  has  been  tested  with 
entire  satisfaction  by  J.  D.  G.  Nelson,  President  of  the 
Indiana  Horticultural  Society,  who  always  has  admirers 
19 


434  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

of  the  fruit  exhibited  by  him  at  the  winter  meetings.  This 
apple  takes  the  place  at  mid-winter  which  is  occupied  in 
summer  by  the  Early  Joe,  and  in  autumn  by  the  Jefferies, 
Dr.  Watson  and  Cooper. 

Fruit  medium  to  small,  regular,  quite  flat;  Surface 
smooth,  mixed  red,  and  carmine  stripes  on  waxen-yellow 
ground  ;  Dots  numerous,  distinct,  gray. 

Basin  abrupt,  regular  deep ;  Eye  small,  closed  ;  Seg- 
ments long. 

Cavity  wide,  deep,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  medium,  green, 
slender. 

Core  small,  regular,  closed,  touching  the  eye ;  Axis  short ; 
Seeds  short,  wide,  dark;  Flesh  light  yellow,  very  fine-grain- 
ed, tender,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic;  first  quality, 
or  very  best,  for  the  dessert,  or  the  evening  party ',  during 
December  and  January. 

Fall    Wine. 

Origin  unknown.  A  great  favorite  in  the  West  as  a 
table  fruit ;  little  grown  in  the  Eastern  States,  whence  it  was 
brought.  Downing  supposes  this  is  because  the  fruit  is 
there  defective.  In  virgin  soil  it  is  remarkably  fair  and 
handsome. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  rather  slender,  but  healthy,  spread- 
ing, and  annually  productive. 

Fruit  medium,  oblate,  handsome ;  inclined  to  crack  open 
if  left  on  the  tree  till  ripe ;  Surface  very  smooth,  waxen- 
yellow,  almost  completely  covered  with  bright,  and  often 
deep  red,  upon  which  it  is  indistinctly  striped  ;  Dot? 
minute. 

Basin  abrupt,  wide,  regular  or  wavy ;  eye  small,  closed  ; 
Calyx  reflexed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  uniformly  green ;  Stem  long, 
slender. 

Core  medium,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  nu- 
merous, angular  or  plump ;  flesh  yellow,  breaking,  tender, 
fine-grained,  juicy ;  flavor  mild  sub-acid,and  very  aromatic ; 
Quality  best,  for  table  and  market,  during  September  and 
October  or  later 


CLASS   I. — FLAT   APPLES. — I.    II.    II. 


435' 


Fig.  92.— FALL  WINE. 
Oar  den. 

GARDEN   ROYAL. 

This  fine  apple  has  been  received  from  quite  distant 
points,  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  and  Salem,  Indiana.  It  is  quite 
distinct  in  season  from  the  Beefsteak  or  Garden  of  Down- 
ing, but  in  description  corresponds  very  closely  with  the 
Garden-Royal  of  Elliott,  which  fruit  I  have  not  seen. 
Origin  unknown. 

Fruit  pretty  large,  roundish,  flat,  regular;  Surface 
smooth,  yellowish-green,  slightly  shaded  red,  scattered 
stripes,  carmine ;  Dots  minute,  black. 

Basin  wide,  regular,  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular,  green ;  stem  short  to  me- 
dium, sometimes  knobby. 

Core  wide,  closed  or  open,  regular,  clasping  the  eye ; 
seeds  small,  pointed,  brown  ;  flesh  pale  yellow  or  whitish, 
tender,  fine-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub- acid,  aromatic,  sac- 
charine, agreeable;  Quality  very  good  to  best;  Use  des- 
sert, kitchen,  market ;  Season  August  to  October ;  worthy 
of  cultivation. 


436 


DESCRIPTIONS    OP  APPLES. 


Fig.  93.— GARDEN. 

Cfelay. 

This  fruit  originated  near  Vevay,  Indiana,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  be  a  seedling  of  the  Janet,  which  it  somewhat 
resembles. 

Fruit  medium,  oblate,  somewhat  conic,  truncated,  regu- 
lar ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow,  mixed,  striped,  purplish-red  ; 
Dots  minute,  gray,  scattered,  indented. 

Basin  wide,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular ;  Stem  short. 

Core  very  small,  pyriform,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  num- 
erous, large,  plump,  brown ;  Flesh  yellowish- white,  break- 
ing, tender,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich  ;  Quality  good  to 
best;  Use,  table;  Season,  January  to  May. 


Harvest    Itcdstreak. 

This  old  variety  is  valued  only  as  an  early  cooking  apple, 
for  which  it  has  been  found  very  profitable,  by  those  who 
attend  market.  Origin  unknown.  Introduced  into  the 
West  by  Silas  Whartoii,  from  the  neighhorhood  of  Phila- 
delphia, where  it  was  cultivated  largely.  Not  recognized 
among  the  varieties  described  by  Coxe. 


CLASS   I. FLAT   APPLES. —I.    II.    II.  437 

Tree  spreading,  open,  round-headed ;  Twigs  stout ; 
Leaves  small,  mealy. 

Fruit  medium,  roundish-oblnte,  regular;  Surface  smooth, 
greenish- yellow,  striped  and  splashed  with  red,  more  or 
less  mingled  ;  Dots  minute,  dark,  and  a  light  bloom. 

Basin  medium,  folded ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  regular,  often  brown ;  Stem  medium, 
thick. 

Core  regular,  closed  ;  Seeds  angular ;  Flesh  whitish, 
breaking,  coarse,  juicy,  becoming  dry;  Quality  inferior, 
except  for  cooking  ;  Season  July. 

High-Top.— [LEWIS  JONES.] 

This  handsome  apple  is  supposed  to  have  originated  in 
Wayne  County,  Indiana,  and  was  brought  into  notice  by 
Lewis  Jones. 

Fruit  large,  flat,  roundish,   regular ;  Surface  smooth, 


94— HIGH-TOP. 


mixed  dull  red,  striped  carmine ;  Dots  scattered,  minute. 

Basin  wide,  medium,  folded ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  wavy,  brown,  acute ;  Stem  short,  green. 

Core  regular,  closed,  or  wide  and  open,  clasping ;  Seeds 
numerous,  short,  plump,  pale ;  Flesh  pale  yellow,  fine- 
grained, tender,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  Quality 


438  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

good  to  very  good  ;  Use  table,  kitchen,  market ;    Season, 
December,  January ;  reminds  one  somewhat  of  Domine. 

Hocking. 

This  variety  has  only  been  found  in  western  orchards, 
and  has  not  been  mentioned  by  name  in  any  fruit  book 
with  which  I  have  met.  At  the  second  meeting  of  the 
North  western  Fruit  Growers'  Convention,  it  was  reported 
as  having  been  brought  from  Fairfield  County,  Ohio  ;  its 
resemblance  to  Townsend  was  also  observed,  but  it  was 
declared  to  be  different  in  wood  and  buds.  These  apples 
may  yet  prove  to  be  identical,  but  as  the  question  is  not 
settled,  both  will  be  described. 

Tree  thrifty,  vigorous,  productive — an  early  bearer. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  globular-oblate,  regular ;  Surface 
smooth,  yellow,  covered  with  mixed  red,  and  splashed  car- 
mine ;  Dots  minute,  yellow. 

Basin  medium,  regular ;  Eye  medium  to  large,  closed. 

Cavity  medium,  regular,  green  ;  Stem  medium  to  long. 

Core  small,  closed  ;  Seeds  large,  brown  ;  Flesh  light  yel- 
low, breaking,  juicy ;  Sub-acid  ;  Quality  good ;  Market 
and  kitchen ;  September. 

Hunt. 

Another  of  Lewis  Jones'  apples,  supposed  to  be  a  seed- 
ling of  Eastern  Indiana ;  productive. 

Fruit  medium,  roundish-oblate,  regular ;  Surface  smooth, 
yellow,  mixed,  striped  bright  red  ;  Dots  numerous,  yellow. 

Basin  rather  wide,  abrupt,  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular ;  Stem  medium,  slender. 

Core  small,  roundish,  flattened,  closed,  not  meeting  the 
eye ;  Seeds  numerous,  angular ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking, 
•fine-grained,  juicy ;  flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  Quality  good 
to  very  good ;  Use  table,  market ;  Season  December  and 
January. 

Indiana,    Favorite. 

This  fruit  resembles  the  Pennsylvania  Vandervere,  from 
•which  it  may  have  sprung.  Origin  believed  to  be  Fayette 
County,  Indiana.     It    is   considerably    cultivated   in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  State,  where  I  procured  specimens  ex- 
hibited at  the  Richmond  Horticultural  Society. 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    II.    II. 


489 


Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  productive. 

Fruit  medium,  globular-oblate,  regular ;  Surface  very 
smooth,  bright  red,  striped  with  darker  red;  Dots  numer- 
ous, star- shaped,  yellow. 

Basin  wide,  regular,  abrupt ;  Eye  small,  closed. 


Fig.  95. — INDIANA  FAVORITE. 

Cavity  acute,  regular,  green  or  browo ;  Stem  medium  to 
long,  red. 

Core  regular,  closed,  clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds  numerous, 
angular,  imperfect ;  Flesh  pale  yellow,  breaking,  fine-grain- 
ed, juicy  ;  Mild  sub-acid ;  Good  to  very  good,  for  table 
and  market,  from  January  to  March. 

Jarmiuite. 

This  new  fruit  originated  on  the  farm  of  Jarmin  Ballard, 
in  Highland  County,  Ohio,  where  it  was  grown  from  the 
seed  of  Gilpin. 

The  tree  is  very  vigorous,  and  only  too  productive. 

Fruit  medium,  regular,  oblate,  or  roundish  ;  Surface 
smooth,  green,  partially  covered  with  mixed  and  striped 
dull  red. 

Basin  regular,  wide ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 


440  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

Cavity  regular,  acute ;  Stem  slender,  medium  to  short. 


Fig.  96. — JARMINITE. 


Core  regular,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  few,  large,  dark; 
flesh  breaking,  firm ;  Mild  sub-acid,  almost  sweet ;  Decem- 
ber until  March. 

Jeiieries. 

This  delicious  autumn  apple  originated  in  Chester  Coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  and  was  first  described  by  the  ad-in- 
terim committee  of  the  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  So- 
ciety; also  in  the  Farm  Journal,  for  1853,  by  David 
Town  send,  of  Westchester,  Pa. 

Tree  healthy,  sufficiently  vigorous^  shoots  slender,  foli- 
age bright  green  ;  productive,  early  bearer. 

Fruit  full  medium,  oblate,  regular;  Surface  smooth,  yel- 
low, mixed  and  splashed  crimson ;  Dots  large,  scattered, 
yellow. 

Basin  wide,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  medium,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  medium  to  long. 

Core  small,  closed,  regular,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous, 
large,  brown ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  fine-grained,  juicy ; 
flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic,  delicious  ;  Quality  very  good,  for 
table  and  market,  during  August,  September  and  October. 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    II.    II. 


441 


Fig.  97.— JEFFERIES. 

Kentucky    King;. 

Received  from  J.  S.  Downer  &  Son,  Elkton,  Kentucky. 
Further  history  not  known. 


19* 


Fig.  98.— KENTUCKY  KING. 


442 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Fruit  above  medium,  flat,  regular  ;  Surface  smooth,  yel- 
low, with  mixed  and  striped  carmine;  Dots  scattered, 
minute. 

Basin  medium,  regular ;  Eye  medium,  open. 

Cavity  medium,  regular,  brown  and  green ;  Stem  me- 
dium to  long. 

Core  medium,  round,  closed,  clasping  ;  Seeds  numerous, 
angular,  pointed,  dark ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  fine- 
grained, juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  Quality  good  to 
very  good  ;  Use  table,  kitchen ;  Season  December,  Feb- 
ruary. 

Klaproth. 

Another  Pennsylvania  apple,  introduced  by  my  friend 
Dr.  J.  K.  Eshleman.  Tree  vigorous,  large,  productive. 


Fig.  99.— KLA.PEOTH. 

Fruit  medium,  regular,  oblate ;  Surface  dull  yellow,  more 
or  less  covered  with  red  stripes  ;  Dots  numerous,  light. 

Basin  wide,  regular ;  Eye  closed,  small ;  Calyx  reflexed. 

Cavity  deep,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  short  to  medium. 

Flesh  white,  breaking,  tender,  very  juicy  ;  Flavor  'acid, 
to  sub-acid  when  ripe ;  Good ;  August  till  October. 


CLASS   I.  -  FLAT   APPLES.  —  I.    II.    IL  443 

Lewis.  —Of  Bagan. 

Originated  in  Putnam  County,  Indiana,  as  one  of-  the 
many  seedlings  produced  by  my  old  friend  Reuben  Ra- 
gan. 

Tree  thrifty  and  productive. 

Fruit  inedium,  regular,  oblate  ;  Surface  smooth,  deep  red 
on  yellow  ;  Dots,  numerous,  large,  yellow. 

Basin  medium,  regular,  not  deep  ;  Eye  small,  closed 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  short. 

Core  wide,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye  ;  seeds 
numerous,  plump  ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy  ; 
flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic  ;  Quality  nearly  first-rate  for  ta- 
ble; Season,  October.  • 

Lacker. 

This  old  Pennsylvania  apple  is  cultivated  to  some  ex- 
tent in  the  Western  States  for  its  beauty.  Specimens  from 
Henry  Myers,  South  Bend,  Indiana,  from  his  beautiful  col- 
lections shown  at  the  State  Fairs. 

Fruit  full  medium  to  large,  very  handsome,  oblate,  reg- 
ular ;  Surface  smooth,  highly  polished,  bright  red  on  pale 
yellow,  striped  dark  red  ;  Dots  numerous,  pale. 

Basin  wide,  wavy  ;  Eye  small,  closed  ;  Segments  short. 

Cavity  deep,  narrow,  wavy  ;  Stem  short  to  medium. 

Core  small,  roundish  or  oval,  closed,  clasping  ;  Seeds 
numerous,  plump  ;  Flesh  whitish,  breaking,  fine-grained, 
juicy  ;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid,  aromatic,  fine  ;  Quality  good  ; 
use  table,  market  ;  Season  January  to  March. 


This  is  a  seedling  of  Green  County,  Ohio,  to  which  was 
awarded  a  premium  at  the  State  Fair  in  1855. 

%  Fruit  full  medium,  regular,  oblate  ;  surface  very  smooth, 
yellow,  well  covered  with  rich  crimson,  indistinct  stripes  ; 
dots  scattered,  light  gray. 

Basin  medium,  regular  ;  eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  narrow,  regular  ;  stem  short. 

Core  medium,  regular,  closed  ;  seeds  plump,  dark  ;  flesh 
rich  yellow,  solid,  juicy;  flavor  sub-acid,  rich,  piquant, 
like  a  Spitzenberg  ;  October,  November. 


444 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 
Minkler. 


Pr.oduced  by  S.  G.  Minkler,  of  Kendall,  Illinois. 

This  variety  very  closely  resembles  that  described  as 
Buchanan,  though  their  origin  is  entirely  distinct.  The 
Minkler- also  bears  a  very  close  resemblance  to  an  apple 
found  at  Quincy,  Illinois,  and  known  as  the  Brandywme. 

Tree  very  thrifty,  spreading,  branches  strong}  forming 
a  large  angle  with  the  stem. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  regular,  globular-ovate ;  Surface 


Fig.    100.— MINKLER. 


smooth,  greenish-yellow,  covered  with  mixed  red,  and 
stripes  of  dark  dull  red ;  Dots  scattered,  minute,  yellow. 

Basin  wide,  shallow,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  rather  deep,  brown  ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  large,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  numerous, 
long,  pointed ;  Flesh  yellow,  or  greenish-yellow,  fine-grain- 
ed, breaking,  juicy  ;  Sub-acid  ;  Second  quality  ;  Use  mar- 
ket and  cooking ;  from  March  until  May. 


CLASS   I.  -  FLAT   APPLES.  -  1.    II.    II.  445 


Spilzenberg.  —  [COXE.] 

VANDERVERE,  OF  NEW  YOKE.  (Downing)  —  OX-EYE  —  JOE  BERRY,  ETC. 

Origin,  Newtown,  Long  Island. 

Tree  sufficiently  vigorous,  not  of  the  largest  size,  spread- 
ing, compact,  round  head,  foliage  rather  small,  curled, 
showing  the  whitish  underside.  Productive. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  regular,  globular-oblate,  often 
inclined  or  lop-sided  when  overgrown  in  young  orchards, 
apt  to  be  scabby  and  defective  on  old  trees,  and  falls  badly  ; 
Surface  smooth,  deep  red,  mixed  and  striped,  on  rich  yel- 
low ground,  often  over-spread  with  whitish,  giving  the 
fruit  a  gray  appearance  ;  Dots  numerous,  minute,  fawn 
color  on  dark  specimens. 

Basin  medium,  regular;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  regular,  medium,  brown  ;  Stem  short. 

Core  regular,  wide,  somewhat  open,  meeting  and  some- 
times clasping  the  eye  ;  Seeds  numerous,  angular  ;  Flesh 
rich,  yellow,  very  fine-grained,  very  tender,  juicy  ;  Flavor 
rich  sub-acid  and  saccharine,  aromatic,  eminently  satisfy- 
ing ;  Quality  best,  for  table  and  kitchen,  in  December. 

Nickajack. 

SUMMEROUR—  •  JACKSON  BED—  BIG  HILL—  CAROLINA,  AND  MANY  OTHERS.* 

This  southern  apple,  which  has  extended  more  widely 
northward  than  most  of  its  congeners,  is  believed  to  be  a 
native  of  Macon  County,  Georgia. 

Tree  robust,  spreading,  large,  very  productive,  young 
shoots  stout  and  red. 

The  following  description  is  that  of  a  specimen  sent  by 
my  friend,  R.  Peters,  of  Atlanta,  Georgia,  but  it  corres- 
ponds in  all  important  particulars  with  those  of  fruits  ob- 
tained from  a  dozen  different  sources  in  our  own  latitude  : 

Fruit  large,  globular-oblate,  regular,  not  handsome  ;  sur- 
face even  but  not  smooth,  mostly  covered  with  mixed 
brick-dust  red,  striped  indistinctly  with  dark  red,  some 
stripes  very  distinct  ;  dots  scattered,  yellow. 

Basin  shallow,  regular,  even  ;  eye  small,  closed. 

*Vide  Horticultuript  for  1861  p.  40. 


446 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Cavity  acute,  regular,  yellow  and  brown ;  Stem  medium 
slender. 

Core  closed ;  Seeds  numerous,  large,  plump ;  Flesh  green- 


Fig.  101. — NICKAJACK. 

ish-yellow,  breaking,  firm,  coarse ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  not 
rich ;  Quality  only  good,  a  market  fruit,  keeping  well ;  Sea- 
son March  until  May. 


NYACK  PIPPIN. 


Origin  New  York  ;  specimen  obtained  from  Mr.  E.  H. 
Warren,  of  Chelmsford,  Massachusetts. 

Fruit  medium,  flat,  uneven  ;  Surface  smooth,  greenish- 
yellow,  mixed,  striped,  splashed  bright  red  ;  Dots  numer- 
ous, distinct,  yellow,  indented. 

Basin  shallow,  folded  ;  Eye  small,  closed  ;  Axis  short. 

Cavity  wide,  deep,  wavy,  brown  ;  Stem  short,  thick, 
knobby. 

Core  rather  wide,  closed,  rather  clasping;  Seeds  large; 
Flesh  white,  firm,  juicy  ;  Flavor  acid,  rich  ;  Quality  pretty 
good  ;  Use  table,  market  ;  Season  December. 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    II.    II.  447 

Ohio    Nonpareil. 

MYER'S  NONPAREIL — WESTERN  BEAUTY. 

This  fine  fruit  originated  with  Mr.  Myers,  near  Massil- 
lon,  Ohio. 

It  was  described  in  the  Western  Horticultural  Review 
for  February,  1853. 

Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  spreading,  limbs  straight,  stout 


Fig.  102.— OHIO  NONPAREIL. 

and  compact,  not  liable  to  break  with  the  weight  of  fruit. 
The  original  tree  had  borne  annual  crops  of  even  sized 
fruit  for  twenty  years. 

Fruit  large  to  very  large,  regular,"  oblate,  very  hand- 
some ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow,  covered  with  bright  red ; 
Dots  scattered,  gray. 

Basin  medium,  wide,  regular ;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular ;  Stem  short,  small. 

Core  regular,  somewhat  open;  Seeds  numerous,  me- 
dium ;  Flesh  yellowish,  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy ;  sub- 


448 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


acid,  rich  ;  First  quality,  for  table,  market,  cooking  or  dry- 
ing ;  Season  September  to  December.  Compared  with 
some  of  the  best  dessert  apples  of  the  season,  such  as 
Hawley,  Fall  Pippin,  Fall  Wine,  Rambo,  and  others,  this 
variety  was  declared  to  be  "  better  than  the  best." 


Osceolsu 


Originated  in  Indiana,  brought  into  notice  by  that  earn- 
est horticulturist,  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  who  did  much  to 
stimulate  the  culture  of  fine  fruits  when  a  resident  of  that 
State. 

Fruit  medium,  flattened,  sometimes  unequal,  regular ; 


Fig.  103.— OSCEOLA. 

Surface  smooth,  slightly  colored  red,  and  striped  with  the 
same  ;  Dots  scattered,  irregular,  more  frequent  and  minute 
about  the  apex,  few  and  larger  at  base  of  the  fruit. 

Basin  wide,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  medium,  acute  ;  Stem  short. 


CLASS    I. — FLAT    APPLES. — I.    II.    II.  449 

Core  small,  round,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous, 
plump,  dark ;  Flesh  yellowish,  firm,  rich,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub- 
acid,  mild  ;  Quality  good ;  Use  table  and  market ;  Season 
January  to  March. 

This  variety  does  not  seem  to  have  won  its  way  into 
public  favor  to  the  extent  that  was  expected  for  it  some 
years  ago. 

Peiinock. 

PENNOCK'S  BED  WINTER — ROMANITE — BIG  ROMANITB. 

This  fruit,  of  Pennsylvania  origin,  is  not  introduced 
into  this  collection  on  account  of  its  excellence,  but  be- 
cause it  is  so  universally  cultivated  in  nearly  all  parts  of 
the  country. 

Tree  vigorous,  large,  spreading,  very  productive,  bear- 
ing some  fruit  every  year. 

Fruit  large  to  very  large,  form  variable,  but  character- 
istically it  is  conic-oblate,  often  unequal,  and  lop-sided ; 
Surface  greenish-yellow,  covered  with  mixed  and  striped 
red ;  Dots  large,  irregular  and  round,  gray. 

Basin  wide,  rather  deep,  uneven  or  wavy;  Eye  large, 
open. 

Cavity  wide,  deep,  regular ;  Stem  short. 

Core  irregular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye  ;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, angular,  plump ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  coarse-grain- 
ed ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  poor  ;  third  quality ;  for  cooking  and 
market  only ;  Season  December ;  very  much  disposed  to 
bitter  rot. 

Pennsylvania,    Vandervere. 

VANDERVERE  (Coxe  and  Downing) — LITTLE  VANDERVERE — GRAY  VAN- 

DERVERE— STAALCUBS,    ETC. 

This  old  kitchen  favorite,  of  Pennsylvania,  has  migrated 
westward  until  it  has  reached  every  State  and  county  on 
its  appropriate  parallels  of  latitude,  39°  to  42°. 

Mr.  Downing  gives  Delaware  as  its  origin,  on  the  au- 
thority of  Coxe.  In  accordance  with  common  acceptance 
in  the  regions  where  it  is  best  known,  I  have  adopted  the 
above  name,  which  was  given  to  distinguish  it  from  sev- 
eral other  Vandervwes,  and  especially  from  the  Newtown 
Spitzenberg,  to  which  the  name  Yandervere  had  been  ap- 


450  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

plied  in  New  York  and  westward  on  that  parallel.  Coxe 
describes  the  fruit  in  question  under  the  nnme  Vandervere. 

Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  large,  spreading,  very  twiggy 
and  drooping,  with  abundant  fruit  on  the  ends  of  the  spray  ; 
Foliage  bright  yellowish-green,  shining,  pointed,  the  whole 
aspect  of  the  tree  peculiar  and  characteristic  in  summer 
or  winter. 

Fruit  medium  or  less,  oblate,  or  globular-oblate,  regu- 
lar; Surface  smooth,  but  having  raised  hemispherical  warts 
of  a  yellow  russet  color,  yellow,  mottled,  and  striped  light 
red,  often  a  gray  appearance  over  the  whole  exterior;  Dots 
:arge,  yellow,  indented. 

Basin  wide,  regular,  not  deep  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  regular,  closed,  meeting  and  clasping  the  eye; 
seeds  numerous,  pointed,  plump  ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking, 
granular,  j  uicy  ;  Flavor  highly  aromatic,  acid  ;  Quality  for 
table  third,  for  kitchen  first,  for  cider  Coxe  says  very  good, 
yielding  a  heavy  must  ;  Season  December  and  January. 

The  fruit  is  subject  to  bitter  rot,  and  does  not  keep 
well,  but  -may  be  used  for  cooking  as  soon  as  any  other 
apple,  making  good  sauce  in  July,  when  not  half  grown. 


BIG  BED. 

This  large  market  fruit  is  found  chiefly  in  regions  set- 
tled by  immigrants  from  the  South,  and  it  may  prove  to 
be  the  same  as  some  other  southern  apple.  Specimens 
first  received  from  my  friend  J.  B.  Orange,  in  Southern 
Illinois,  afterwards  from  several  other  points. 

Tree  vigorous,  large,  branches  upright,  shoots  purple, 
warty,  buds  long,  pointed. 

Fruit  large,  regular,  oblate  ;  Surface  not  smooth,  dull 
red,  shaded  and  striped,  covering  the  yellow  ground  ;  Dots 
small,  prominent,  with  some  roughness. 

Basin  regular,  wide,  not  deep  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  green  and  brown  ;  Stem  medium 
to  short. 

Core  closed,  or  nearly  so,  meeting  and  partially  clasping 
the  eye  ;  Axis  short  ;  Seeds  numero\js,  plump,  angular  ; 
Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  granular,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid, 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    II.    II.  451 

aromatic ;  Quality  only  good  ;  Useful  for  kitchen  and  dry- 


Fig.  104.—  POTTINGER. 

ing  ;  Season  December  and  January  ;  keeps  well. 


Press 

This  Kentucky  apple  was  sent  me  by  J.  S.  Downer, 
from  whom  trees  were  also  procured  which  have  already 
borne  fruit. 

Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  and  early  productive. 

Fruit  resembles  Smokehouse,  medium,  roundish-oblate, 
regular  ;  Surface  smooth,  bright  red,  mixed,  striped,  and 
splashed,  on  greenish  yellow  ;  Dots  numerous,  brown  and 
yellow. 

Basin  wide,  wavy,  regular,  rather  deep  ;  Eye  medium, 
open  ;  calyx  reflexed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  medium,  closed,  meeting  the  eye  ;  Axis  short  ; 
Seeds  numerous,  angular,  pointed  ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine-grain- 


432  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

ed,  tender,  melting,  juicy;    Flavor  rich  sub-acid  ;  Quality 


Fig.  105.—  PRESS  EWING. 

nearly  first  rate  ;  Use  for  table  in  December  and  January. 


This  beautiful  table  apple  was  first  brought  to  public 
notice  by  Geo.  Powers,  of  Perrysburgh,  Ohio.  He  exhib- 
ited specimens  at  the  Toledo  meeting  Of  the  Ohio  Porno- 
logical  Society  in  January,  1864,  but  the  fruit  was  over 
ripe  ;  at  the  State  Fair  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  October  16th,  it 
was  shown  in  perfection  of  beauty  and  excellence,  and 
was  then  examined  by  the  Society,  who  commended  it 
highly,  and  being  satisfied  that  it  was  an  original  seedling, 
its  local  name,  Miller's  Apple,  was  then  changed  to  Pow- 
ers, in  honor  of  the  pomologist  who  had  brought  it  into 
notice. 

The  tree  appears  to  have  been  an  accidental  seedling, 
which  sprang  up  in  the  town  of  Perrysburgh,  where  it 
grew  almost  without  care  until  it  fruited  a  few  years  ago, 
and  attracted  the  attention  of  Mr.  Powers. 

The  fruit  is  large  and  fair,  round,  somewhat  flattened, 
and  sometimes  rather  conic,  generally  regular,  but  large 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. — L    II.    II. 


453 


specimens  are  slightly  angular  ;  the  surface  is  very  smooth, 
a  greenish  waxen  yellow,  more  or  less  shaded  with  mixed 
light  red,  upon  which  are  laid  numerous  stripes  and  broken 
splashes  of  rich,  dark  carmine ;  Dots  minute,  scattered, 
gray. 

Basin  abrupt,  regular,  or  folded  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  regular,  sometimes  brown  ;  Stem  medium 
or  short. 

Core  medium  or  wide,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye  ; 
Seeds  numerous,  plump,  sometimes  imperfect ;  Flesh  white, 


Fig.  IOC.— POWERS. 


very  tender,  juicy  ;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid,  quite  aromatic, 
very  agreeable  ;  Use  especially  for  the  table,  as  a  highly 
ornamental  dessert  fruit,  for  which  its  extreme  delicacy 
adapts  it,  while  the  same  quality  unfits  it  for  general  mar- 
ket purposes ;  Quality  very  good  ;  in  its  season  of  ripen- 
ing, in  its  beautifully  white  and  tender  flesh,  and  in  its 
perfumed  flavor,  this  fruit  resembles  the  Fameuse,  from 
which  it  may  have  been  produced. 


454 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Prolific    Beauty. 

This  showy  fruit  is  one  of  the  original  Putnam  list  of 
Washington  County,  Ohio  ;  it  is  somewhat  singular  that 
so  few  choice  sorts  are  traceable  to  the  seeds  of  these  first 
good  orchards  of  the 'West.  Rome  Beauty  is  almost  the 
only  one  of  great  notoriety  that  is  referable  to  this  source.' 

Fruit  large,  sometimes  quite  large,  oblate,  somewhat 
conic,  regular  ;  Surface  smooth,  yellowish-green,  partially 
covered  with  stripes  of  red  ;  Dots  minute,  gray. 

Basin  medium,  wide,  regular  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  green  ;   Stem  medium. 


Fig.  107.  —PROLIFIC    BEAUTY. 

Core  large,  regular,  open,  clasping  ;  Seeds  numerous, 
plump  ;  Flesh  whitish-yellow,  tender,  juicy  ;  Flavor  acid  ; 
quality  scarcely  good  ;  Use  kitchen,  market  ;  Season  Sep- 
tember to  December. 


ROMANITE   OF   NEW   JERSEY  —  BREAD-AND-CHEESE,   ETC. 

This  standard  Eastern  Pennsylvania  variety  is  univer- 
sally popular,  and  through  the  Western  States  it  marks 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    II.    II.  455 

the  progress  of  emigration  from  the  Keystone  State, 
though  its  admirers  are  not  confined  to  that  class  of  our 
population.  It  is  a  fall  and  early  winter  fruit,  and  some 
pomologists  on  the  southern  borders  of  its  culture  object 
to  it  that  it  .will  not  keep  long,  and  that  it  soon  becomes 
dry  and  mealy  when  put  away.  When  grown  further 
north  it  is  smaller,  but  more  solid, t and  remains  juicy  un- 
til spring.  It  should  be  gathered  early,  even  before  it  is 
well  colored,  and  kept  cool  to  make  it  retain  its  flavor  and 
juiciness. 

Tree   upright,    very   thrifty,    very   productive ;  shoots 
dark,  foliage  large,  light  green,  and  thus  the  variety  may 


Fig.  108.— RAMBO. 

easily  be  distinguished  in  the  orchard.  !NTot  very  hardy ; 
Avhole  nurseries  and  orchards  were  destroyed,  in  1856, 
throughout  the  Northwest. 

Fruit  medium  to  small,  when  crowded  upon  the  limbs 
as  they  generally  are  upon  old  trees,  regular,  oblate,  or 
roundish-oblate,  but  sometimes  unequal  when  overgrown  ; 
large  specimens  are  flattened  at  the  ends  so  as  to  appear 
Surface  striped  and  splashed  scarlet  on  green* 


450 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


ish-yellow,  in  some  the  stripes  coalesce  so  as  to  make  the 
skin  red,  the  ground  color  being  covered ;  Dots  numerous, 
small,  prominent,  rich  bloom. 

Basin  wide,  abrupt,  regular  or  plaited,  sometimes  quite 
shallow ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  always  green  ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  regular,  closed,  meeting  and  clasping  the  eye  ; 
seeds  numerous,  large,  angular ;  Flesh  greenish- white,  ten- 
der, breaking,  granular,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic, 
vinous ;  Quality  almost  first  rate  for  table,  excellent  for 
the  kitchen  ;  Season  October  to  December,  and  if  gather- 
ed early  in  the  North,  until  spring. 

Red    Astrakhan. 

This  Russian  fruit  has  been  perfectly  adopted  by  our 
countrymen,  and  has  proved  itself  a  great  favorite,  parti- 


Fig.  109. — RED  ASTRACHAN. 

cularly  in  the  North,  by  its  hardiness  and  productiveness, 
beauty  and  good  qualities. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright,  productive,  hardy  ;  Shoots  red- 
dish brown,  foliage  large,  rich  green. 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. 1.    II.    II. 


457 


Fruit  medium  to  large,  regular,  oblate ;  Surface  smooth, 
mottled,  marbled  and  striped  crimson  on  greenish-yellow ; 
Dots  minute,  heavy  bloom. 

Basin  medium,  regular  ;  Eye  small,  closed.  , 
Cavity  shallow,  regular ;  Stem  long,  yellow. 
1     Core  regular,  closed ;  Seeds  angular,  small,  dark ;  Flesh 
yellow,  breaking,  juicy;  Flavor  quite  acid,  not  rich ;  Quality 
first  rate  for  market  and  cooking,  poor  for  table ;  Season 
July. 

Richard's    Graft. 

RED    SPITZENBERG — STKAWBEKRY — WINE. 

Supposed  to  have  originated  in  Ulster  County,  New 
York.  Tree  vigorous,  upright,  very  productive. 


Fig.  110.— RICHARD'S  GRAFT. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  regular,  oblate  ;  Surface  smooth, 
greenish-yellow,  mixed  and  splashed  red;  Dots  numerous, 
white. 

Basin  medium,  abrupt,  folded  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular ;  Stem  long,  red. 

Core  small,  closed,  clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds  numerous, 
plump ;  Flesh  yellowish- white,  fine-grained,  tender,  juicy  ; 
20 


458 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Flavor  rich,  sub  acid ;   Quality  best ;   Use  for  the  dessert ; 
Season  September  and  October. 

Downing  says  :  "  One  of  the  best  dessert  apples  of  its 
season." 

Rome    Beauty. 

GILLETT'S    SEEDLING. 

This  handsome  market  fruit  was  originated  in  Southern 
Ohio,  by  that  sterling  pioneer  pomologist,  H.  N.  Gillett, 
to  whose  contributions  I  acknowledge  myself  under  many 
obligations. 

Tree   thrifty,  hardy,  round   headed,  very  productive ; 


111.—  ROME  BEAUTY. 


shoots  slender,  red  ;  Foliage  healthy  ;  Blossoms  open  late, 
and  thus  it  often  escapes  a  late  frost  ;  early  productive. 

Fruit  large  to  very  large,  regular,  handsome,  fair,  said  to 
be  scabby  on  old  trees,  regular  oblate,  roundish-oblate, 
and  sometimes  rather  conical  ;  Surface  smooth,  pale  yellow, 
striped  and  mixed  bright  red  ;  Dots  minute,  indented. 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. — I.    II.    II. 


459 


Basin  wide,  deep,  regular ;  Eye  quite  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  green  ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  wide,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  nu- 
merous, long,  pointed ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  coarse- 
grained ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  not  rich  ;  Quality  scarcely  good ; 
valuable  for  market,  on  account  of  its  productiveness,  size 
and  beauty,  as  well  as  for  its  certain  bearing ;  Season  De- 
cember to  February. 


Sliiawassee    Beauty. 


It 


This  Michigan  apple   may  well   be  called   Beauty. 
was  introduced  at   the  meeting  of  the  American   Porno- 


Fig.  112. — SHIAWASSEE  BEAUTY. 

logical  Society  in  1862,  by  T.  T.  Lyon,  of  Plymouth, 
Mich.,  who  stated  that  it  was  a  seedling  of  the  Fameuse, 
the  faults  of  winch  it  does  not  inherit,  though  possessing 
all  the  good  qualities  of  its  parent,  with  a  healthy  and 
productive  tree.  (See  Michigan  Fanner,  Dec.  11,  1859.) 

Fruit  medium,  very  handsome,  very  regular,  quite  flat ; 
Surface  very  smooth,  pale  yellow,  mixed  and  distinctly 
striped  carmine ;  Dots  scattered,  minute. 

Basin  wide,  folded;  Eye  medium,  closed ;  Calyx  reflexed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy ;  Stem  short. 


460 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Core  wide,  regular,  somewhat  open,  meeting  the  eye  ; 
seeds  plump,  short,  dark;  Flesh  very  white,  fine-grained, 
tender,  breaking  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic  ;  Quality  good 
to  very  good  ;  Use  dessert  and  market  ;  Season  October  to 
January. 


S  ii  m  in  <"  r 


Southern  ;  obtained  from  S.  Westbrooke,  Greensboro', 
North  Carolina. 

Fruit  medium,  flat,  regular;  Surface  pale  yellow,  mixed 


Fig.  113.— SUMMER  LIMBERTWIG, 

pink,  striped  dark  red;  Dots  minute,  gray,  indented 
Basin  shallow,  wide,  regular ;  Eye  wide,  open. 
Cavity  acute,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  inclined. 
Core  wide,  regular,  close'd,  clasping;  Axis  short;  Seeds 
numerous,  plump,  dark  ;  Flesh  white,  tender,  fine-grained, 
juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic,  agreeable ;  Quality  very 
good,  if  not  best ;  Use  table  ;  Season  August,  September. 

Townsend. 

Having  been  disappointed  in  my  trees  obtained  for  this 
variety,  which  proved  to  be  Kawle's  Janet,  I  prefer  to 
quote  from  Mr.  Downing.  What  I  have  fruited  and  de- 
scribed as  the  Hocking  may  prove  to  be  the  same. 


CLASS   I. — FLAT  APPLES. — I.    II.  H.  461 

"  Origin  Pennsylvania.  Tree  healthy,  vigorous,  very 
productive. 

"  Fruit  medium,  oblate,  slightly  conic.  Skin  pale  yel- 
low, striped  and  splashed  with  red,  and  covered  with  a 
thin  bloom.  Stalk  rather  long,  slender,  inserted  into  a 
medium  cavity.  Calyx  closed,  set  in  a  basin  of  moderate 
depth.  Flesh  white,  tender,  very  mild,  agreeable,  sub- 
acid  flavor.  Ripe  middle  of  August  to  middle  of  Sep- 
tember. Hocking  of  the  West  may  prove  to  be  the  same." 

Trader's    Fancy. 

This  peculiar  looking  apple  originated  in  Washington 
County,  Pennsylvania.  Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  spread- 
ing, round-headed,  very  productive,  bears  regularly.  As 
a  long  keeper,  with  dark  skin,  that  does  not  show  bruises, 
it  became  a  favorite  with  shippers  on  the  Ohio  river,  hence 
its  name,  the  flat-boats  that  stop  from  port  to  port  to  dis- 
pose of  their  cargoes  being  called  trading  boats,  and  their 
masters  traders. 

Fruit  medium,  regular,  oblate ;  Surface  very  smooth, 
greenish  yellow,  almost  completely  obscured  with  deep 
purple  red,  mixed  and  striped,  and  covered  with  a  white 
bloom. 

Basin  wide,  sometimes  folded  or  plaited ;  Eye  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular ;  Stem  medium,  slender. 

Core  medium,  closed ;  Seeds  plump ;  Flesh  whitish,  ten- 
der, fine-grained ;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid ;  Quality  only  good ; 
Use  market  and  kitchen ;  Season  January  to  May. 

Twenty-Ounce    Pippin. 

Origin  unknown,  and  the  variety  never  should  have  been 
distributed  ;  it  is  here  named  to  put  people  on  their  guard 
against  it  when  they  desire  to  purchase  the  Gayuga  Red 
Streak,  also  called  the  Twenty-ounce  apple. 

Fruit  large,  flat,  regular ;  Surface  greenish,  more  or  less 
mottled  and  striped  dull  red. 

Basin,  wide,  regular,  or  wavy ;  Eye  small,  open. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  green ;  Stem  short,  thick. 

Core  large,  closed  ;  Seeds  numerous,  angular ;  Flesh  yel- 
low-white, breaking ;  Flavor  acid,  with  a  peculiar  aroma, 


462  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

not  agreeable ;  Quality  poor ;  Use  kitchen  only ;  Season 
November  to  January.  There  are  many  better  apples  of 
its  season. 

Vance's    Harvest. 

A  pretty  little  early  apple  grown  in  some  parts  of  the 
West.  Origin  unknown. 

Fruit  small,  flat,  regular  ;  Surface  smooth,  rich  yellow, 
shaded  and  splashed  bright  red ;  Dots  small,  scattered, 
yellow. 

Basin  small,  regular;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  long. 

Core  wide,  regular,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  numerous, 
short,  plump,  dark  ;  Flesh  yellow,  firm,  breaking,  not  very 
juicy ;  Flavor  acid  to  sub-acid ;  Quality  pretty  good ;  Use 
kitchen  and  market ;  Season  August. 

Vandervere    Pippin. 

LARGE  VANDEBVEBE— WATSON'S  VANDEBVERE— VANDERVERE  (Elliott)— 

YELLOW  VANDEBVERE — and  several  others  in  the  books. 

There  appears  to  have  been  much  confusion  in  the  minds 
of  authors  who  have  written  of  this  fruit,  which,  in  some 
parts  of  the  country  is  very  well  known  and  much  culti- 
vated. I  have  taken  the  name  by  which  it  is  almost  uni- 
versally recognized  by  cultivators,  though  it  is  adopted 
only  as  a  synonym  by  Mr.  Elliott,  who  seems  to  have 
confounded  this  apple  with  the  Pennsylvania  Vandervere 
or  Staalcubs  described  by  Coxe. 

Origin  believed  to  have  been  Pennsylvania,  but  this  is 
not  well  established. 

Tree  very  vigorous,  large,  spreading,  productive,  bear- 
ing annually ;  Twigs  and  leaves  much  like  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Vandervere. 

Fruit  large  to  very  large,  regular,  oblate;  surface  smooth, 
yellow,  more  or  less  covered  with  marbled  red,  and  scarlet 
stripes  ;  Dots  large,  yellow,  indented,  sometimes  irregu- 
larly net-veined,  making  it  less  smooth. 

Basin  wide,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide ,  regular ;  Stem  long,  medium  size. 

Core  regular,  closed,  meeting  and  clasping  the  eye ; 
Seeds  numerous,  dark  ;  Flesh  yellow,  firm,  breaking,  gran- 


CLASS    I. — FLAT   APPLES. 1.    II.    II. 


463 


ular,  juicy,  heavy  ;  Flavor  rich,  acid  ;  Quality  poor  for  ta- 
ble, excellent  for  cooking  ;  Season  December.  Does  not 
keep  well,  rather  subject  to  bitter  rot,  but  a  great  favor- 
ite with  house-keepers,  and  a  useful  shade  tree  near  the 
kitchen  door. 


Winter. 


This  Kentucky  variety  was  sent  to  me  by  my  friend  J. 
S.  Downer,  of  Fairview,  Kentucky,  with  several  other  new 
southern  apples  of  merit.  Tree  vigorous,  hardy  and  pro- 
ductive, bearing  fruit  early. 

Fruit  medium,  regular,  round-oblate  ;    Surface  smooth, 


Fig.  115. — VATJGHAN'S  WINTER. 

greenish-yellow,  mixed  and  splashed  with  bright  red  and 
splashes  of  carmine ;  Dots  small,  gray  and  yellow. 

Basin  regular,  abrupt,  medium,  and  leather-cracked; 
Eye  large,  open ;  Segments  reflexed. 

Cavity  medium,  yellow  and  brown  ;  Stem  short. 

Core  small,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  few, 
large,  brown ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  fine-grained,  juicy ; 
Flavor  sub-acid,  good ;  December. 


464 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Western    Beauty. 

MUSGBOVE'S  COOPER — BIG  RAMBO — OHIO  BEAUTY. 

A  valuable  fall  and  early  winter  fruit,  the  origin  of  which 
is  not  known ;  it  is  considerably  grown  in  Central  Ohio, 
and  has  attracted  attention  under  its  synonyms  as  given. 
It  was  at  one  time  thought  to  be  the  Cooper. 

Mr.  W.  F.  English,  of  Auglaize  County,  Ohio,  carried 
grafts  into  that  region  from  Pickaway  County,  and  in  a 
most  disinterested  manner  exerted  himself  to  distribute 


Fig.  116. — WESTERN    BEAUTY. 

the  variety.  In  a  communication  to  the  Western  Horti- 
cultural Review,  for  February,  1853,  he  says :  "  The  tree 
is  vigorous,  leaves  upon  young  shoots  are  often  three  to 
three  and  a  half  inches  broad,  and  four  or  five,  and  even 
six  inches  long;  shoots  stout,  being  often  as  largo  as  your 
little  finger  at  the  end  of  the  summer's  growth.  The  form 


CLASS   I. — FLAT  APPLES. — I.    H.    U.  465 

of  the  tree  is  peculiar,  and  its  appearance  beautiful ;  once 
seen,  it  may  be  recognized  anywhere  by  its  habit." 

Having  fruited  this  variety  in  my  own  orchard,  I  can 
confirm  the  above,  and  add  : 

Tree  vigorous,  large,  spreading,  open  head,  productive, 
an  early  bearer. 

Fruit  large,  sometimes  very  large,  beautiful,  regular, 
oblate,  not  disposed  to  rot,  except  when  attacked  by  the 
birds,  which  are  very  fond  of  it ;  Surface  smooth,  pale  yel- 
low, partially  covered  with  mixed  red,  striped  and  often 
distinctly  splashed  with  bright  red;  Dots  numerous,  gray, 
prominent ;  Skin  quite  thin. 

Basin  wide,  regular,  sometimes  cracked  open ;  Eye  large, 
closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  green,  and  partly  brown ;  Stem 
either  short  or  long. 

Core  large,  nearly  closed,  clasping  the  eye  ;  Seeds  num- 
erous, medium,  pointed  ;  Flesh  light  yellow,  almost  white, 
brittle,  tender,  juicy,  almost  melting,  never  water-cored ; 
Flavor  sub-acid,  vinous,  delicious,  satisfying ;  Quality  best ; 
either  for  table  or  cooking,  for  the  latter  purpose  they 
may  be  taken  when  half  grown  in  the  beginning  of  July. 
In  August  they  may  be  house-ripened  and  found  good, 
but  the  proper  season  is  September  to  Christmas ;  if  prop- 
erly cared  for  they  may  be  preserved  plump  until  March, 
but  lose  some  of  their  refreshing  flavor. 

Wilson. 

This  very  nice  little  apple  was  sent  to  me  with  this 
name  from  Western  Virginia,  by  Julius  Brace,  who  found 
it  abundant  on  Paint  Creek.  I  have  not  yet  been  able  to 
identify  it,  but  it  may  prove  to  be  the  same  as  some  of  our 
new  southern  varieties.  An  outline  and  description  are 
here  given  with  its  local  name,  in  the  hope  that  if  it 
should  prove  to  be  the  same  as  the  Black  Annette, 
of  the  Clinch  river  region  of  Virginia,  or  some  other  va- 
riety, the  identity  may  be  the  more  readily  traced. 

Fruit  small,  regular,  oblate,  or  globular-oblate;  Surface 
smooth,  nearly  covered  with  very  deep  red,  in  which  the 
stripes  are  almost  obscured ;  Dots  numerous,  minute, 
white. 

20* 


466 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Basin,  deep,  regular,  plaited  or  folded ;  Eye  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  regular,  acute  ;  Stem  long,  red. 

Core  regular,  closed,  meeting,  not  clasping  the  eye ; 
Seeds  small,  plump ;  Flesh  white,  fine-grained,  crisp,  tender, 


Fig.  117.— WILSON. 

juicy ;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid,  agreeable ;  Quality  best ;  Use 
table ;  Season  January. 

This  is  different  from  Wilson's  of  Michigan,  which  is 
yellow.  • 

Wine.— [Coxe.] 

HATS'    WINTER — PENNSYLVANIA  RED    STREAK. 

This  handsome  large  apple  is  another  index  of  the 
source  of  population  in  a  western  county.  It  is  a  fav- 
orite fruit  with  those  who  know  it,  either  for  market  or 
the  kitchen,  for  which  its  size  and  form  render  it  peculiarly 
attractive. 

Tree  very  large  and  handsome,  spreading  and  very  open 
head  ;  leaves  small,  curled,  and  mealy,  making  the  foliage 
appear  rather  meagre,  and  displaying  the  splendid  fruit, 
which  is  evenly  distributed. 


CLASS    L — FLAT   APPLES. 1.    II.    II.  467 

Fruit  large,  globular-oblate,  flattened  or  truncate,  regu- 
lar, occasionally  unequal  and  lop-sided ;  Surface  smooth, 
yellow,  more  or  less  covered  with  mixed- and  broken  stripes 
of  red,  splashed  with  crimson ;  Dots  scattered,  large, 
gray. 

Basin  rather  shallow,  wide,  abrupt ;  Eye  small,  closed, 
or  open  from  breaking  of  the  calyx. 

Cavity  acute,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  short,  thick. 

Core  medium,  regular,  closed ;  Seeds  numerous,  large, 
angular ;  Flesh  yellow,  firm,  breaking,  juicy  ;  Flavor  acid 
to  sub-acid,  rich ;  Quality  good,  for  market  and  kitchen ; 
Season,  November  and  December. 


Fig.    117.— WINTER    QUEEN. 

Winter    Queen.— [Coxe.] 

FALL  QUEEN— KENTUCKY  QUEEN— ROBERTSON'S  SUPERB  (of  Ga.) 

This  is  a  favorite,  of  southern  origin,  and  has  many  syn- 
onims.  An  excellent  apple  for  drying,  for  family  use  and 
for  market.  Tree  thrifty,  upright,  productive,  early  bear- 


468  DESCRIPTIONS   OF   APPLES. 

er ;  limbs  long   and  parallel  while  young ;  shoots   dark, 
stout ;  foliage  large,  broad,  rather  pale. 

Fruit  large,  often  very  large,  globular-oblate,  somewhat 
conic,  regular  ;  Surface  smooth,  often  polished,  yellow,  al- 
most wholly  obscured  with  marbled  dull  red,  and  darker 
stripes  that  are  often  lost  in  the  depth  of  tint ;  Dots  gen- 
erally small,  indented ;  often  a  slight  bloom  covers  the 
fruit,  but  it  is  easily  removed,  when  the  skin  appears  to  be 
polished. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  narrow,  often  wavy  or  even  ribbed; 
Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  wide,  green,  wavy  or  regular ;  Stem  me 
dium. 

Core  regular,   closed,   meeting,   not  clasping  the  eye 
axis  is  sometimes  very  short ;  Seeds  large,  plump ;  Flesh 
greenish-white,  tender,  almost  melting,  juicy  ;  Flavor  mild 
sub-acid,  agreeable  ;  Quality  good  to  very  good ;  Use  des- 
sert, kitchen  and  drying ;  Season  October  to  January. 

Yost. 

Having  been  disappointed  in  receiving  this  apple,  I  give 
Dr.  W.  D.  Brinckle's  ad  interim  report : 

Fruit  rather  large,  roundish-oblate,  beautifully  striped, 
and  delicately  mottled  with  crimson  on  yellow  ground; 
Stem  short;  Cavity  wide,  deep;  Flesh  yellow,  tender, 
juicy ;  Flavor  pleasant ;  Quality  very  good. 


CLASS    I.— FLAT    APPLES. 
ORDER    I— REGULAR. 

SECTION    2.— SOUR. 
SUB-SECTION    3.— RUSSET. 

Perry    Russet. 

This  variety  is  grown  to  some  extent  in  the  North-west. 
The  specimen  from  which  the  description  is  made,  was  ex- 
hibited by  Mr.  Utters,  at  a  meeting  of  the  North-western 
Fruit  Growers,  in  1850. 


CLASS    I. — FLAT   APPLES. 1.    II.    III. 


469 


Fruit  medium  to  large,  oblate,  regular ;  Surface  smooth, 
yellow,  covered  with  fine  russet ;  Dots  minute,  scattered. 
Basin  medium,  regular,  wavy ;  Eye  large,  closed. 


Fig.  118.—  PERRY    RUSSET. 

Cavity  medium,  regular  or  wavy,  brown ;  Stem  medium 
size  and  length. 

Core  small,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  few,  plump, 
brown  ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine  grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid, 
rich ;  Quality  almost  best,  for  table  or  kitchen ;  Season, 
December  and  January. 

Pomme    Grise. 

Supposed  to  be  of  French  or  Canadian  origin.  Tree 
sufficiently  vigorous,  productive ;  shoots  slender. 

Fruit  small,  roundish-oblate,  regular ;  Surface  even  but 
hardly  smooth,  yellow,  overspread  with  fine  russet,  rarely 
blushed. 

Basin  wide,  regular,  sometimes  abrupt ;  Eye  very  small, 
closed. 


470  DESCRIPTIONS   OF   APPLES. 

Cavity  wide,  regular ;  Stem  short  or  medium. 
Core  full  heart-shaped,  regular,  closed,  scarcely  meet- 
ing the  eye ;    Seeds  plump,  angular ;    Flesh  firm,  yellow, 


Fig.  119.— POMME  GKISE. 

breaking,  fine  grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich,  aro- 
matic, delicious ;  Quality  best,  for  dessert ;  Season,  January 
to  March ;  One  of  the  very  best  of  the  Russets. 

Willis    Russet. 

This  apple  was  brought  from  Massachusetts,  by  my 
friend  and  neighbor  B.  F.  Sanford,  without  any  history  of 
its  origin.  The  quality  of  the  fruit  has  induced  me  to 
give  its  description. 

Fruit  medium  to  small,  roundish-oblate ;  Surface  rough, 
yellow,  shaded  with  light  red,  covered  with  russet. 

Basin  shallow,  folded ;  Eye  long,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy ;  Stem  long. 

Core  large,  wide,  open,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous,  plump; 
Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  fine  grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid  or 
sub-acid,  aromatic ;  Quality  almost  first  rate,  for  the  table; 
Season,  December  and  January. 


.      CLASS   I. FLAT   APPLES. II.    I.    I.  471 

CLASS    I.— FLAT    APPLES. 

ORDER    II.— REGULAR    IN    FORM. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 
SUB-SECTION    1.— SELF-COLORED. 

Autumnal    Sweet    Swaar. 

SWEET   SWAAR. 

The  fruit  is  highly  commended  by  J.  J.  Thomas,  who 
thinks  it  "  one  of  the  finest  autumnal  sweet  apples." 
Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  productive. 
Fruit  large,  roundish-oblate,  somewhat  angular ;  Surface 


Fig.  120.— AUTUMNAL  SWEET  SWAAB. 

smooth,  waxen  yellow,  sometimes  blushed;    Dots  rare, 
minute. 

Basin  wide,  shallow,  plaited  or  folded ;    Eye  medium, 
long,  closed. 


472 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Cavity  acute,  deep,  wavy,  green ;  Stem  long,  inclined, 
yellow  and  red. 

Core  regular,  globular,  somewhat  open,  clasping ;  Seeds 
numerous,  plump,  pale ;  Flesh  white,  fine  grained,  juicy ; 
Flavor  very  sweet ;  Quality  best,  for  baking  and  market ; 
Season,  September  and  October. 

Challenge. 

This  is  another  of  the  apples  introduced  by  Mr.  Elliott, 
from  the  orchard  of  D.  C.  Richmond,  near  Sandusky,  O. 
Tree  productive,  hardy. 
Fruit  medium,  globular-oblate ;    Surface  smooth,  pale 


Fig.  121.— CHALLENGE. 

yellow ;    Dots  black,  minute,  scattered,  and  russet  spots, 
becoming  a  rich  vermillion  where  exposed. 

Basin  shallow,  wide,  plaited;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  small,  oval,  regular,  sometimes  open,  not  meeting 


CLASS   I. FLAT    APPLES. — II.    I.    I. 


473 


the  eye ;  Seeds  large,  dark ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  fine 
grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sweet ;  Quality  almost  first  rate,  for 
table;  Season,  October. 

Delight. 

This  variety  is  grown  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Ohio ; 
origin  unknown. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  round-oblate,  irregular;  Surface 
smooth,  yellow,  bronzed ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  narrow,  folded  uneven;  Eye  medium,  closed;  Seg- 
ments short. 


Fig.  122.— DELIGHT. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  short,  thick. 

Core  small,  oval,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, plump,  dark ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  juicy ;  Flavor 
sweet ;  Quality  pretty  good ;  Use,  market  and  baking ;  Sea- 
son, January  to  June. 

Haveraclc    Sweet. 

Origin  South  Carolina. 

"Fruit   large,  roundish-oblate,  angular;    Skin  yellow, 


474 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


mostly  shaded  with  crimson,  sprinkled  with  gray  or  green- 
ish dots ;  Stalk  short,  inserted  into  a  large  cavity  surround- 
ed by  russet ;  Calyx  open,  set  in  a  deep,  irregular  basin ; 
Flesh  rich,  pleasant,  vinous,  almost  saccharine. "  — 
[Downing. 

Spice    Sweeting. 

The  specimens  described  were  from  Mr.  Warren,  of 
Massachusetts.  Others,  found  in  Ohio  and  Illinois  under 
this  name,  have  a  deep,  abrupt  basin,  large  or  long  eye, 
and  yellow  flesh ;  they  must  be  different  fruits. 

An  old  variety ;  Tree  vigorous,  productive. 

Fruit  full  medium  to  large,  handsome,  flat,  irregular; 
Surface  smooth,  yellow,  bronzy,  crimson  ;  Dots  numerous, 
green. 

Basin  shallow,  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  wavy ;  Stern  thick,  knobby. 

Core  very  wide,  open,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  pointed, 
long,  dark;  Flesh  very  white,  tender,  fine  grained,  juicy  ; 
Flavor  sweet ;  Quality  good ;  Use,  kitchen,  baking,  stock ; 
Season,  September,  October. 


Fig.  133. —SWEET  AND  sous. 


CLASS  I. — FLAT  APPLES. IL  I.  I.          475 

Sweet    and    Sour. 

This  variety  is  interesting  as  a  curiosity,  rather  than 
valuable  for  its  good  qualities.  It  has  been  suggested 
that  it  might  be  a  sport ;  no  educated  nurseryman  will 
now  believe  the  old  story  of  its  having  been  produced  by 
the  combination  of  the  buds  of  two  varieties,  a  sweet  and 
a  sour. 

Fruit  large,  oblate,  often  unequal  and  lop-sided,  ribbed, 
and  deeply  furrowed. 

Surface  yellow  and  green,  the  ribs  being  developed  and 
ripening  have  flavor,  but  the  furrows  not  being  developed 
are  flavorless  and  called  sweet. 

Sweet    Sponge. 

From  H.  N".  Gillett ;  Origin  unknown. 

Fruit  medium,  oblate,  irregular ;  Surface  smooth,  yel- 
lowish white;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  none  or  extremely  shallow,  folded ;  Eye  long, 
closed. 


124.— SWEET  SPONGE. 


476  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

Cavity  wide,  irregular ;  Stem  short,  thick. 

Core  wide,  closed,  scarce  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, plump,  brown;  Flesh  white,  tender;  Flavor  sweet; 
Season,  July. 


CLASS    I.— FLAT    APPLES. 
ORDER    II.— IRREGULAR 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 
SUB-SECTION    2.— STKIPED. 

Angle    S  weet. 

Fruit  medium,  round-oblate,  irregular ;  Surface  smooth, 
yellow,  covered  with  stripes  and  splashes  of  red,  some 
darker;  Dots  white. 

"  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  sweet,  and  good,  fair  and  hand- 
some ;  Season,  first  of  September." — [Downing. 

Peach    Pond    Sweet. 

Origin  Dutchess  County,  New  York. 


Fig.  125.— PEACH  POND  SWEET, 


CLASS    I. — FLAT    APPLES. II.    I.    II.  477 

Fruit  small  to  medium,  round-oblate,  pentangular, 
slightly  conical ;  Surface  smooth,  pale  yellow,  lightly  cov- 
ered with  mixed  and  striped  red,  and  beautifully  splashed 
crimson. 

Basin  narrow,  regular  or  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  medium  to 
long,  green,  sometimes  knobby. 

Core  regular,  heart-shaped,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ; 
Seeds  small,  short;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  fine  grained, 
juicy ;  Flavor  veiy  sweet ;  Quality  almost  first  rate,  very 
good;  for  table  or  baking;  Season  September. 

Phillip*'    Sweet. 

Origin  believed  to  be  Ohio;  Downing  says,  Chotocton 
County,  Ohio. 

Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  growth  upright,  very  produc- 
tive. Elliott  thinks  it  may  prove  to  be  the  same  with 
Richmond. 

Fruit  roundish,  flattened,  slightly  conical,  obscurely 
angular  or  flattened  on  the  sides ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow, 
more  or  less  covered  with  red,  striped  crimson ;  Dots  nu- 
merous. 

Basin  abrupt,  regular,  closed ;  Eye  closed,  segments  of 
calyx  long. 

Cavity  large ;  Stem  medium  length,  rather  slender. 

Flesh  yellow,  tender,  crisp,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sweet,  spicy, 
rich  •  Season,  November  to  March. 

Wing    Sweet. 

Tree  very  productive. 

Fruit  medium,  oblate,  angular;  Surface  very  smooth, 
yellow,  mostly  covered  with  red,  indistinctly  striped  dark- 
er red. 

Basin  wide,  deep,  regular  or  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute  ;   Stem  long.. 

Core  small,  regular,  closed,  scarcely  touching  the  eye ; 
Seeds  ovate;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  dry;  Flavor  sweet  and 
rich ;  Quality  good ;  baking ;  early  winter. 


478  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

CLASS    I— FLAT    APPLES. 
ORDER    II— IRREGULAR 

SECTION    a—  ACID. 

SUB-SECTION    1.— SELF-COLORED. 

Blockley. 

BLOCKLET  PIPPIN,   O.   POM.   SOC. 

Originated  near  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.  Tree  mod- 
erately vigorous,  upright,  productive. 

Fruit  large,  round-oblate,  flattened  at  the  ends,  five- 
sided,  angular;  Surface  smooth,  greenish-yellow,  blushed; 
Dots  numerous,  small,  distinct,  dark. 

Basin  wide,  rather  deep,  wavy  or  folded ;  Eye  small, 
closed,  or  partly  open. 

Cavity  acute,  narrow,  uneven,  brown ;  Stem  quite  short, 
rather  thick. 

Core  medium,  heart-shaped ;  Seeds  numerous,  angular 
and  imperfect,  dark ;  Flesh  yellow,  compact,  almost  melt- 
ing, fine  grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  rich  sub-acid,  sprightly ; 
Quality  almost  best,  for  table ;  Season,  November  to  Janu- 
ary. 

Bracken. 

This  variety  has  caused  much  discussion  among  the 
Western  Pomologists,  on  account  of  its  resemblance  to 
the  Early  Harvest.  The  late  Dr.  Barker,  one  of  the  most 
intelligent  fruit-growers  of  the  country,  said  it  was  intro- 
duced as  a  seedling  from  Kentucky  in  1812.  Elliott  does 
not  mention  it  in  his  work,  but  in  the  discussions  of  the 
Society  he  is  reported  as  having  declared  it  the  same  as 
Early  Harvest,  with  which  it  agrees  in  peculiar  growth 
of  twigs.  H.  N".  Gillett,  and  others,  familiar  with  the 
fruits  of  southern  Ohio,  consider  it  a  distinct  seedling  of 
Kentucky.  The  specimen  described  was  from  that  gentle- 
man. 

Fruit  medium,  oblate,  somewhat  conical,  irregular  and 
angular;  Surface  smooth,  pale  yellow;  Dots  scattered, 
dark. 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. II.    II.    I.  479 

Basin  abrupt,  medium,  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed. 
Cavity    wide,    deep,    irregular,   brown ;     Stem    large, 
knobby. 

Core  irregular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  angular, 


Fig.  126. — BRACKEN. 

imperfect ;  Flesh  white,  very  tender,  fine  grained  ;  Flavor 
mild  sub-acid  ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  table  and  kitchen  ;  Sea- 
son, June,  July ;  earlier  than  Early  Harvest. 

Canada    Reinette. 

This  fine  fruit  does  not  appear  to  be  well  known  to  our 
orchardists,  and  some  of  our  writers  have  given  the  White 
Pippin  among  its  numerous  synonims,  and  have  suggested 
that  they  might  be  the  same,  which  is  not  so ;  they  are 
very  distinct  I  have  omitted  the  synon'ms,  as  they  can 
be  of  little  interest  to  our  planters ;  they  are  not  used  in 
this  country.  The  origin  of  this  variety  is  uncertain,  prob- 
ably European.  Downing  says  that  Merlet,  a  French 
writer,  described  the  fruit  in  the  17th  century. 

Tree  vigorous,  robust,  tall  spreading,  productive. 


480 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


The  following  outline  and  description  of  a  specimen 
presented  by  Irvin  Jessup,  of  Laporte,  Indiana,  was  kindly 
made  for  me  by  my  lamented  friend,  Geo.  M.  Beeler,  a 
short  time  before  his  death. 

Fruit  large,  oblate,  angular;  Surface  not  smooth,  yel- 
low, blushed  and  spotted  red ;  Dots  numerous,  small,  gray. 


Fig.  127. — CANADA  KEINETTE. 

Basin  abrupt,  deep,  angular ;    Eye  small,  nearly  closed. 

Cavity  medium,  acute ;  Stem  medium,  inclined. 

Core  wide,  regular,  closed,  clasping;  Seeds  plump, 
angular,  dark ;  Flesh,  breaking,  fine  grained,  very  juicy  ; 
Flavor  acid  to  sub-acid,  aromatic,  rich ;  Quality  very  good ; 
Use,  table  and  cooking ;  Season,  December  to  February,  in 
northern  Indiana. 

Culp. 

Origin  Jeiferson  County,  Ohio ;  exhibited  at  the  meet- 
ings of  the  Ohio  Pomological  Society  as  early  as  1855,  by 
S.  B.  Marshall,  of  Massillon,  whose  friend,  S.  Wood,  had 


CLASS    I. FLAT    APPLES. — II.    II. 


481 


cultivated  it  several  years ;  my  specimens  and  trees  are 
from  the  Massillon  nursery. 

Tree  vigorous,  thrifty,  symmetrical,  spreading,  very 
productive,  not  an  early  bearer. 

Fruit  fair,  sound,  large,  somewhat  angular,  oblate,  in- 
clined to  conic,  hangs  well  on  the  tree ;  Surface  smooth, 
green  with  bronze  blush ;  Dots  minute,  with  green  bases. 


Fig.  128.— GULP. 


Basin  narrow,  rather  abrupt,  regular ;  Eye  rather  large, 
closed. 

Cavity  rather  deep,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  long  or  short. 

Core  long"  heart-shaped,  regular,  nearly  closed,  clasping ; 
seeds  numerous,  very  large,  dark  brown;  Flesh  yellowish, 
compact,  crisp,  juicy ;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid,  slightly  per- 
fumed ;  Quality  good ;  excellent  for  cooking,  "  compared 
to  Rhode  Island  Greening;"  Season,  December  until 
April. 

21 


482  DESCRIPTIONS    OP   APPLES. 

Fall    Harvey. 

Origin  Essex  County,  Massachusetts.  Specimen  from 
Zanesville,  Ohio. 

Fruit  large,  oblate,  irregular ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow 
or  pale  yellow ;  Dots  minute,  gray,  distinct. 

Basin  wide,  regular,  leather-craked;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  green  ;  Stem  long  to  medium. 

Core  wide  or  globular,  regular,  closed,  not  meeting  the 
eye;  Seeds  medium, pointed  and  defective;  Flesh  yellow, 
breaking ;  Flavor  rich,  acid  *  Quality  only  good,  but  valu- 
able for  the  kitchen  j  Season,  October. 

Garretson's    Early. 

Origin  supposed  to  be  New  Jersey.  Tree  vigorous ; 
an  early  and  abundant  bearer. 

Fruit  medium,  globular-oblate,  somewhat  angular ;  Sur- 
face smooth,  pale  yellow ;  Dots  whitish. 

Basin  small,  abrupt,  furrowed  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  shallow;    Stem  short,  inclined. 

Flesh  white,  breaking,  tender,  juicy ;  Flavor  pleasant 
sub-acid ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  table ;  Season,  July  and 
August. 

Harris. 

This  variety  was  received  from  North  Carolina,  and 
fruited  for  the  first  time  in  the  North  during  1866.  It 
was  first  described  and  figured,  among  other  new  apples, 
in  the  Horticultural  Annual  for  1867.  In  the  South  it  is 
considered  a  summer  and  fall  variety,  being  in  season  from 
August,  and  continuing  for  a  long  time.  For  speci- 
mens, I  am  indebted  to  Doctor  E.  Taylor,  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  oblate,  angular  ;  Surface  smooth, 
yellow,  faintly  blushed;  Dots  scattered,  minute,  with  rosy 
spots. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  folded  ;  Eye  medium,  rather  open. 

Cavity  deep,  wavy,  clear  yellow  ;  Stem  medium  to  long. 

Core  small,  open,  meeting  the  eye ;  Axis  very  short ; 
Seeds  numerous,  angular;  Flesh  light  yellow,  breaking, 
fine-grained,  juicy;  Flavor  acid  to  sub-acid,  spicy,  agree-^ 


CLASS    I. FLAT   APPLES. II.    II.    I.  483 

able ;  Use  table  and  kitchen ;   Season  October ;  Quality 
good  to  very  good. 


Fig.  129.— HARRIS. 

London     Pippin. 

LADY     WASHINGTON  ? 

Origin  Loudon  County,  Virginia.  Exhibited  before  the 
Ohio  Pomological  Society,  by  Joseph  Sigler,  of  McCon- 
nellsville,  Ohio. 

Fruit  large,  oblate,  conic,  angular ;  Surface  beautiful, 
very  smooth,  waxy  yellow,  handsomely  blushed,  and 
bright  red  spots ;  Dots  scattering,  gray. 

Basin  wide,  regular  or  folded ;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  not  deep,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  medium, 
red. 

Core  heart-shaped,  regular,  closed,  clasping  the  eye; 
Seeds  numerous,  medium ;  Flesh  yellowish,  compact,  ten- 
der, breaking ;  Flavor  rich  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  Quality  very 
good ;  Dessert ;  Season,  December  to  February.  A  fine 
fruit  from  Washington  County,  shown  at  the  same  time 
as  the  Lady  Washington ;  was  thought  to  be  the  same. 


I>KS<'KM'T|ONS    (»K    AJMM.KS. 


Fig.  180.— LOUDON  PIPPIN. 

Ohio    IMppln. 

ERNST'S  APPLB,— • BUCHANAN,  BTO.— SHANNON: 

Wo  owe  our  acquaintance  with  this  fine  largo  fruit  to 
the  late  Mr.  A.  II.  Krnst,  long  President,  of  the  Ohio  IV 
molngieal  Society,  who  furnished  trees  to  Mr.  llobert. 
IJuchamin,  an  enthusiastic,  Poinolo-ist,  of  ( 'incinnat  i.  Hoth 

these  gentlemen  were  too  modest  to  permit  their  names 

to  be  attached  t o  a  fruit    which  they  did  not  original e,  hut, 

which  they  have  aided  to  distribute.     Another  focus  of 

ilistrihiition  \\as  the  orchard  and  nursery  of  \\.  \V.  Todd, 
at  Madison,  Indiana,  and  the  fruit  has  lieen  reeei\  ed  un- 
der the  name  of  Shannon,  from  Doctor  .!.  A.  Dihrell,  of 
Van  P.iiren,  Arkansas.  Origin  I  >ayton,  Ohio,  from  whence 
it  \\  as  procured  personally  l>\  M  r.  Todd,  many  years  a^'o, 
and  the  grafts  set  l»y  him  are  the  oldest  trees  known. 

Tree  healthy,  vigorous,  lar^c,  spreading;  Shoots  stout, 
d.'irk  :  Lea\<'s  lar«j:e. 


CLABS    I. — FLAT   Al'PLES. — II.    II.    II. 


485 


Fruit  large,  often  very  large,  oblate,  somewhat  conic, 
irregular;  Surf-ire  smooth,  green  ish-yellow,  sometimes 
blushed  faintly  near  tlio  base;  Dots  small  gr:iy. 


Fig.  181.— OHIO  PIPPIN. 

Basin  wide,  deep,  folded ;  Eye  large  or  very  large,  open ; 

Segments  short. 

Cavity    wide,  wavy   or   regular,  brown;    Stem   short, 

stout. 

Core  medium  to  largo,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the 
eye;  Seeds  numerous,  medium,  plump,  sometimes  imper- 
li-(-t;  Flesh  yellowish,  breaking,  tender,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid 
to  sub-acid ;  Quality  good  ;  Market  and  kitchen,  too  large 
for  dessert,  Season,  December,  January. 

WcHl«-rn     Hpy. 

Origin  Jeilerson  (bounty,  Ohio.  Tree  healthy  but  me- 
dium growth,  very  productive;  exhibited  by  Joel  Wood. 


486  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

Fruit  large,  roundish-oblate,  uneven  ;  Surface  smooth, 
yellow,  blushed;  Dots  numerous,  minute,  with  white 
bases. 

Basin  abrupt,  uneven ;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  medium,  wavy ;  Stem  short. 

Core  wide,  closed,  not  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, large,  plump ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking ;  Flavor  acid ; 
quality  pretty  good ;  Use,  kitchen,  table ;  Season,  Decem- 
ber, January. 


CLASS    L—  FLAT    APPLES. 
ORDER    II—  IRREGULAR. 

SECTION    2.—  ACID. 
SUB-SECTION    2.—  STRIPED. 

Berry. 

Not  having  enjoyed  an  opportunity  of  examining  this 
fruit,  I  quote  from  my  friend  Chas.  Downing. 

"  Origin  Virginia  or  North  Carolina.  Tree  vigorous, 
upright,  very  productive,  and  a  valuable  market  fruit. 

"  Fruit  rather  above  medium,  obliquely  depressed  ;  Skin 
striped  and  splashed  with  red,  on  greenish-yellow  ground, 
with  large  dots,  having  a  dark  center;  Stem  short,  in  a 
generally  broad,  deep  cavity  ;  Calyx  open  ;  Basin  shallow, 
and  uneven  ;  Flesh  rather  coarse,  juicy,  with  a  pleasant 
sub-acid  flavor  ;  November  to  March." 


For  description  of  this  fruit  I  take  Downing's  quotation 
from  White's  Gardener: 

"  Origin  uncertain  ;  Tree  vigorous,  erect  ;  Fruit  very 
large,  irregular,  roundish  flattened  and  slightly  irregular  ; 
Skin  thick,  yellow,  striped,  and  shaded  with  red,  very  dark 
next  the  sun,  marked  with  a  few  greenish  russet  spots  ; 
Stem  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  in  a  medium  cavity  ; 
Calyx  in  a  large,  irregular  basin  ;  Flesh  white,  and  when 
fully  ripened,  tendfer  and  excellent,  sometimes  indifferent  ; 
November  to  March. 


CLASS   I. — FLAT   APPLES. II.    II.    II. 


487 


Dana,. 

From  Gabriel  Sleath,  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  The  origin 
of  this  pleasant  dessert  apple  is  not  known.  Tree  large, 
productive. 

Fruit  small,  flat,  somewhat  angular ;  Surface  smooth, 
rich  yellow  partially  covered  mixed  red,  distinctly  striped 
carmine;  Dots  pale  fawn  or  yellow;  heavy  white  bloom. 

Basin  shallow,  leather-cracked ;  Eye  small,  long,  closed. 

Cavity  medium,  regular ;  Stem  quite  long,  slender. 

Core  wide,  regular,  open,  clasping;  Seeds  numerous, 
short,  plump,  brown  ;  Flesh  yellow,  very  fine  grained,  very 
juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  sprightly,  agreeable ;  Quality  good 
to  very  good ;  Use,  dessert ;  Season,  August. 

Gravenstein. 

This  fine  European  apple  is  said  to  have  originated  at 
Gravenstein,  Holstein.  It  has  long  been  in  this  country, 
where  it  succeeds  very  well. 

Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  productive ;  Shoots  vigorous  ; 
Leaves  long,  rolled,  showing  the  white  underside. 


Fiff.  132. — GRAVENSTEFNT. 


488  DESCRIPTIONS    OP   APPLES. 

Fruit  large,  globular-oblate,  angular  ;  Surface  smooth, 
yellow,  partially  covered  with  mixed  and  splashed  scarlet  ; 
Dots  rare. 

Basin  medium,  regular;  Eye  small,  closed. 

C.-ivity  deep,  regular  ;  Stem  short. 

Core  regular,  globular,  or  pointed  toward  the  eye,  closed, 
clasping  ;  Seeds  small,  pointed  ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine  grained, 
breaking,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic  ;  Quality  best  ; 
table  and  kitchen  ;  Season,  August,  September. 

Keiser. 

Origin  Jefferson  County,  Ohio^  not  widely  distributed. 
Tree  thrifty,  upright.  The  following  description  was 
made  from  fruit  obtained  of-  my  friend  T.  S.  Humrick- 
house,  of  Coshocton. 

Fruit  full  medium  to  large,  oblate,  uneven  ;  Surface 
smooth,  greenish-yellow,  mixed  and  striped  red;  Dots 
scattered,  minute. 

Basin  wide,  deep,  folded  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  deep  ;  Stem  quite  short. 

Core  very  small,  regular,  closed,  clasping  ;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, short,  plump  ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  fine  grained,  juicy  ; 
Quality  good  to  best  ;  for  table  and  kitchen  ;  Season,  De- 
cember to  January. 


A  first  rate  southern  fruit.  Tree  thrifty,  and  very  pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit  medium,  oblate,  slightly  conic,  angular  ;  skin  yel- 
lowish, striped  and  mostly  shaded  with  red,  .thickly 
sprinkled  with  whitish  and  bronze  dots  ;  Stem  short  and 
small,  inserted  in  a  broad  cavity  surrounded  by  russet  ; 
•Calyx  partially  closed  ;  Basin  slightly  corrugated  ;  Flesh 
yellow,  very  tender,  juicy,  mild  sub  acid,  excellent,  highly 
prized  in  Georgia  and  the  South  ;  October  and  Novem- 
ber. Carter  of  Alabama  may  prove  the  same."  —  [C. 
Downing.] 

Melon. 

Origin  East  Bloomfield,  New  York.  Tree  sufficiently 
vigorous,  spreading,  round-headed. 


CLASS   I. — FLAT   APPLES. — II.    II.    II.  489 

Fruit  large,  oblate,  somewhat  conical,  angular  ;  Surface 
smooth,  waxen  yellow,  nearly  covered  with  marbled  and 
mixed  scarlet,  striped  distinctly  with  darker  shade  ;  Dots 
minute. 

Basin,  wide,  medium  depth ;  Eye  medium,  open. 


Fig.  133.— MELON. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy,  green  and  brown ;  Stem  me- 
dium. 

Core  regular,  heart-shaped,  wide,  partially  open,  clasp- 
ing ;  •  Seeds  numerous,  medium,  angular ;  Flesh  yellow,  ten- 
der, fine  grained,  juicy;  Flavor  acid,  sub-acid,  aromatic, 
rich  ;  Quality  almost  best ;  Use,  table,  market  and  kitchen ; 
Season,  November  to  January. 

IMLnstei*. 

This  very  nice  apple  was  introduced  to  my  attention  by 
my  very  good  friend  Calvin  Fletcher,  Jr.,  of  Indianapolis, 
in  which  neighborhood  it  grows.  Its  origin  and  history 
are  unknown,  nor  do  any  satisfactory  responses  come  to 
the  oft-repeated  question — What  is  this  delicious  apple  ? 

Fruit  large,  oblate,  angular ;  Surface  yellow,  mostly 
21* 


490 


DESCRIPTIONS    OP   APPLES. 


covered  with  mixed  red  and  splashes  of  crimeon ;  Dots 
scattering,  large,  yellow  and  gray. 

Basin  moderately  deep,  folded ;  Eye  medium,  open. 

Cavity  medium,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  medium  to  short. 

Core  small,  closed ;  Seeds  plump,  dark ;  Flesh  yellow, 
fine-grained,  tender,  juicy;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic; 
Quality  best  for  dessert ;  Season,  August  and  September. 

Pennsylvania    "Winesap. — [Local  Name.] 

Origin  unknown ;  Grown  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana. 
,  Fruit  large,  conical-oblate,  truncated,  angular. 

Surface  smooth,  yellow,  blushed,  very  little  splashed ; 
Dots  scattered,  minute. 

Basin  medium,  folded,  wavy ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  medium,  wavy ;  Stem  medium  or  short,  stout, 
fleshy. 

Core  regular,  closed ;  Seeds  few,  plump  ;  Flesh  yellow- 
ish-white, tender,  fine-grained,  juicy;  Flavor  sub-acid; 
Quality  good ;  Use,  table ;  Season,  December,  January. 

Wag-en  er. 

This  beautiful  and  useful  apple  originated  at  Penn  Yan, 


Fig.  134.— WAGENER. 


CLASS   I. FLAT  APPLES. II.    II.    HI.  491 

Yates  County,  New  York ;  was  described  and  figured  in 
the  Transactions  of  the  State  Agricultural  Society. 

Tree  thrifty,  upright,  productive,  and  very  early  bearer. 

Fruit  large,  oblate  or  globular- oblate,  pentangular;  Sur- 
face very  smooth,  yellow,  well  covered  with  mixed  bright 
red,  stripes  not  distinct ;  Dots  scattered,  yellow. 

Basin  wide,  abrupt,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  regular,  brown ;  Stem  medium,  green. 

Core  regular,  wide,  heart-shaped,  closed,  meeting  the 
eye ;  Seeds  numerous,  large,  angular ;  Flesh  yellowish- white, 
tender,  fine-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid ;  Quality 
good ;  Uses,  market,  table  and  kitchen ;  Season,  Novem- 
ber and  December. 


CLASS    I.— FLAT    APPLES. 
ORDER    IL— IRREGULAR. 

SECTION    2.— ACID. 
SUB-SECTION    3.— RUSSET. 
Cranberry    Russet. 

This  apple  was  introduced  to  the  notice  of  the  Ohio  Po- 
mologicai  Society  by  its  Yice-President,  J.  Austin  Scott, 
of  Toledo,  Ohio. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  oblate,  flattened  at  the  sides,  ir- 
regular ;  Surface  rough,  russeted,  blushed  carmine,  uneven ; 
Dots  numerous,  large,  gray,  prominent. 

Basin  shallow,  uneven ;  Eye  small,  partially  open. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  green ;  Stem  long,  slender,  knobby. 

Core  wide,  regular,  closed ;  Seeds  long,  angular,  brown ; 
Flesh  breaking,  tender,  not  very  juicy ;  Flavor  quite  acid; 
Quality  second  rate,  but  said  to  be  superior  for  cooking ; 
Season,  November  and  December. 

RoxlMiry    Russet. 

BOSTON  KUSSET.— PUTNAM  KUSSBT. 

This  standard  apple  is  perhaps  as  widely  known  and  as 
much  admired  as  any  other  in  the  catalogue.  It  was 


402 


DKSOKIITIONS    OK    AIM'LKS. 


brought  to  the  West  by  different  routes — by  the  Ohio 
River  and  by  the  lakes — and  hns  been  universally  dist  ril)- 
uted.  Those  brought  to  the  mouth  of  the  Muskingum 
River,  an<l  propagated  by  Mr.  Putnam,  had  the  name 
changed  to  that  ot  the  Marietta  and  the  Putnam  Russet; 
:in<l  at,  the  sa.me  lim<'  the  :ippear:inre  of  the  fruit,  was  so 
altered  by  increase  in  the  russeting,  that  it  was  long 
thought  to  be  a  different  variety,  until  the  question  was 
at  length  settled  by  interchange  of  grafts ;  and  when 
these  fruited  the  identity  was  proved. 

It  is  claimed  that  more  money  has  been  realized  from 
thin  than    from    any  other  variety,  though,  on  the   Ohio 


Fig.  185.— ROXBURY  RUSSET. 

River,  the  Rome  Beauty  is  considered  to  be  equally  prof- 
itable. The  popularity  of  this  Russet  is  on  the  wane, 
however,  as  it  is  very  subject  to  attacks  of  the  Codling- 
moth,  which  makes  it  fall,  and  because  it  is  apt  to  ripen 
too  early  in  the  season  in  southern  locations  and  on  lime- 
stone soils.  Hence  its  value  as  a  keeping  apple  is  diminished. 
Tree  robust,  vigorous,  spreading;  Shoots  stout,  strag- 
gling, dark;  Foliage  gray-green. 

large,  oblate,  often  lop-sided  at   the  West,  fre- 


CLASS   I. FLAT   APPLES. II.    II.    IIL  493 

quently  angular,  sometimes  conic  and  truncated ;  Surface 
overspread  with  heavy  brown  russet  in  the  South,  but 
green,  often  bronzed,  and  with  partial  light  russet  at  the 
north  of  latitude  41° ;  Dots  minute,  scattered. 

Basin  regular  or  wavy,  green,  often  folded ;  Eye  me- 
dium, closed. 

Cavity  regular,  pointed ;  Stem  medium,  curved. 

Core  regular,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous,  angular, 
imperfect ;  Flesh  greenish-yellow,  breaking,  granular,  often 
coarse,  juicy ;  Flavor  decidedly  acid ;  Quality  second  rate  ; 
Use,  market  and  cooking ;  Season,  November  to  January ; 
a  better  keeper  in  the  North. 

Whitney    Russet. 

Of  uncertain  or  accidental  origin  in  the  extensive  nur- 
series and  orchards  of  my  friend  A.  R.  Whitney,  of 
Franklin  Grove,  Lee  County,  Illinois,  where  my  specimens 
and  trees  were  procured. 

Fruit  medium  or  small,  roundish-oblate,  truncated,  an- 


Figg.  136. — WHITNEY  RUSSET. 

gular ;    Surface  smooth,  yellow,  rather   thinly  russeted ; 
Dots  minute,  prominent. 

Basin  abrupt,  regular,  green ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  deep,  wavy ;  Stem  medium  to  long,  slender. 


494 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Core  medium,  regular,  heart-shaped,  rarely  open,  meet- 
ing the  eye  ;  Seeds  very  numerous,  medium,  plump ;  Flesh 
greenish-yellow,  breaking,  very  fine-grained,  juicy  ;  Flavor 
sub-acid,  aromatic,  rich,  spicy ;  Quality  best ;  especially  a 
dessert  apple ;  Season,  December  to  February. 


CLASS    H.— CONICAL    APPLES. 
ORDER    I.— REGULAR. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 
SUfc-SECTION    1.— SELF-COLORED. 

JLjir;»-«*     Bongll. 
LARGE   YELLOW  BOUGH,   ETC. 

A  native  fruit,  much  admired  as  an  early  sweet  apple. 
Tree  vigorous,  compact  head,  rather  productive. 


Fig.  137.— LARGE  BOUGH. 


CLASS  II. CONICAL  APPLES. 1.  I.  I. 


495 


Fruit  round-conic,  regular,  very  light ;  Surface  smooth, 
white  or  pale  yellow ;  Dots  minute,  dark,  indented,  few. 

Basin  rather  shallow,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  regular,  deep,  sometimes  brown;  Stem 
medium. 

Core  regular,  nearly  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  medium, 
dark ;  Flesh  white,  very  soft,  light,  juicy ;  Flavor  very 
sweet  when  ripe,  somewhat  bitter  when  green ;  Quality 
only  good — by  some  called  best;  Use,  market,  stock  and 
dessert — tasteless  when  cooked ;  Season,  July  and  August. 

Fallawater. 

TULPEHOCKEN,   ETC. 

A  native  of  Pennsylvania,  where  it  is  a  great  favorite ; 
extensively  cultivated  through  the  West. 


Fig.  138. — FALLAWATER. 

This  is  essentially  a  market  apple,  having  little  to  rec- 
ommend it  but  its  size,  appearance  and  productiveness. 


496 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Tree  very  vigorous,  spreading,  productive,  not  long- 
lived  ;  Shoots  very  stout,  dark  ;  Leaves  large. 

Fruit  large,  round  or  oblate-conic,  regular ;  Surface 
sometimes  smooth,  greenish-yellow,  often  blushed  crim- 
son— large  specimens  covered  with  whitish  veined  marks ; 
Dots  numerous,  gray,  large,  and  having  whitish  bases. 

Basin  rather  deep,  regular ;  Eye  large,  open. 

Cavity  deep,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  short,  stout. 

Core  medium,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, angular;  Flesh  whitish,  often  greenish-white,  light, 
tender,  juicy ;  Flavor  very  mild  sub-acid,  or  sweet,  with 
little  character;  Quality  scarcely  good;  TJse,  market  and 
stock ;  Season,,  November,  December,  and  may  be  kept 
longer  if  desired. 

Michael    Henry. 

MICHAEL   HENRY  PIPPIN. — [Coxe.] 

Origin-  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey.     Extensively 


Fig.  139.— MICHAEL  HENRY. 


CLASS   II. CONICAL   APPLES. — I.    I.    I. 


497 


cultivated  in  the  Western  States,  where  it  has  many  ad- 
mirers. 

Tree  vigorous,  not  large,  spreading,  very  productive, 
early  bearer ;  Shoots  dark,  foliage  medium  and  healthy. 

Fruit  fair,  medium  to  large,  conic,  regular;  Surface 
smooth,  dull  green,  whitish  stripes,  pale  yellow  when  ripe, 
rarely  a  faint  blush ;  Dots  scattered,  prominent. 

Basin  abrupt,  or  shallow,  regular ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  brown ;  Stem  short  to  medium. 

Core  regular,  heart-shaped,  clasping,  closed ;  Seeds  nu- 
merous, plump,  black ;  Flesh  pale  yellow,  breaking,  tender, 
light,  juicy;  Flavor  sweet,  slightly  aromatic,  little  char- 
acter ;  Quality  good ;  Use,  market,  kitchen ;  Season,  De- 
cember and  January  ;  keeps  well. 

Premium    of    1858. 

Found  in  a  seedling  orchard  near  Springfield,  Ohio,  and 
awarded  the  premium  in  1858. 


Fi«T.  140.— PKEMIUM   OF   1858. 


498 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Fruit  medium,  roundish-conic,  regular ;  Surface  smooth, 
pale  yellow;  Dots  numerous,  minute,  white. 

Basin  shallow,  regular,  folded  ;  Eye  large,  closed  or  open. 

Cavity  wide,  shallow,  regular;    Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  rather  large,  regular,  open,  meeting  the  eye  ;  Seeds 
numerous,  angular;  Flesh  yellow,  fine  grained,  tender; 
Flavor  very  sweet,  rich ;  Quality  very  good ;  Use,  baking 
and  stock ;  Season,  October  to  December. 

Shockley. 

Origin  Jackson  County,  Georgia.  This  long-keeper 
from  the  South  promises  to  be  an  acquisition  of  value  for 

market  orchards, 
unless  its  small  size 
may  make  an  ob- 
jection. 

Tree  vigorous, 
very  productive. 

Fruit  medium  to 
small,  conic,  trun- 
cated,regular;  Sur- 
face very  smooth, 
waxen  yellow,mar- 
bled  or  blushed 
scarlet  and  crim- 
son ;  Dots  scatter- 
ed, minute,  gray. 

Bas'n  shallow, 
plaited;  Eye  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  acute, 
deep,  regular; 
Stem  slender,  long. 

Core  long  heart- 


Fig.  141.— SHOCKLET. 


shaped,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  numerous,  plump, 
dark;  Flesh  yellow,  fine  grained ;  Flavor  mildly  sub-acid, 
rich,  saccharine,  agreeable ;  Quality  very  good ;  Use,  des- 
sert ;  Season,  March  to  June ;  a  good  keeper. 


Sweet    I*eav. 


The  origin  of  this  fruit  is  uncertain ;  the  specimens  were 
obtained  in  the  orchard  of  H.  P.  Kimball,  and  his  father- 


CLASS  II. CONICAL  APPLES. 1.  I.  I. 


499 


in-law,  Dr.  George  Haskell — zealous  pomologists  at  Rock- 
ford,  Illinois. 

Fruit  medium,  to  large,  round,  somewhat  conic,  regular ; 
Surface  smooth,  yellowish-green,  blushed ;  Dots  numer- 
ous, minute,  gray,  indented ;  red  spots. 

Basin  quite  shallow,  plaited ;  Eye  small,  but  long,  closed. 


Fig.  142. — SWEET  PEAK. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy,  green  ;  Stem  long,  rather 
slender,  green. 

Core  small,  round,  somewhat  open,  clasping  the  eye; 
Seeds  numerous,  medium,  pointed ;  Flesh  greenish- white, 
breaking,  fine  grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sweet,  aromatic ; 
Quality  good  to  best ;  Use,  table ;  Season,  October. 

Victuals    and    Drink. 

GREEN   SWEET   OF   INDIANA. — POMPEY. — FAX.L   GREEN   SWEET. 

This  old  variety  has  met  with  great  favor  in  its  western 
home,  though  not  esteemed  or  much  cultivated  in  the 


500 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Eastern  States,  unless  about  Newark,  New  Jersey,  where 
it  originated  about  1750,  according  to  Downing. 

Tree  spreading,  large ;  Branches  twiggy,  slender,  mod- 
erately productive. 

*  Fruit  large,  conical, regular,  but  uneven;  Surface  some- 
what rough,  dull  green  to  dull  yellow,  often  veined  rus- 
set ;  Dots  numerous,  minute. 

Basin  medium,  sometimes  abrupt,  regular  or  folded ; 
Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  green;  Stem  short. 

Core  small,  regular,  oval,  clasping,  closed ;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, angular,  imperfect,  dark ;  Flesh  greenish-white  or  yel- 
lowish, very  tender,  fine-grained,  light ;  Flavor  very  sweet, 
very  rich ;  Quality  best ;  Use,  baking,  table  and  stock ; 
Season,  September  and  October — in  the  North  later,  but  is 
not  a  housing  apple. 


Fig.  143. — VICTUALS  AND  DRINK. 

Yirgrinia    June. 

Presented  by  W.  P.  Putnam,  of  Ohio,  as  brought  from 
Adams  County,  Mississippi 


CLASS    II. CONICAL    APPLES. 1.    I.    I. 


501 


Fruit  medium  to  large,  oblate-conical,  regular  ;  Surface 
greenish-yellow ;  Dots  scattered,  prominent. 

Basin  medium,  regular,  abrupt ;  Eye  medium,  open. 
Cavity  very  wide,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  very  short. 


Fig.  144. — VIRGINIA  JUNE 

Core  heart-shaped,  regular,  meeting  the  eye,  closed ; 
Seeds  numerous,  pointed ;  Flesh  yellow;  Flavor  rich,  sweet ; 
Quality  good ;  September  to  October,  in  Ohio. 

This  may  prove  to  be  some  known  variety,  but  it  has 
not  yet  been  recognized. 

The  Virginia  June,  grown  in  Kentucky  and  Indiana,  is 
quite  different,  being  round,  striped  and  sub-acid.  It  is 
esteemed,  where  known,  as  a  household  apple,  but  be- 
comes rather  dry. 


502 


DESCRIPTIONS    OP    APPLES. 

CLASS    II.—  CONICAL    APPLES. 
ORDER    .1—  REGULAR. 

SECTION    1.—  SWEET. 
SUB-SECTION    2.—  STRIPED. 


Kentucky 

This  is  an  apple  of  Kentucky  or  southern  origin,  found 
in  many  parts  of  the  western  country  among  the  emi- 
grants from  Dixie  Land,  with  whom  it  is  a  great  favorite 
on  account  of  abundant  fruitage  and  rich  sweetness. 

Specimens,  under  name,  were  received  from  the  intelli- 
gent southern  pomologist,  J.  S.  Downer,  of  Fairview,  Ken- 
tucky, also  from  J.  W.  Dodge,  of  Pomona,  Tennesseej 


Fig.  145.— KENTUCKY  SWEET. 

from  which  the  description  and  drawing  are  taken.  It  has 
also  been  seen  frequently  in  Southern  Illinois. 

Fruit  medium,  conic,  regular ;  Surface  smooth,  deep  red, 
stripes  obscured  and  scarcely  visible,  the  yellow  ground 
color  rarely  seen ;  Dots  scattered,  large,  yellow. 

Basin  regular,  narrow,  not  deep,  leather-cracked ;  Eye 
medium,  long,  open ;  Segments  short. 


CLASS    II. CONICAL    APPLES. 1.    I.    II. 


503 


Cavity  acute,  not  deep,  brown  ;  Stem  short  to  medium. 

Core  oval,  regular,  not  meeting  the  eye,  somewat  open  ; 
Seeds  numerous,  large  and  imperfect,  brown  ;  Flesh  yellow, 
tender,  fine-grained,  juicy  ;  Flavor  very  sweet,  rich,  slight- 
ly perfumed  ;  Quality  very  good  to  best  ;  Use,  baking,  mar- 
ket and  stock  ;  Season  November  to  January.  Keeps  well. 


BLAIR.  —  (Rarely.) 

This  is  another  little  southern  favorite,  to  be  found  by 
almost  every  cabin  in  parts  of  the  West.  Whole  orchards. 
have  been  planted  with  sprouts  from  the  mother  trees, 
among  the  people  to  whom  the  art  of  grafting  was  an  un- 


Fig.  146.—  MIL  AM? 

heard  of  mystery.  Now  distributed  by  nurserymen  all 
over  the  country. 

Tree  moderately  vigorous,  round-headed,  twiggy;  shoots 
reddish  ;  foliage  rather  dark.  Annually  productive  and 
an  early  bearer. 

Fruit  small  to  medium,  conical,  regular ;  Surface  smooth, 
yellow,  covered  with  marbled  red,  indistinct  stripes ;  Dots 
small,  gray,  scattered,  prominent. 


504  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

Basin  narrow,  wavy,  leather-cracked ;  Eye  medium, 
closed. 

Cavity  regular,  acute,  brown  ;  Stem  lonq;. 

Core  ovate,  covering  the  eye,  closed ;  Seeds  numerous, 
some  imperfect ;  Flesh  white,  tender,  crisp,  juicy ;  Flavor 
mild  sub-acid  or  sweet,  agreeable  and  refreshing,  but  with- 
out any  decided  character;  Quality  good;  Use, dessert, in 
cooking  it  lacks  flavor ;  Season,  December,  January. 


CLASS    II— CONICAL    APPLES. 
ORDER    I.— REGULAR 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 
SUB-SECTION    3.— RUSSET. 

Pumpkin    Sweet. 

SWEET  KUSSET,   of  Ohio. 

Fruit  was  exhibited  at  the  Ohio  State  Fair  at  Zanesville. 

Fruit  large,  regular,  roundish,  conical;  Surface  dull 
green,  covered  with  a  rough  coat  of  russet. 

Basin  medium,  regular ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  narrow,  regular ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  medium,  regular ;  Seeds  numerous,  small,  plump ; 
Flesh  spongy,  light ;  Flavor  sweet ;  Quality  scarcely  good'; 
Use,  baking,  stock ;  Season,  autumn. 

This  apple  has  never  commended  itself  very  highly  to 
my  notice  in  the  limited  opportunities  I  have  had  for  its 
examination,  but  it  is  esteemed  in  some  parts  of  the  coun- 
try for  baking  and  for  stock-feeding. 

CLASS    II.— CONICAL    APPLEa 
ORDER    I.— REGULAR. 

SECTION    2.— SOUR. 
SUB-SECTION    1.— SELF-COLORED. 

August    Tart. 

Origin  unknown.  Specimens  procured  from  Marietta, 
Ohio. 


CLASS  II. CONICAL  APPLES. 1.  II.  I. 


505 


Fruit  medium  to  large,  regular,  conical,  truncated  ;  Sur- 
face smooth,  yellow-green;  Dots  numerous,  large^ellow. 

Basin  medium,  wavy  or  folded ;  Eye  medium  or  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  long,  slender. 


Fig.  147.— AUGUST  TART. 

Core  medium,  regular,  closed,  clasping;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, pointed ;  Flesh  greenish-yellow,  breaking;  Flavor  acid ; 
Quality  poor,  except  for  cooking ;  Season  August. 

Democrat. 

Origin  unknown.  Specimens  obtained  from  George 
Powers,  of  Perry sburgh,  Ohio. 

Fruit  medium,  handsome,  roundish-conic,  regular ;  Sur- 
face yellow,  blushed  scarlet ;  Dots  minute,  indented. 

Basin  shallow,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  rather  deep,  very  acute ;  Stem  medium  to  short, 
slender. 

22 


506 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES, 


Core  heart-shaped,  rather  open,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 
large;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aro- 
matic, rich ;  Quality  good  to  very  good ;  Use  dessert ;  Sea- 
son October  to  December. 

Holland    Pippin. 

There  is  a  strange  confusion  existing  in  some  of  the 
books,  by  which  this  fruit  has  been  associated  with  the 
Fall  Pippin.  The  Holland,  as  grown  in  Western  New 
York,  and  through  the  West,  as  derived  from  the  former 
State,  is  entirely  different  ;  and  as  that  is  extensively 
known,  its  description  is  here  given,  that  it  may  be  com- 
pared with  the  other,  which  belongs  to  a  different  class. 


Fig.  148. — HOLLAND  PIPPIN. 

Fruit  large,  regular,  conic,  rather  oblate ;  Surface  dull 
yellowish-green,  rarely  bronzed ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  narrow,  medium  depth,  regular;  Eye  medium, 
closed. 

Cavity  medium,  acute,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  medium 
to  long. 

Core  medium,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 
numerous,  sometimes  imperfect ;  Flesh  yellowish- white  or 


CLASS    II. — CONICAL    APPLES. 1.    II.    I. 


507 


greenish-white,  breaking,  coarse-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor 
quite  acid,  not  rich,  not  agreeable  ;  Quality  only  fair ;  Use 
cooking  only;  Season,  October  to  December  at  the  North. 
Not  seen  in  the  southern  counties  of  the  States  north  of 
the  Ohio  River. 

middle. 

A  comparatively  new  fruit,  from  Herkimer  County, 
New  York,  found  in  a  division  fence  between  two  neigh- 
bors; hence  its  name.  Considerably  cultivated  in  the 


Fig.  149. — MIDDLE. 

neighborhood,  where  it  is  highly  esteemed.  Introduced 
into  Ohio  by  Mr.  John  Ludlow,  of  Springfield,  in  1854, 
and  propagated  at  the  Oakland  Nurseries  near  by. 

Tree  thrifty  and  productive. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  conical  or  oblate-conic,  regular ; 
Surface  rather  smooth,  green  to  pale  greenish -yellow  ; 
Dots  small,  irregular,  rather  abundant,  gray,  somewhat 
prominent. 

Basin  shallow,  nearly  regular,  russeted,  like  Rhode  Isl- 
and Greening ;  Eye  small,  closed. 


508 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Cavity  acute,  sometimes  lipped,  wavy ;  Stem  long,  slen- 
der. 

Core  small,  oval,  regular,  closed,  just  meeting  the  eye; 
Seeds  small,  very  light  colored  ;  Flesh  greenish-yellow, 
breaking,  fine  grained,  tender,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich, 
aromatic, ;  Quality  nearly  first  rate  ;  Use  dessert ;  Season 
December  and  January,  but  is  said  to  keep  until  May  in 
New  York. 

White  Winter   Pesirmsiiii. 

This  favorite  fruit  was  brought  to  Indiana  by  some  of 
the  early  pomologists,  in  the  daya  of  saddle-bag  transpor- 


Fig.  150. — WHITE  WINTER  PEARMAIN. 

tation.  In  a  lot  of  grafts,  two  varieties,  having  lost  their 
labels,  were  propagated  and  fruited  without  name.  -Being 
considered  Pearmnin-shaped,  they  were  called  respectively 
Red  and  White  Winter  Pearmains.  The  former  proved 
to  be  the  Esopus  Spitzenberg ;  the  latter  has  never  yet  been 
identified,  though  believed  to  be  an  old  eastern  variety. 
Mr.  Downing  suggests  that  it  may  be  Winter  Harvey,  a 


CLASS  II. CONICAL  APPLES. L  II.  I.        509 

description  of  which  I  have  not  seen.  At  one  time  this 
apple  was  confounded  with  the  Michael  Henry  by  many 
of  us,  and  Mr.  Elliott  gives  it  as  a  synonym  of  that  va- 
riety, but  they  are*  very  distinct. 

Tree  spreading,  vigorous,  productive,  the  bark  often 
marked  by  a  kind  of  canker  or  crack.  Foliage  large, 
rather  light  green. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  handsome  when  fair,  but  often 
scabby  on  rich  limestone  soils  and  on  old  trees,  conical, 
regular,  sometimes  obscurely  angular;  Surface  smooth, 
yellow,  often  bronzy;  Dots  scattered,  small,  dark. 

Basin  abrupt,  regular  or  shallow  and  folded ;  Eye  me- 
dium, closed. 

Cavity  acute,  wavy,  brown ;  Stem  medium  to  long,  of- 
ten knobby  and  clubbed. 

Core  regular,  closed,  slightly  clasping  the  eye;  Seeds 
few,  pointed,  pale  or  yellow ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine  grained, 
tender,  crisp,  juicy;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid,  very  rich; 
Quality  best;  Uses  table,  kitchen,  market;  Season  De- 
cember to  March. 

Woolfolks. 

This  is  supposed  to  be  a  Kentucky  seedling.  It  was  re- 
ceived from  my  friend  Ormsby  Hite,  of  Louisville. 

Fruit  full,  medium,  truncated,  regular;  Surface  very 
smooth,  yellow-green  ;  Dots  scattered,  gray,  white  bases. 

Basin  medium,  wavy,  plaited ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  acute,  wavy,  brown ;  Stem  short,  green. 

Core  small,  heart-shaped,  regular,  closed,  clasping;  Seeds 
pointed,  angular,  dark ;  Flesh  white,  tender,  breaking, 
juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  table,  kitch- 
en; Season,  December  to  March. 


510  DESCRIPTIONS   OF   APPLES 

CLASS    II— CONICAL    APPLES. 
ORDER    I— REGULAR. 

SECTION    2.— SOUR. 

SUB-SECTION    2.— STRIPED. 

Alexander. 

This  Russian  apple,  so  much  admired  for  its  size  and 
beauty,  is  not  a  favorite  in  the  orchard,  though  some  per- 
sons have  found  it  profitable  in  the  markets. 

Tree  medium  size,  spreading,  moderately  productive, 
early  bearer. 

Fruit  large  to  very  large,  fair  and  handsome,  conical, 
truncated,  sometimes  obscurely  angular ;  Surface  smooth, 
pale  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  distinctly  bright  red, 
sometimes  shaded  mixed  red ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  medium,  regular ;  Eye  small,  long,  closed. 

Cavity  rather  deep,  narrow,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  me- 
dium to  short,  stout. 

Core  wide,  regular,  nearly  closed,  clasping ;  Axis  short ; 
Seeds  large ;  Flesh  whitish,  breaking,  not  fine  grained, 
juicy  ;  Flavor  acid,  not  rich ;  Quality  scarcely  good,  ex- 
cept for  cooking ;  Season,  August  and  September.  Fruit 
falls  badly  from  the  tree. 

Cayuga    Red    Streak. 

TWENTY   OUNCE,   ETC. 

I  have  preferred  to  adopt  the  above  name  for  this  old 
Connecticut  apple,  to  avoid  the  confusion  arising  from 
another  and  very  indifferent  fruit  that  is  still  considerably 
cultivated  upon  the  same  parallels  with  this,  and  known 
as  the  Twenty  Ounce  Pippin. 

The  Cayuga  is  a  very  great  favorite  as  a  market  and 
family  fruit  in  many  parts  of  the  country  north  of  latitude 
40° — being  large,  handsome  and  productive. 

Tree  thrifty,  healthy,  early  productive,  round-headed, 
twiggy  ;  Shoots  medium  or  slender,  reddish  brown,  leaves 
large. 

Fruit  large  to  very  large,  regular,  globular-conic ;  Sur- 
face generally  smooth,  yellow-green,  nearly  covered  with 
mixed  red,  striped  and  splashed  scarlet ;  Dots  minute, 
scattered. 

Basin  regular,  abrupt ;  Eye  small,  closed ;  Calyx  long. 


CLASS    II. CONICAL    APPLES. 1.    II.    II.  511 

Cavity  wide,  folded,  brown  ;  Stem  short. 

Core  wide,  large,  irregular,  open,  meeting  or  slightly 
clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds  numerous,  short,  plump,  pale ; 
Flesh  whitish,  breaking,  granular,  juicy ;  Flavor  sour,  not 


Fig.  151. — CAYTTGA  RED   STREAK. 

rich  ;  Quality  good,  only  for  its  special  uses,  market,  cook- 
ing and  drying;  Season,  October  to  December. 

Clarice's     Pearmain. 

Origin  North  Carolina.  Specimens  from  W.  S.  West- 
brook.  Tree  grows  slowly,  but  very  productive. 

Fruit  medium,  roundish-conic,  truncated ;  Surface  yel- 
low, covered  bright  red  and  bronzed  •  Dots  numerous, 
large,  yellow. 


512  -  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

Basin  abrupt,  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed ;  Segments  short, 
reflexed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  sometimes  lipped ;  Stem  long,  red. 

Core  small,  pyriform,  regular,  closed,  scarcely  clasping  ; 
Seeds,  some  imperfect;  Flesh  greenish-yellow,  fine  grain- 


Fig.  152.— CLARKE'S  PEAKMAIN. 

ed ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich ;  Quality  good  to  very   good ; 
Use  dessert  and  kitchen ;  Season  December. 

Clayton. 

Believed  to  have  originated  in  Central  Indiana.  Brought 
to  my  notice  by  Z.  S.  Ragan,  of  Clayton,  Indiana ;  also 
exhibited  by  the  Plainfield  Horticultural  Society  at  the 
meetings  of  the  State  Horticultural  Society. 

Fruit  large,  conical,  flattened,  regular ;  Surface  smooth, 
greenish-yellow,  covered  with  dull  red,  striped  and  splash- 
ed darker ;  Dots  minute,  scattered. 

Basin  narrow,  abrupt,  regular ;  Eye  small,  long,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  acute,  deep,  wavy,  green ;  Stem  medium, 
stout. 

Core  wide,  regular,  open,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous, 
plump,  angular,  short,  dark;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  not 


CLASS   II. CONICAL  APPLES. 1.    A.    II. 


513 


fine  grained;  Flavor  sub-acid-,  Quality  good;  Use,  kitchen 
and  market ;  Season,  all  winter  until  March. 


Fig.  153.— CLAYTON. 

Cooper's    Market. 

COOPER'S  KEDLING. 

"  Fruit  medium,  oblong-conic ;  Skin  yellowish,  shaded 
with  red,  and  striped  with  crimson ;  Stem  short,  cavity 
deep,  narrow ;  Calyx  closed,  basin  small ;  Flesh  white, 
tender,  with  a  brisk  sub-acid  flavor ;  December  to  May." — 
(Downing.) 

Early    Joe. 

This  delicious  summer  apple  originated  in  Ontario  Coun- 
ty, New  York ;  Tree  moderately  vigorous,  bushy  when 
young,  early  bearer,  very  productive. 
22* 


514  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

Fruit  small  to  medium,  flat-conic,  regular ;  Surface  yel- 
low or  waxen,  mixed  red,  splashed  carmine ;  Dots  minute, 
with  yellow  bases. 

Basin  abrupt,  regular;  Eye  medium, long,  closed;  Seg- 
ments reflexed. 

Cavity  wide,  acute,  wavy,  green  ;    Stem  medium,  thick. 

Core  wide,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  plump,  brown  ;  Flesh 
light  vellow,  breaking,  very^  fine  grained,  juicy ;  Flavor 
sub-acid,  aromatic,  spicy,  rich,  very  satisfying;  Quality 
best ;  Use,  dessert  only ;  Season,  July. 

Early    Strawl>erry. 

AMERICAN   BED   JUNEATING. 

Origin  New  York ;  Tree  thrifty,  very  upright,  while 
young,  spreading  and  large  when  older ;  Shoots  dark  col- 


Fig.  154. — EARLY  STRAWBERRY. 

ored ;    Foliage  abundant  on  long  stems,  bright  green,  al- 
most shining,  rather  narrow,  long,  erect. 

Fruit  small  to    medium,    round-conic,  regular  or  rarely 
angular ;  Surface  smooth,  often  shining,  yellow,  mostly  cov- 


CLASS  II. CONICAL  APPLES. — I.  II.  H.        515 

ered  with  mixed  red,  striped  crimson ;  Dots  rare,  very- 
minute  ;  Surface  sticky  or  "  greasy  "  when  house-ripened. 

Basin  shallow,  folded  or  plaited ;  Eye  medium,  long ; 
Segments  reflexed. 

Cavity  medium,  regular;  Stem  long,  rather  slender, 
sometimes  short,  knobby. 

Core  regular,  closed,  not  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  nu- 
merous, broad,  plump  ;  Flesh  whitish-yellow,  breaking,  fine 
grained,  juicy;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic;  Quality  good 
to  very  good ;  Use,  dessert,  market ;  Season,  July  and 
August. 

Family. 

This  new  southern  variety  is  not  yet  sufficiently  known 
to  enable  me  to  give  a  full  description.  My  trees  have 
not  borne. 

Fruit  medium,  conic,  striped  red ;  Season,  July  and 
August. 

"Flushing-    Spitzenbergf. 

As  some  doubt  has  existed  in  the  minds  of  many  pomol- 
ogists  in  respect  to  this  variety,  and  as  many  have  had 
this  name  applied  to  the  Baltimore  of  Elliott,  I  quote  that 
author's  description : 

"  American.  Tree  vigorous,  strong  brown  shoots  ;  Fruit 
medium,  roundish,  slightly  conical,  greenish-yellow,  mostly 
covered  with  warm  yellowish-red;  russet  dots,  with  suffused 
fawn  shade  surrounding  ;  Stem  slender  ;  Cavity  narrow ; 
Calyx  small;  Basin  shallow;  Core  rather  large;  Flesh 
white,  tinged  yellow,  juicy,  crisp,  mild,  nearly  sweet ; 
4  very  good.'  "  November  to  February. 

Gabriel. 

LADIES'  BLUSH.— GARDEN  OF  INDIANA. 

This  is  thought  to  be  a  southern  apple,  but  the  origin 
is  unknown.  It  may  yet  prove  to  be  a  known  variety  in 
cultivation. 

Tree  moderately  vigorous,  productive. 

Fruit  medium,  conic,  regular ;  Surface  smooth,  green- 
ish-yellow, mixed  and  striped  pale  red ;  Dots  minute. 


516 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Basin  medium,   regular  ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  regular,  green  ;  Stem  medium,  slender. 

Core  regular,  closed;  Seeds  medium;  Flesh  tender,  fine 
grained,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid  to  sweet,  aromatic;  Qual- 
ity almost  best,  for  dessert  ;  August  and  September,  or 
later. 


This  well  known  southern  apple  is  much  cultivated  in 
many  parts  of  the  West  as  a  long  keeping  winter  variety. 
It  is  a  favorite  with  the  southern  immigrants,  and  found 
most  abundant  in  regions  occupied  by  them,  but  it  has 
been  carried  pretty  far  to  the  north.  The  synonym  James 
Hiver,  as  given  by  Downing,  is  not  met  with  among  the 


Fig.   155. — LIMBERTWIG. 

people  as  applied  to  this  apple,  but  the  "Willow  Twig  is 
often  so  named. 

Tree  thrifty,  exceedingly  productive ;  Shoots  slender 
and  drooping* with  the  heavy  crops. 

Fruit   medium  to  small,  roundish   conic,   regular ;  Sur- 


CLASS   II. CONICAL    APPLES. — I.    II.   II.  517 

face  rather  smooth,  mixed  dull  purplish  red,  on  green, 
stripes  scarcely  to  be  traced  ;  Dots  numerous,  large,  irreg- 
ular, brown. 

Basin  medium,  regular;  Eye  small,  open. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  brown ;  Stem  medium,  curved. 

Core  rather  large,  regular,  turbinate,  closed,  clasping ; 
Seeds  numerous,  small,  plump,  long  ;  Flesh  greenish-yel- 
low, firm ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich,  aromatic ;  Quality  very 
good  ;  Use,  table  and  kitchen ;  Season,  March  and  April. 
Keeps  very  well,  but  wilts  if  exposed  to  the  air — preserv- 
ed very  well  in  the  ground. 

Long*    Island    Seek-no-Further. 

WBSTCHESTER   SEEK-NO  FURTHER. 

This  old  variety  still  has  its  admirers  in  the  Eastern 
States,  but  is  not  often  seen  in  the  West.  I  describe 
specimens  from  Wm.  S.  Carpenter,  of  Westchester  Coun- 
ty, New  York. 

The  tree  is  vigorous  and  productive. 

Fruit  rather  large,  oblate,  conic,  regular ;  Surface  green- 
ish-yellow, splashed  bright  red ;  Dots  numerous,  scattered, 
russet. 

Basin  shallow,  wavy ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  long. 

Core  regular,  closed;  Seeds  pointed,  angular,  imper 
feet;  Flesh  greenish- white,  breaking,  juicy;  Flavor  sub- 
acid,  aromatic ;  Quality  good  to  very  good ;  Use,  table, 
cooking ;  Season,  October,  November. 

Polly    Bright. 

Origin  Virginia.  Considerably  cultivated  in  Eastern 
Ohio. 

"  Fruit  elongated,  conic ;  Skin  light  yellow,  shaded  car- 
mine, obscurely  striped  ;  Stalk  of  medium  length,  in  an 
acute  cavity,  russeted ;  Calyx  in  a  small  furrowed  basin. 
Flesh  tender,  juicy,  with  a  pleasant  sub-acid  flavor;  Sep- 
tember, October." — (Downing.) 

Rawle's  Janet. 

JANETTING  OR  GENETON— NEVER  FAIL— ROCK  RIMMON,   ETC.,  ETO. 

This  famous  southern  apple  has  been  spread  throughout 
the  West,  and  even  the  Northwest  where,  however,  it  has 


518 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


not  proved  hardy.  It  also  has  the  fault  of  over-bearing, 
when  the  fruit  is  often  small  and  insipid.  In  suitable  soils 
it  is  very  fine  and  deservedly  a  favorite  with  planters,  some 
of  whom  recommend  fifty  trees  of  this  variety  in  an  or- 
chard of  one  hundred.  Origin  Virginia. 

Tree  thrifty,  not  large",  spreading ;  Twigs  brownish,  foli- 
age medium,  rather  whitish.  Blossoms  appear  later  than 
other  sorts,  and  thus  they  sometimes  escape  a  spring  frost. 

Fruit  medium,  sometimes  large  when  thinned,  flattened, 


Fig.  156.-KAWLE'S     JANET. 

conic,  regular;  Surface  smooth,  mixed  and  striped  crim- 
son on  yellow  and  green ;  Dots  numerous,  small. 

Basin  wide,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed ;  Segments  re- 
flexed. 

Cavity  acute,  deep,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  long,  curved. 

Core  regular,  heart-shaped,  closed,  clasping ;  "Seeds  nu- 
merous, plump ;  Flesh  yellowish,  crisp,  breaking,  fine 
grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  vinous,  refreshing;  Qua- 
lity good  to  very  good  ;  Use,  dessert,  kitchen,  market  and 
cider ;  Season,  February,  March,  and  later. 


CLASS    II. CONICAL   APPLES. 1.   II  II.  519 

Red     Winter    Pearmain. 

RED   GILLIFLOWER — RED   LADY  FINGER — BUNCOMBE  ?  ETC. 

This  favorite  southern  apple  is  widely  diffused  through 
the  South  and  West,  and  its  good  qualities  have  made  it 
many  admirers.  Origin  uncertain. 

Tree  sufficiently  vigorous,  upright,  productive,  annual 
bearer. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  conic,  regular ;  Surface  smooth, 
deep  red,  almost  purplish  on  yellow,  stripes  nearly  lost  in 
the  depth  of  coloring,  whitish  shading  exteriorly,  not  a 
bloom  ;  Dots  numerous,  minute. 

Basin  regular,  plaited  or  folded ;  Eye  long  or  large, 
open. 

Cavity  acute,  regular,  green ;  Stein  medium  length, 
thick,  knobby. 

Core  medium,  closed,  clasping  ;  Seeds  numerous,  large, 
plump ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor  mild  sub- 
acid,  almost  sweet,  rich,  satisfying ;  Quality  good ;  Use, 
table  and  kitchen ;  Season,  December  and  January. 


Fig.  157.— ROSY  RED. 


520  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

Rosy    Red. 

This  is  one  of  the  valuable  fruits  which  we  owe  to  the 
indefatigable  efforts  of  that  earnest  pomologist  and  thus 
philanthropist,  Lewis  Jones,  of  Cambridge,  Indiana.  Found 
in  a  seedling  orchard. 

Fruit  medium,  conical,  truncated,  regular;  Surface 
smooth,  bright  red,  generally  diffused,  indistinctly  striped ; 
Dots  scattered,  medium,  yellow. 

Basin  medium,  shallow,  regular  or  folded  ;  Eye  medium, 
closed. 

Cavity  acute,  narrow,  deep,  brown ;  Stem  medium,  slen- 
der, yellow. 

Core  wide,  indistinct,  partly  open,  scarcely  meeting  the 
eye  ;  Seeds  few,  plump  and  imperfect ;  Flesh  pale  yellow, 
breaking,  juicy;  Flavor  sub-acid;  Quality  good;  Use, 
market  and  table ;  Season,  December  and  January. 

Westfieia    Seek-iio-Further. 

This  favorite  Connecticut  apple  has  been  widely  dis- 
seminated throughout  the  country,  and  is  universally  ad- 


Fig.  158.— WESTFEELD  SEEK-NO-FUBTHER. 

mired  by  those  who  conie  from  the  Northern  States ;  on 


CLASS  H. CONICAL  APPLES. — I.    II.    III.  521 

lower  parallels  it  is  less  known,  and  not  so  highly  appre- 
ciated, nor  is  it  so  fine  a  fruit,  being  larger,  but  less  com- 
pact, more  spongy,  less  beautifully  colored  and  sometimes 
almost  a  russet. 

Tree  vigorous^  thrifty,  spreading,  productive. 

Fruit  medium,  roundish-conic ;  Surface  smooth  dull  red, 
mixed  and  striped  on  yellow,  in  the  North  clear  bright 
red;  Dots  scattered,  large,  yellow;  leather-cracked  and 
russeted  about  the  apex. 

Basin  shallow,  regular,  leather-cracked;  Eye  small, 
closed  or  open. 

Cavity  pointed,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  long. 

Core  medium,  regular,  closed,  meeting  and  clasping  the 
eye ;  Seeds  numerous,  small,  pointed ;  Flesh  yellowish- 
white,  tender,  breaking ;  Flavor  very  mild  sub-acid,  aro- 
matic, satisfying,  not  high  flavored  nor  spicy ;  Quality 
only  good  in  my  estimation  ;  Use,  table  and  market ;  Sea- 
son, December. 


CLASS    II.— CONICAL    APPLES. 
ORDER    L— REGULAR. 

SECTION    2.— SOUR. 
SUB-SECTION    3.— RUSSET. 

American   Golden   Russet. 

BULLOCK'S  PIPPIN,  ETC. 

This  delicious  table  apple  is  a  universal  favorite  with  all 
who  can  appreciate  delicacy  of  flavor  and  fineness  of 
flesh  in  an  apple,  and  yet  it  is  not  a  profitable  variety  for 
orchard  planting,  because  the  fruit  is  very  apt  to  be  imper- 
fect. The  best  I  have  seen  were  from  the  South,  and  sand- 
stone soils. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright,  round-headed,  small ;  Foliage 
large,  healthy. 

Fruit  small  to  medium,  round-conic,  regular  when  per- 
fect ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow,  covered  with  thin  russet, 
sometimes  faintly  blushed ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  shallow,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 


522 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Cavity  acute,  regular ;  Stem  long,  slender. 
Core  medium,  closed,  meeting   the  eye ;  Seeds   numer- 
ous, pointed  ;  Flesh  yellowish,  very  fine  grained,  tender, 


Fig.    159.—  AMERICAN  GOLDEN  RUSSET. 

when  fully  ripe  almost  melting,  like  a  pear,  juicy,  becom- 
ing dry  when  over  ripe  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich,  aromatic  ; 
Quality  very  best  ;  Use,  dessert  ;  Season,  November  and 
December. 


This  is  one  of  the  largest  and  one  of  the  poorest  of  the 
Russet  apples,  and  unworthy  of  cultivation  ;  on  that  ac- 
count put  upon  record  to  be  avoided. 

Fruit  large  and  fair,  conical,  regular  ;  Surface  dull  green, 
overspread  with  thin  russet,  or  more  southward. 

Basin  irregular,  green  ;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  pointed,  regular  ;  Stem  short. 

Core  large,  closed,  clasping  ;  Seeds  long,  pointed,  angu- 
lar ;  Flesh  green,  breaking,  coarse,  often  dry  ;  Flavor  acid 
or  sub-acid,  not  rich  ;  Quality  poor  ;  Use,  kitchen  only  ; 
Season,  November  and  December. 


CLASS   II. CONICAL    APPLES. 1.    II.    III.  523 

••'ST.VlMiaii     Russet. 

BAGBY     RUSSET. 

This  capital  dessert  fruit  was  found  in  Southern  Illinois 
and  introduced  to  his  fellow  pomologists  of  the  State  So- 
ciety by  Jno.  M.  Hunter,  nurseryman,  of  Ashley.  Its  ori- 


"Fig.  160. — EGYPTIAN  EUSSET. 

gin  is  unknown,  but  supposed,  like  the  pioneers  of  the  re- 
gion, to  have  come  from  Tennessee,  or  some  other  South- 
ern State. 

Tree  symmetrical,  moderately  vigorous,  productive; 
Twigs  slender. 

Fruit  medium,  regular,  conical,  truncated ;  Surface 
smooth,  light  yellow,  covered  with  fine  russet,  obscurely 
striped  gray. 

Basin  wide,  wavy,  plaited,  green ;  Eye  medium  to  large, 
open. 

Cavity  acute,  wavy ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  irregular,  closed,  scarcely  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 
large,  plump ;  Flesh  very  tender,  fine  grained,  juicy ; 


524  DESCRIPTIONS    OP   APPLES. 

Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic,  rich,  pear-like;  Quality  very 
best ;  Use,  dessert ;  Season,  December  and  January,  until 
March.  Like  other  russets  disposed  to  wilt  if  too  much 
exposed  to  the  air. 

Poughkeepsie    Russet. 

ENGLISH   RUSSET. 

Origin  New  York ;  Tree  tender,  vigorous,  upright,  pro- 
ductive ;  Shoots  brown,  slender ;  Foliage  healthy. 

Fruit  medium,  conical  or  globular-conical,  regular  ;  Sur- 
face smooth,  almost  polished,  dull  yellowish-green,  often 
bronzed  near  the  base,  more  or  less  covered  with  fine  russet. 


Fig.  161.— POUGHKEEPSIE  RUSSET. 

Basin  shallow,  regular ;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  pointed,  wavy ;  Stem  long. 

Core  closed,  not  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  imperfect ; 
Flesh  greenish,  firm,  inclined  to  be  tough ;  Flavor  acid, 
poor ;  Quality  third  rate  ;  Use,  market  and  cooking  only, 
and  valued  because  it  keeps  soundly  for  a  long  time;  Sea- 
son, December  until  June. 

Ross'    Nonpareil. 

SPICE   RUSSET  ?  OF   OHIO. 

The  delicious  fruit  about  to  be  described  is  believed  to 
be  the  celebrated  Irish  apple  mentioned  by  Thompson, 


CLASS  II. CONICAL  APPLES. 1.  II.  III.       525 

Lindley,  and  others;  if  not,  we  ha/ve  found  another  choice 
fruit,  which  deserves  to  be  better  known.  It  is  frequently 
found  at  the  exhibitions  in  Ohio  and  Indiana.  Often  shown 
as  Spice  Russet,  flatter  and  irregular :  Vide  conspectus. 


Fig.  162.— BOSS*   NONPAREIL. 

Fruit  medium,  regular,  oblate-conical ;  Surface  smooth, 
yellowish,  thin  russet,  rarely  blushed  dull  carmine ;  Dots 
minute,  gray. 

Basin  wide,  folded ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy ;  Stem  long,  inclined. 

Core  regular,  open,  scarcely  meeting  the  eye ;  Axis 
short ;  Seeds  numerous,  medium,  plump ;  Flesh  white, 
breaking,  fine  grained,  tender ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic, 
rich  ;  Quality  almost  best ;  for  table  ;  Season  December. 

ftpsiH'ord    Russet. 

This  apple  is  supposed  to  have  originated  near  old  Fort 
Miami,  in  Northern  Ohio,  and  was  introduced  to  the  notice 
of  the  Ohio  Pomological  Society  by  its  Vice-President,  J. 
Austin  Scott,  of  Toledo,  who  cultivates  the  variety  on  the 
banks  of  the  Maumee,  near  the  place  of  its  supposed 
origin. 

Fruit  medium,  flattened-conical,  regular;  Surface 
smooth,  greenish-yellow,  lightly  russeted,  rarely  bronzed ; 
Dots  minute,  green. 


526  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

Basin   medium,    abrupt,    narrow,    regular  ;  Eye  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  green  ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  small,  open,  regular,  meeting  the  eye  ;  Axis  short 


Fig.  163. — SPAFFORD  RUSSET. 

Seeds  numerous,  plump,  angular  ;  Flesh  white,  fine  grain- 
ed, juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich,  aromatic,  agreeable  ;  Qual- 
ity good  to  very  good ;  Use,  table  ;  Season,  December 
until  March. 


CLASS    II.— CONICAL    APPLES. 
ORDER    II.— IRREGULAR    OR   ANGULAR 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 

SUB-SECTION    1.— SELF-COLORED. 

BS<  l«l<  ii     Sweet. 

"  Grown  in  Connecticut,  very  prolific ;     Fruit  medium 
or  below,  conic,  angular  ;    Skin  light  yellow,  with  a  warm 


CLASS    II. CONICAL   APPLES.— II.    I.    III.  527 

cheek.  Stem  medium,  in  an  acute  deep  cavity ;  Calyx 
closed,  in  a  small  basin  ;  Flesh  white,  tender,  juicy,  sac- 
charine, with  a  pleasant  aromatic  flavor ;  December  to 
March." — (Downing.) 

l,yiii:in*s    Pumpkin    Sweet. 

POUND    SWEET. 

Origin,  the  orchard  of  S.  Lyman,  Manchester,  Connec- 
ticut. A  very  handsome,  large,  sweet  apple,  valued  for 
baking  and  for  stock-feeding. 

Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  drooping,  rather  productive. 

Fruit  large  to  very  large,  roundish-conical,  angular;  Sur- 
face very  smooth,  pale  yellow  ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  regular ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  medium  or 
short. 

Core  large,  closed  ;  Seeds  angular,  dark  ;  Flesh  yellow- 
ish, breaking,  juicy,  often  water-cored  and  heavy;  Flavor 
very  sweet ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  baking  and  stock-feed- 
ing ;  Season,  October  to  December. 


CLASS    II.— CONICAL    APPLES. 
ORDER    IL— IRREGULAR 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 
SUB-SECTION    2.— STRIPED. 

NONE. 


CLASS    II.— CONICAL    APPLES, 
ORDER    IL— IRREGULAR. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 
SUB-SECTION    3.— RUSSET. 

Sweet    Russett    of  Kentucky. 

This  fruit  was  received  from  J.  S.  Downer  &  Son,  Elk- 
ton,  Kentucky, 


528 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Fruit  small,  conical,  truncated,  angular ;  Surface  rough, 
dark  russet ;  Dots  scattered,  minute,  white,  prominent. 


Fig.  164. — SWEET   RUSSET   OF   KENTUCKY. 

Basin  shallow,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 
Cavity  very  shallow,  acute  ;  Stem  short,  slender. 
Core   large,   regular,   nearly  closed,  meeting   the   eye ; 
Seeds  numerous,  angular,  pale ;  Flesh  yellowish- white,  fine- 

§  rained,  not  tender ;  Flavor  sweet ;  Quality  scarcely  good ; 
eason,  December  to  February. 


Sweet    Russet. 

Fruit  medium,  conical,  uneven ;  Surface  yellow,  thin 
russet ;  Dots  numerous,  small,  prominent. 

Basin  shallow,  folded  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy ;  Stem  short. 

Core  oval,  open,  clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds  plump ;  Flesh 
yellow,  tender,  fine  grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sweet;  Quality 
good  to  very  good  ;  Use,  baking  ;  Season,  August. 

S.  B.  Parsons  of  Flushing,  Long  Island,  considers  it  the 
best  baking  apple. 


CLASS    II.' CONICAL   APPLES. II.    II.    I. 


Fig.  165.  -SWEET   RUSSET. 


CLASS    II.—  CONICAL     APPLES. 
ORDER    II.—  IRREGULAR. 

SECTION    2.—  SOUR. 
SUB-SECTION    1.—  SELF-COLORED    OR    BLUSHED. 


GATE—  MAMMA    BEAN      ETC. 


This  beautiful  apple  is  believed  to  be  of  Virginia  origin, 
but  was  brought  into  public  notice  and  notoriety  in  Bel- 
mont  County,  Ohio,  whence  its  name.  It  is  supposed  to 
be  the  same  as  the  Waxen  of  Coxe,  which  that  author  re- 
fers to  Virginia. 

Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  productive,  not  hardy  ;  Twigs 
light  olive. 
23* 


530  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

Fruit  large,  fair,  oblate-conic,  often  angular;  Surface 
very  smooth,  waxen-yellow,  often  faintly  blushed  orange, 
and  spotted  red ;  Dots  minute,  scattered. 

Basin  regular  or  wavy,  not  deep ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  brown  ;  Stem  long. 

Core  wide,  regular,  somewhat  open,  clasping ;  Axis 
short ;  Seeds  numerous,  large,  flat ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender, 


Fig.  166.— BELMONT. 

fine-grained,  juicy;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid,  refreshing,  very 
agreeable ;  Quality  nearly  best ;  Use,  table,  kitchen,  mar- 
ket ;  Season,  October  to  December. 

Celestia. 

This  fine  amateur  fruit,  which  appears  destined  to  take 
the  place  of  the  Dyer,  being  more  handsome,  is  a  seedling 


CLASS    II.- 


CONICAL    APPLES. II.    II.    I. 


531 


from  the  Stittwater  Sweet,  and  was  produced  by  L.  S.  Mote, 
of  Miami  County,  Ohio. 

Fruit  large,  conical,  truncated,  angular ;  Surface  some- 
what uneven,  smooth,  waxen-yellow ;  Dots  scattered,  dis- 
tinct, gray,  with  green  bases. 

Basin  narrow,  folded ;  Eye  small,  long,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  shallow,  angular  ;  Stem  long  or  medium, 
sometimes  knobby. 

Core  small,  oval,  open,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous,  long, 
angular;  Flesh  yellow,  very  fine  grained,  very  tender, 


Fig.  167. — CELESTIA. 


juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  very  sprightly,  and  spicy,  aroma- 
tic ;  Quality  very  best  ;  Use,  table  and  kitchen ;  Season, 
September. 

This  is  essentially  an  amateur's  fruit,  as  ito  texture  and 


532 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


color  disqualify  it   for  market,  while  its   delicious  flavor 
renders  it  very  attractive. 

l><  iroil    Black. 

DETROIT      RED  ? — GRAND      SACHEM. 

Supposed  to  be  of  Canadian  origin,  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Detroit,  Michigan.  I  have  put  these  two  names  to- 
gether, because  the  fruits  presented  as  Slack  and  as  Red 
Detroit  are  so  very  much  alike  in  all  respects  that  it  is  not 
worth -while  to  consider  them  distinct. 

Fruit  large  to  very  large,  conic,  angular ;  Surface  very 
smooth,  shining,  deep  red  shaded,  almost  black  in  some 
specimens,  no  striping ;  Dots,  numerous,  minute,  indented, 
gray. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,   folded ;  Eye  small,  open. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy ;  stem  very  short. 

Core  wide,  closed  or  open,  clasping  the  eye  ;  Seeds  nu- 


Fig.  163. — DETROIT  BLACK. 

merous,  angular,  brown;  Flesh  whitish,  tender,  breaking, 


CLASS    II. CONICAL   APPLES. II.    II.    I. 


533 


juicy;  Flavor  acid,  poor  ;  Quality  second   to  third  rate; 
Use,  kitchen  and  drying  ;  Season,  September  and  October. 
The  Red  variety  may  be  distinct,  as  it  keeps  later. 

<„<•»!«  I  IH-. 


Elliott  says  this  is  an  old  Connecticut  variety.  Tree 
vigorous  and  productive. 

Fruit  large,  flattened-conic,  angular;  Surface  smooth, 
greenish-yellow,  blushed  ;  Dots  rare,  minute. 

Basin  shallow,  plaited  ;  Eye  small,  closed  ;  Calyx  re- 
flexed. 

Cavity  deep,  wide,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  short. 


Fig.  169.— FALL  GENETING. 

Core  small,  regular,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous, 
plump  or  imperfect,  brown ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine  grained, 
juicy,  crisp ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  not  Very  rich  ;  Quality 
good  ;  Use,  table,  kitchen ;  Season,  October. 

Ferdinand. 

^  I  procured  my  trees  from  Virginia,  where  it  originated. 
Tree  vigorous,  upright. 


534 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Fruit  large,  flattened-conic,  irregular ;  Surface  smooth, 
pale  green  or  yellow. 

Basin  shallow ;  Eye  medium,  open. 

Cavity  medium  ;  Stem  stout. 

Flesh  yellow,  tender  ;  Flavor  sub-acid ;  Quality  good  ; 
Season,  "  November  to  March,"  according  to  Mr.  Sum- 
mer, South  Carolina. 

Harrison. 

This  famous  Jersey  cider  apple,  from  Essex  County  in 
that  State,  has  been  carried  westward  over  a  great  extent 
of  territory,  where  it  succeeds  admirably  well,  and  where 


170.— HARRISON. 


the  necessities  of  the  people  have  brought  to  light  its  good 
properties  for  the  kitchen  as  well  as  for  the  cider  mill. 

Tree  vigorous,  large,  spreading,  productive. 

Fruit  small,  round-conical,  somewhat  angular  and  irreg- 
ular; Surface  not  smooth,  yellow,  rarely  blushed;  fre- 


CLASS    IL CONICAL    APPLES. II.    II.    L 


535 


quent  rose-colored  spots,  and  marks  radiating  from  the  ca- 
vity over  the  base  of  the  fruit  ;  Dots  small,  distinct,  gray. 

Basin  none,  or  very  shallow,  plaited  ;  Eye  small,  closed; 
Segments  long. 

Cavity  medium,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  red,  knobby. 

Core  regular,  heart-shaped,  closed,  scarcely  meeting  the 
eye  ;  Seeds  numerous,  small  ;  Flesh  yellow,  compact,  dry 
till  ripe,  then  juicy;  flavor  acid  to  sub-acid,  very  rich,  sac- 
charine ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  especially  for  cider,  also  for 
cooking  and  for  dessert  in  April.  Keeps  well. 


Pound 

This  fin  5  summer  apple,  received  from  H.  N.  Gillett,  of 
Lawrence  County,  Ohio,  has  long  been  considered  one  of 
the  very  best  summer  apples  along  the  Ohio  River. 


Fig.  171.— POUND  ROYALE. 

Tree  a  pretty  good  grower,  an  early  and  constant  bear- 
er, very  productive  ;  Shoots  dark,  foliage  dark. 


536  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

Fruit  large,  conical,  slightly  angular ;  Surface  smooth, 
glossy,  greenish  ;  Dots  small,  green,  indented. 

Basin  medium,  folded;  Eye  medium,  closed;  Segments 
long,  reflexed. 

Cavity  acute,  wavy,  brown  ;  Stem  medium,  sometimes 
knobby. 

Core  small,  closed  or  slightly  open,  meeting  the  eye ; 
Seeds  numerous,  pointed,  dark  ;  Flesh  white,  very  tender, 
juicy  ;  Flavor  very  mild  sub-ncid,  delicious  ;  Quality  very 
good  to  best  ;  Use,  table,  kitchen ;  Season,  August. 

Different  from  Pound  Royal  of  Downing,  which  is  a 
winter-keeping  fruit. 

Ridge    Pippin. 

This  fruit  appears  to  be  quite  a  favorite  market  apple  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Philadelphia,  where  it  originated. 

Fruit  rather  large,  round-conic,  very  irregular,  ribbed ; 
Surface  yellow,  lightly  shaded  and  blushed  with  red, 
and  sprinkled  with  russet  and  crimson  spots. 

Basin  abrupt,  furrowed  and  folded  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular ;  Stem  short. 

Flesh  yellow,  crisp,  juicy ;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid,  rich. 

Season,  until  March  and  April. 

The    Cook's    Favorite. 

This  nice  autumn  apple  comes  to  me  from  Oliver  Albert- 
son,  a  prominent  and  intelligent  cultivator  in  Washington 
County,  Indiana,  marked  "Best"  Origin  unknown. 

Fruit  medium,  flattish-conical,  angular ;  Surface  smooth, 
whitish-yellow;  Dots  minute. 

Basin   deep,  folded,  ribbed  ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  medium,  roundish,  closed,  meeting  the  eye;  Seeds 
numerous,  dark ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  tender ;  Flavor 
sub-acid;  Quality  quite  good;  Use,  kitchen  especially — 
"  cooks  very  well ;"  Season,  September. 

Troii ton    Early. 

This  fine  autumn  apple  has  been  thought  to  be  the  Eng- 
lish Codling.  Of  its  origin  and  history  we  know  little, 


CLASS  11. — CONICAL  APPLES. — II.  II.  1.       537 

except  that  it  was  one  of  Silas  Wharion's  varieties,  and 
that  it  has  been  a  great  favorite  wherever  known.  It  was 
introduced  to  the  notice  of  the  Ohio  Pomological  Society, 
1852,  by  R.  W.  Steele,  Esq.,  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  with  the 
following  notes:  "  A  large,  white  apple,  of  excellent  flav- 
or, and  is  highly  esteemed  both  for  eating  and  cooking. 
It  ripens  in  August.  The  tree  is  a  vigorous  grower  and 
an  abundant  bearer.  It  was  introduced  here  many  years 
ago  by  Silas  Wharton,  of  Warren  County,  to  whom  this 
portion  of  the  Miami  Valley  is  largely  indebted  for  the  in- 
troduction of  many  excellent  varieties  of  apples  and  pears." 

Fruit  large,  conical,  angular ;  Surface  smooth,  very  pale 
yellow  or  white ;  Dots  rare,  minute.  • 

Basin  narrow,  folded ;  Eye  medium  or  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  large,  rather  open;  Seeds  numerous,  angular; 
Flesh  white,  very  tender,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  pleasant ; 
Quality  very  good  ;  Use,  dessert  and  kitchen ;  Season, 
August,  September. 

K>« 

' 

CLASS    II.— -CONICAL    APPLES. 
ORDER    II.— ANGULAR 

SECTION    2.— SOUR. 
SUB-SECTION    2.— STRIPED. 

Hud*:  in;;  li  am. 

BYER'S  RED — FALL  QUEEN  (of  some) — BLACKBURN  (erroneously.) 

This  favorite  southern  apple,  from  Louisa  County,  Vir- 
ginia, has  worked  its  way  northward  into  public  favor  at 
rapid  rate,  under  the  influence  of  railways  and  Pomologi- 
cal Societies.  It  was  first  presented  to  the  American  So- 
ciety at  the  Philadelphia  meeting,  in  1860,  when  it  was 
figured  and  reported  on  by  the  Committee  on  Native 
Fruits,  to  some  of  whom,  as  to  thousands  of  others  in  the 
West,  it  was  familiar  as  household  words.  This  fruit  was 
.brought  by  settlers  to  Southern  Illinois,  and  thence  dis- 
tributed, by  taking  up  the  sprouts  that  formed  about  the 
base  of  the  stocks,  and  setting  them  out  for  an  orchard. 
I  have  some  of  these  growing,  and  they  make  nice  plants. 
23* 


538 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Tree  vigorous,  upright,  compact  while  young,  spread- 
ing with  "the  weight  of  fruit,  never  large ;  the  shoots 
rather  slender,  red,  dark;  Leaves  medium,  rather  narrow, 
wider  towards  the  end,  dark,  footstalks  red.  The  stems 
of  these  trees  are  characterized  by  curious  enlargements 
of  an  irregular,  mammellar  form,  and  reddish  color,  and 
appear  to  be  like  the  knaurs  of  the  olive  tree. 

When  this  apple  was  first  brought  to  the  notice  of  the 
Cincinnati  Horticultural  Society,  twenty  years  ago,  it  was 


Fig.  172.— BUCKINGHAM. 

thought  to  resemble  the  Winter  Queen  of  Kentucky  so 
closely  that  it  was  considered  only  a  variety  or  sport,  and 
called  the  Striped  Fall  Queen^  but  it  has  since  been  deem- 
ed a  distinct  sort. 

Fruit  large  to  very  large,  variable   in  form,  but  gener- 
ally conical,  or  oblate-conic,  truncated,  angular ;  Surface 


CLASS    II.- 


;ONICAL   APPLES. II.    II.    II. 


539 


smooth,  greenish-yellow,  mixed  and  striped  pale  purplish- 
red  ;  Dots  scattered,  prominent,  yellow. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  wavy ;  Eye  large,  long,  open. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  brown  ;  Stern  short. 

Core  large,  regular,  closed ;  Axis  very  short ;  Seeds  nu- 
merous, long,  pointed ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  fine-grained, 
juicy ;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid,  rich,  agreeable ;  Quality  best, 
or  nearly  so ;  Use,  table,  kitchen,  drying ;  Season,  October 
to  December. 

Esopus    Spitzenberg-. 

Origin  New  York,  on  the  Hudson.  This  fruit  has 
changed  its  character  in  progressing  westward  and  south- 
ward, becoming  larger  and  more  irregular,  less  brilliantly 
colored,  less  highly  flavored,  and  less  productive. 


Fig.  173. — ESOPUS  SPITZENBEBG. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright,  thrifty,  but  in  some  regions  sub- 
ject to  blight  and  unprofitable  ;  Shoots  slender. 


540  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  conical,  ribbed,  irregular ;  Sur- 
face smooth,  yellow,  covered  with  bright  red,  marbled 
and  mixed,  striped  more  or  less  distinctly;  Dots  numerous, 
larire,  irregular,  gray,  always  elongated  near  the  base. 
.  Basin  deep,  ribbed  or  folded,  often«leather-cracked ;  Eye 
small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular,  or  wavy ;  Stem  long. 

Core  large,  closed ;  Seeds  long,  pointed ;  Flesh  rich,  ye1 
low,  breaking,  juicy  at  the  North,  more  fibrous  than  crisp 
at  the  South  ;  Flavor  quite  acid  till  ripe,  when  it  is  rich, 
saccharine,  highly  aromatic,  giving  the  idea  of  the  Spitz- 
enberg  flavor;  Quality  best;  Use, dessert  and  kitchen; 
Season,  December  to  February. 

Lansingburgh. 

The  origin  of  this  long-keeper  has  not  been  traced.  It 
has  been  common  about  Cincinnati,  and  along  the  Ohio 
River,  for  many  years. 

Tree  upright,  vigorous,  brushy  and  thorny,  looking  like 
a  wilding. 

Fruit  medium,  conical,  angular,  oblique,  often  unequal ; 
Surface  smooth,  green  and  yellow,  bronzed  and  blushed, 
becoming  very  rich  yellow  and  carmine — an  indistinct 
gray-striping  makes  the  ripe  fruit  appear  to  be  striped 
yellow  ;  Dots  minute,  indented,  gray,  with  green  bases. 

Basin  deep,  plaited  or  folded  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  irregular,  rough  with  brown  ;  Stem  short. 

Core  small,  oval,  closed;  Seeds  numerous,  large  ;  Flesh 
firm,  compact ;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid,  negative ;  Quality 
scarcely  good  ;  Use,  market,  ornamental,  cooking ;  Season 
in  the  kitchen  all  winter — ornamental  and  eatable  March  to 
May,  or  later. 

Late    Strawberry. 

AUTUMN  STRAWBERRY. 

The  origin  of  this  choice  fruit  appears  to  be  unknown. 

Tree  upright,  productive,  thrifty,  leaves  serrate. 

Fruit  medium,  roundish,  conical,  angular,  furrowed ; 
Surface  smooth,  waxen-yellow,  mixed  and  striped  scarlet; 
Dots  minute,  indented. 

Basin  folded,  irregular;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  wavy,  irregular ;  Stem  slender,  long. 


CLASS  II.— CONICAL  APPLES. II.  II.  II. 


541 


Core  medium,  regular,  closed  ,  Seeds  large  ;  Flesh  yel- 
low, very  tender,  fine-grained,  very  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid, 
aromatic,  refreshing,  vinous  ;  Quality  best ;  Use,  dessert  es- 
pecially ;  Season,  August  and  September. 

There  is  another  similar  fruit — the  Frank  or  Chenango 
Strawberry ',  which  is  by  some  preferred  to  this. 

Northern    Spy. 

Origin  near  Rochester,  New  York.  Tree  very  vigor- 
ous, large,  upright,  spreading,  when  older ;  shoots  reddish, 


Fig.  174. — NORTHERN  SPY. 

leaves  healthy,  large,  dark.  Tree  productive  when  old, 
but  not  an  early  bearer ;  needs  trimming  to  admit  light  and 
air  to  the  fruit. 

Fruit  large,  flattened-conical,  angular ;  Surface  smooth, 
yellow,  mixed,  and  splashed,  scarlet,  or  crimson ;  Dots 
scattered,  small. 
19* 


542  DESCRIPTIONS    OP    APPLES. 

Basin  abrupt,  regular,  or  folded  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular  or  wavy,  brown ;  Stem  medium  to 
short. 

Core  large,  irregular,  open ;  Seeds  numerous,  small, 
pointed,  pale  ;  Flesh  yellowish- white,  breaking,  granular, 
juicy ;  Flavor  acid,  becoming  sub-acid,  aromatic,  rich,  with 
the  spiciness  of  a  Spitzenberg  ;  Quality  considered  best, 
but  rather  coarse  in  texture  ;  Use,  table,  kitchen  and  mar- 
ket ;  Season,  December  until  May,  and  in  the  North  longer. 

Red    <";iii;id:i. 

STEEL'S  BED. 

Origin  New  England.  Tree  thrifty,  healthy,  but  slen- 
der, twiggy,  productive. 

Fruit  medium,  globular-conic,  indistinctly  angular  ;  Sur- 
face smooth,  yellow,  covered  with  mixed  and  striped 
bright  red ;  Dots  numerous,  gray,  indented,  elongated  near 
the  stem,  as  in  Esopus. 

Basin  shallow,  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  acute,  wavy  ;  Stem  long,  inclined. 

Core  regular,  closed,  large ;  Seeds  imperfect ;  Flesh  yel- 
lowish-white, breaking,  crisp,  fine-grained,  tender,  juicy ; 
Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic,  delicious ;  Quality  best,  for  ta- 
ble ;  Season,  December  to  February. 

Red     Stripe. 

EARLY  BED  MA.BGABET  (incorrectly) — BOCKHILL'S    SUMMEB   QUEEN  (In- 

diaua). 

This  handsome  and  productive  early  apple  has  been  ex- 
tensively propagated  in  parts  of  Indiana,  under  the  names 
above  presented.  It  was  introduced  at  Fort  Wayne  by 
Mr.  Rockhill,  who  is  reported  to  have  "  made  more  money 
from  the  trees  of  this  variety  than  from  twice  as  many  of 
any  other  early  apple."  Recommended  for  general  cul- 
tivation in  that  State. 

Tree  hardy  in  nursey  and  orchard,  productive ;  Shoots 
very  downy. 

Fruit  medium  to  small,  long,  conical,  furrowed  or  rib- 
bed ;  Surface  polished,  pale  yellow,  mixed  and  splashed 
crimson. 


CLASS   II. CONICAL   APPLES.— II.    II.    II.  543 

Basin  very  shallow,  plaited ;  Eye  very  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  regular,  browned  ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  long,  oval,  embracing  the  eye ;  Flesh  whitish,  ten- 
der, fine-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid ;  Quality  good ;  Table 
or  kitchen ;  Season,  July  and  August. 

Scalloped    Oilliflower 

This  is  supposed  to  be  an  old  European  variety.  Its 
peculiarly  irregular  form  makes  it  quite  a  remarkable  fruit. 
It  is  sometimes  called  Red  Gilliflower ;  but  that  name  is 
also  very  commonly  applied  to  quite  another  fruit — the 
Red  Winter  Pearmain,  described  on  a  previous  page,  in 
Class  II.,  Order  I.,  Section  2.,  Sub-section  2. 

Fruit  large,  round-conic,  very  irregular,  furrowed  and 
ribbed ;  Surface  yellow,  marbled  and  splashed  scarlet. 

Basin  abrupt,  deep,  folded  or  ribbed;  Eye  medium, 
closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  irregular,  wavy  ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  regular,  round,  very  open,  meeting  the  eye;  Seeds 
numerous,  plump  ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking, tender;  Flavor 
sub-acid,  aromatic;  Quality  scarcely  good;  Use,  table, 
kitchen  ;  Season,  November,  December.  Chiefly  grown 
northward. 

Seager. 

This  large,  handsome  fruit  was  exhibited  at  the  Ameri- 
can Pomological  Society's  meeting  at  Philadelphia,  in 
1860,  by  Chas.  P.  Davis,  of  Phillipsburgh,  New  Jersey. 
The  Committee  reported  it  "  Good." 

Fruit  large,  roundish-conic,  irregular ;  Surface  smooth, 
yellow,  striped,  splashed  and  mixed  carmine ;  Dots  scat- 
tered, yellow. 

Basin  abrupt,  narrow,  folded,  plaited;  Eye  medium, 
large,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  brown  and  yellow ;  Stem  medium, 
knobby. 

Core  roundish,  open,  clasping ;  Seeds  angular,  imperfect ; 
Flesh  yellowish- white,  breaking,  fine-grained,  juicy;  Flavor 
sub-acid,  aromatic  ;  Quality  good  to  very  good;  Use,  ta- 
ble, kitchen ;  Season,  September. 


544 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

Stanard. 


From  Erie  County,  New  York,  this  fruit  has  made  its 
way  westward,  by  the  Lakes,  having  been  distributed  by 
Col.  Hodge,  of  Buffalo,  and  brought  to  the  notice  of  his 
western  friends  by  Hon.  M.  L.  Dunlap,  of  Champaign, 
Illinois,  who  esteems  it  very  highly.  I  quote  from  his  ac- 
count of  it .• 

"  This  proves  one  of  our  most  profitable  winter  apples  ; 
the  tree  bears  young  and  constantly,  but  fuller  on  alter- 


Flg.  175.— STANARD. 


nate  years;  fruit  large  and  showy,  shoots  large  and 
downy ;  buds  prominent,  fruit  buds  large,  and  the  earliest 
in  the  orchard  to  swell ;  but  they  do  not  open  as  soon  as 
others.  Tree  spreading,  trunk  generally  crooked."  Very 
hardy. 

Fruit  large,  roundish,  conical,  ribbed,  angular  ;  Surface 
smooth,  yellowish-green,  somewhat  red,  mixed  and  striped 
indistinctly  ;  Dots  numerous,  minute,  white. 


CLASS.  IL CONICAL  APPLES. — II.  II.  II. 


545 


Basin  medium,  folded  and  plaited ;  Eye  large,  closed ; 
Segments  long. 

Cavity  wide,  acute,  wavy,  green  ;  Stem  medium  to  long. 

Core  small,  globular,  regular,  closed  or  open ;  Seeds 
numerous,  brown,  angular  ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  rather 
coarse,  tender;  Flavor  acid  to  sub-acid,  rich ;  Quality  good ; 
tTse,  market  and  table ;  Season,  November  to  February. 

Summer    Queen. 

American.     Tree  vigorous,  large,  spreading,  productive. 
Fruit  medium,  round-conic,    angular ;  Surface   yellow, 


Fig.  176. — SUMMER  QUEEN. 

covered  mixed  red,  striped,  splashed  scarlet ;  Dots  minute, 
yellow. 

Basin  none  or  very  shallow,  folded  or  plaited ;  Eye  me- 
dium, closed. 


546 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Cavity  wide,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  long,  slenfler. 

Core  medium,  regular,  open ;  Seeds  numerous,  pointed, 
brown ;  Flesh  firm,  yellow,  breaking  ;  Flavor  acid,  very 
aromatic,  spicy  ;  Quality  first  rate ;  Use,  kitchen ;  Season, 
July,  August. 


Winesap.— [  Caxe.] 


Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  hardy,  productive,  early  bearer ; 
Branches  open,  straggling ;  Shoots  strong,  dark  reddish- 
brown  ;  Foliage  curled,  glaucous,  sparse. 

Fruit  jmedium,  conical,  often  obscurely  angular,  or 
slightly  ribbed ;  Surface  rather  smooth,  bright  or  dark  red, 


r.  177. — WINESAP. 


mixed  and  obscurely  striped  on  yellow,  which  is  mostly 
covered,  often  veined  russet ;  Dots  few,  minute,  indented. 
Basin  narrow,  shallow,  plaited ;  Eye  small,  closed. 
Cavity  wide,  reddish  brown  ;  Stem  medium.' 
Core  regular,  somewhat  open  ;  Seeds  large,  rather  light ; 
Flesh  firm,  yellow  ;  Flavor  rich,  acid  to  sub-acid  ;  Use,  mar- 
ket, kitchen,  cider  ;  Season,  January  to  March. 


CLASS   II. CONICAL   APPLES. II.    IL    III.  547 

CLASS    IL— CONICAL    APPLES. 
ORDER     II.— ANGULAR. 

SECTION"    2.— SOUR. 
SUB-SECTION     3.— RUSSET. 

Fort     Miami. 

This  is  another  of  the  seedling  russets  of  the  Maumee, 
brought  to  the  notice  of  the  State  Society  by  its  Vice- 
President,  J.  Austin  Scott,  of  Toledo.  Mr.  Elliott  de- 
scribes it  from,  notes  taken  in  1846,  when  he  received 
specimens  from  A.  SpafFord,  Esq.,  Perrysburgh,  Ohio. 

Tree  upright  and  spreading,  healthy,  thrifty  ;  Shoots 
dark ;  not  an  early  bearer,  but  productive  when  older. 


Fig.  178.— FORT  MIAMI. 

Fruit  medium,  roundish  or  oblong-conic,  truncated,  an- 
gular, often  unequal ;  Surface  rich  yellow  russet,  often 
bronzed ;  Dots  scattered,  netted  russeting. 

Basin  medium  or  shallow,  folded  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  wavy,  green  ;  Stem  medium. 


548 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Core  oval,  clasping  the  eye,  regular,  closed  ;  Seeds  often 
imperfect ;  Flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm ;  Flavor  acid,  rich  ; 
quality  nearly  best ;  .Use,  dessert ;  Season,  February  to 
April. 


CLASS    HI.— ROUND    APPLES. 
ORDER    I.— REGULAR. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 
SUB-SECTION    1.— SELF-COLORED. 

Jlluir   Sweet. 

This  apple  was  found  by  G.  M.  Beeler  on  the  banks  of 
the  White  river,  upon  a  farm  devoted  to  pomology. 


Fig.  179. — BLUFF  SWEET. 

Fruit  medium  to  small,  regular,  round ;  Surface  smooth, 
green  ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  shallow ;  Eye  small,  closed. 
Cavity  shallow,  regular ;  Stem  long. 


CLASS    111. ROUND    APPLES. 1.    I.    I. 


549 


Core  small,  oval,  pointed ;  Seeds  plump,  brown  ;  Flesh 
greenish- white ;  Flavor  sweet ;  Quality  good ;  Use,  market ; 
Season,  July.  Rather  too  small. 


JBro»«lwell. 


*  This  delicious  winter  sweet  apple  originated  near  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio.  Tree  thrifty,  vigorous,  spreading,  pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit  large,  varies  from  globular  toward  oblate,  regu- 
lar ;  Surface  smooth,  pale  yellow  or  whitish,  thinly  blushed 
with  carmine,  often  bronzed ;  Dots  scattered,  minute,  dark. 


Fig.  180. — BROAD  WELL. 


Basin  abrupt,  rarely  folded  or  plaited ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular  brown ;  Stem  short. 

Core  round,  regular,  closed,  clasping  the  eye  ;  Seeds 
short,  plump  ;  Flesh  yellowish,  fine-grained,  very  tender, 
juicy;  Flavor  very  sweet,  agreeable  ;  Quality  best  winter 
sweet ;  Use,  table,,  kitchen  ;  Season,  December. 


Caleb. 


"  A  Pennsylvania  fruit.    Tree  vigorous  and  productive  ; 
Fruit  medium,    roundish,    flattened,    skin   yellow;    Flesh 


550 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


rather  fine,  very  sweet,  excellent  for  cooking.     Last  of 
August  and  first  of  September  ". — [Downing.] 

I>a»v«»rs'    Winter    S>v«?et. 

Origin  Danvers,  Massachusetts.  Tree  very  thrifty,  very 
productive. 

Fruit  large,  globular,  truncate,  sometimes  globular-ob- 
late, regular ;  Surface  smooth,  uneven,  greenish-yellow  ; 
Dots  numerous,  medium,  prominent,  with  white  and  green 
bases. 

Basin  abrupt,  deep,  regular  ;  Eye  small,  closed ;  Seg- 
ments long. 

Cavity  wide,  deep,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  slender,  knobby. 


Fig.  181. — DANVERS'  WINTER  SWEET. 

Core  round,  regular,  closed;  Seeds  numerous,  long, 
brown,  pointed ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  fine-grained,  juicy; 
Flavor  very  sweet ;  Quality  good  to  very  good ;  Use,  bak- 
ing; Season,  December  and  "January. 

Fanclier. 

This  new  fruit  was  obtained  from  Mr.  Thomson,  at  the 
State  Fair  at  Zanesville,  Ohio.  Origin  unkown.  Not 
identified  nor  recognized. 


CLASS   III. BOUND    APPLES. — I.    I.    I. 


551 


Fruit  large  to  very  large,  globular,  regular ;  Surface 
smooth,  yellow,  blushed ;  Dots  minute,  scattered. 

Basin  shallow,  regular;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  regular,  green ;  Stem  long,  inclined. 

Core  wide,  round,  open,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, plump,  brown ;  Flesh  white,  fine-grained,  breaking, 
juicy  ;  Flavor  very  sweet ;  Quality  good  to  very  good  ; 
Use,  baking  ;  Season,  September  and  October.  • 

Golden    Sweet. 

ORANGE   SWEETING. 

From  Connecticut.     Tree  very  robust,  vigorous,  spread- 


Fig.  182.— GOLDEN  SWEET. 

ing,  round-head,  early  —  productive;  Shoots    stout,  dark, 
foliage  large,  dark. 

Fruit  large,    globular,    regular ;  Surface  very    smooth, 
waxen  to  rich  yellow ;  Dots  scattered,  indented,  green. 


552 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Basin  shallow,  wide  regular ;  Eye  medium,  closed ;  Calyx 
reflexed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular ;  Stem  long,  slender,  yellow. 

Core  medium,  regular,  closed ;  Seeds  numerous,  small, 
pointed,  light  brovvn  ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  fine-grained, 
juicy  ;  Flavor  very  sweet,  aromatic,  like  sassafrass  ;  Quali- 
ty good  to  very  good ;  Use,  baking  and  market ;  Season, 
August.  • 

Sweet. 


LADY   BLUSH. 


Origin  Trumbull  County,  Ohio ;  introduced  by  Dr. 
Kirtland. 

Fruit  large,  round,  truncated,  regular ;  Surface  smooth, 
greenish-yellow,  blushed ;  Dots  scattered,  distinct,  white 
and  dark. 

Basin  abrupt,  wavy,  deep  ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular,  brown;  Stem  medium. 


Fig.  183. — HIGBT  SWEET. 

Core  small,  regular,  heart-shaped,  closed,  clasping  the 
eye ;  Seeds  plump  ;  Flesh  yellowish- white,  tender,  fine- 
grained, juicy;  Flavor  very  sweet;  Quality  good ;  Use, 
baking ;  Season,  October. 


CLASS    III. ROUND    APPLES. — I.    I.    I.  553 

Ili^litop    Sweet. 

SWEET   JUNE. 

From  Plymouth,  Massachusetts. 

Tree  vigorous,  very  upright,  exceedingly  productive  and 
profitable. 

Fruit  small  to  medium,  round,  regular  ;  Surface  smooth, 
greenish-yellow ;  Dots  minute,  black. 

Basin  medium,  regular;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  narrow;  Stem  medium. 

Core  very  small,  oval,  separate  from  the  eye;  Seeds 
numerous,  angular,  yellow ;  Flesh  white,  or  greenish- 
white,  fine-grained,  tender,  juicy;  Flavor  sweet;  Quality 
good ;  Use,  table  and  kitchen  ;  Season,  June  and  July. 

Hoist  on     Sweet. 

Origin  unknown.  Not  identified  as  any  other  variety ; 
received  from  my  brother,  J.  T.  Warder,  Springfield,  Ohio 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  round,  regular;  Surface  smooth 
greenish-yellow,  bronzy  ;  Dots  scattered. 

Basin  regular,  small ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  shallow,  wide  ;  Stem  long  to  medium. 

Core  small,  oval,  regular,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  short, 
plump,  brown ;  Flesh  whitish-yellow,  very  fine-grained, 
tender,  juicy  ;  Flavor  very  sweet,  aromatic,  rich  ;  Quality 
best ;  Use,  table,  baking ;  Season,  December  to  February. 

One  of  the  best  sweet  table  apples — better  than  Higby 
Sweet. 

May. 

MAT  (of  Myers) — RHENISH  MAT  (of  Illinois.) 

This  long-keeping  apple  has  been  widely  disseminated 
.throughout  the  West,  and  yet  I  do  not  find  its  history  nor 
origin.  It  has  been  exhibited  at  all  our  winter  meetings, 
'and  finds  favor  on  account  of  its  productiveness  and  its 
long-keeping  properties.  Tree  healthy,  vigorous  and  pro- 
ductive— believed  to  be  hardy.  Its  reputed  foreign  origin 
is  discredited. 

Fruit  medium,  round,  inclined  to  conical,  regular ;  Sur- 
face smooth,  often   shining,  pale    greenish-yellow,  often 
fnintly  blushed,  or  bronzed. 
24 


554 


DESCRIPTIONS    OP    APPLES. 


Basin  shallow,  generally  regular  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 
Cavity  deep,  narrow,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  rather 
slender. 

Core  large,  regular,  heart-shaped,  reaching  the  eye ;  Seeds 


Fig.  181 -MAY. 

numerous,  pointed,  plump,  brown ;  Flesh  yellow,  com- 
pact, fine,  sufficiently  juicy ;  Quality  fair  ;  Use  market  and 
kitchen ;  Season  spring  and  into  summer. 

Morton. 

This  undescribed  fruit  appears  to  have  originated  in 
Clermont  County,  Ohio.  My  specimens  and  trees  came 
from  my  worthy  friend,  Win.  E.  Hears,  of  Milford,  Ohio. 

Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  round  top,  spreading,  produc- 
tive ;  Shoots  rather  slender ;  Leaves  rich  green,  abundant. 

Fruit  large,  round,  regular  ;  Surface  smooth,  green,  be- 
coming yellow,  with  a  dull  bronzy  blush ;  Dots  gray  and 
brown. 


CLASS    III. ROUND    APPLES. 1.    I.    I. 


555 


Basin  shallow,  or  deep  and  abrupt,  regular  or  plaited ; 
Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  rather  slender,  often 
long. 

Core  very  small,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 


Fig.  185. — MORTON. 

not  numerous,  flat,  angular ;  Flesh  white,  tender,  juicy ; 
Flavor  rather  sweet,  rich,  agreeable ;  Season  December  to 
January.  Worthy  of  cultivation. 

Paradise    Summer    Sweet. 

Origin  Eastern  Pennsylvania.  Tree  upright,  vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit  large,  oblate-globular,  regular  ;  Surface  greenish- 
yellow  ;  Dots  numerous,  large,  white. 

Basin  shallow,  wide,  folded  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  regular,  acute,  green ;  Stem  long,  inclined, 
yellow. 


556  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

» 

Core  medium,  regular,  round,  clasping ;  Seeds  plump ; 


Fig.  186.— PARADISE  SUMMER  SWEET. 

Flesh  yellow, melting,  juicy ;  Flavor  rich,  sweet;  Quality 
best ;  Use  table  and  kitchen  ;  Season  August,  September. 

Paradise    Winter    Sweet. 

Origin  believed  to  be  similar  to  its  predecessor — Lancas- 
ter County,  Pennsylvania. 

Fruit  large,  globular,  often  unequal ;  Surface  smooth, 
yellowish- white  ;  Dots  scattered,  minute. 

Basin  abrupt,  regular;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  brown ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  large,  wide,  open,  clasping ;  Seeds  plump  and 
dark ;  Flesh  white,  tender,  breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor  very 
sweet ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  baking  and  stock  ;  Season,  De- 
cember to  March. 


CLASS   III. BOUND   APPLES. 1.    I.    L 


657 


.  187. — PARADISE  WINTER  SWEET. 


Tallmau's    Sweet. 

This  favorite  baking  apple  of  New  England  has  trav- 
eled from  Rhode  Island  wherever  her  hardy  sons  have 
gone  westward. 

Tree  hardy,  very  productive. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  nearly  round,  somewhat  flatten- 
ed, regular  ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow ;  Dots  minute,  dark  ; 
frequently  a  distinct  line  on  one  side  from  stem  to  eye. 

Basin  wide,  regular,  leather  -  cuftked ;  Eye  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  rather  wide,  regular;  Stem  medium  size,  long. 

Core  heart-shaped,  regular,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  nu- 
merous, plump,  pointed,  dark ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking, 
firm ;  Flavor  very  sweet,  rich  ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  baking 
and  stock ;  Season,  December  and  January. 


558 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


.  188.— TALLMAN'S  SWEET. 


CLASS    IIL— ROUND    APPLES. 
ORDER    I.— REGULAR 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 
SUB-SECTION    2.— STRIPED. 

Bentlcy    SAveet. 

This  long-keeping  sweet  apple  was  received  in  Eastern 
Ohio  from  some  part  of  Virginia,  where  it  is  supposed  to 
have  originated. 

Tree  quite  vigorous,  upright  while  young,  spreading, 
productive — an  early  bearer. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  globular,  truncated,  slightly 
flattened,  regular;  Surface  smooth,  yellow,  or  greenish, 
covered,  mixed,  blotched,  striped  and  splashed  dull  red, 
becoming  brighter  when  ripe  ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  medium,  abrupt,  regular ;  Eye  medium,  open ; 
Calyx  reflexed. 


CLASS   III. —  ROUND    APPLES. — I.    I.    II.  559 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular ;  Stem  slender,  long. 

Core  round,  flattened,  regular,  closed  ;  Seeds  numerous, 
plump,  Ions: ;  Flesh  yellowish- white,  firm,  breaking,  fine- 
grained ;  Flavor  sweet ;  Quality  good  to  very  good  ;  Sea- 
son spring  and  all  summer  until  September.  Keeps  sound. 

I So-n  I  in;;     Sweet. 

From  Spottsylvania  County,  Virginia.  Tree  vigorous, 
very  productive. 

Fruit  medium  roundish,  dull  red  on  yellow  ;  Flesh  rich, 
juicy,  sweet ;  Entirely  free  from  acid ;  October  to  Janu- 
ary.— [H.  R.  Robey,  in  Downing.] 

Cullasaga. 

Origin  Macon  County,  North  Carolina.  Good  grower ; 
a  standard  winter  fruit  for  the  South. 

Fruit  medium  or  large,  roundish,  inclining  to  oval,  flat- 
tened at  base  and  crown,  skin  yellowish,  mostly  shaded 
and  striped  with  dark  crimson,  and  sprinkled  with  whitish 
dots ;  Stem  small  and  short,  inserted  in  a  deep  cavity, 
surrounded  by  russet ;  Calyx  open,  set  in  a  shallow,  corru- 
gated basin ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  very 
mild,  rich,  almost  saccharine  flavor.  January  to  April. 
— [Downing.] 

Oilpin. 

CARTHOUSE— LITTLE  BED  ROMANITE. 

This  valuable  Virginia  apple  was  cultivated  and  distri- 
buted by  Coxe,  and  has  found  its  way  into  the  orchards 
and  into  favor  all  over  the  country,  on  account  of  its  pro- 
ductiveness and  early  bearing. 

Tree  remarkably  vigorous,  strongly  branched,  spread- 
ing, open,  round  head,  very  productive ;  shoots  stout, 
dark  ;  foliage  rather  sparse,  somewhat  curled  and  glaucous. 

Fruit  medium,  small  on  old  trees,  round,  truncated  at 
the  ends,  making  it  look  cylindrical,  mostly  symmetrical, 
but  large  specimens  often  somewhat  irregular;  Surface 
very  smooth,  often  polished,  deep  red  all  over,  stripes  in- 
distinct ;  Dots  minute,  indented. 


560 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Basin  wide,  regular,  or  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  very  short. 

Core  medium,  round,  regular,  closed ;  Seeds  few,  large, 
plump  ;  Flesh  greenish-yellow,  firm,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sweet, 
rich ;  Quality  poor  for  dessert,  though  it  is  eatable  in  the 


Fig.  189. — GILPIN. 


spring — valuable  for  its  cider  from  the  richness  of  the  must. 
Keeps  sound  until  May — bruises  do  not  rot  as  in  other  ap- 
ples. Valuable  also  for  stock. 

Its  early  bearing  makes  it  very  desirable  in  a  new  coun- 
try, and  in  the  prairies  it  has  received  the  soubriquet  of 
"  Dollars  and  Cents." 


Hall. 

HALL'S  SEEDLING— HALL'S  RED. 


From  Franklin  County,  North  Carolina,  and  now  being 
spread  throughout  the  Western  States  as  a  fruit  of  great 
promise. 


CLASS    III. ROUND    APPLES. 1.    I.    II.  561 

Tree  medium  size,  sufficiently  thrifty,  upright,  hardy, 
very  productive;  Shoots  long,  rather  slender,  reddish, 
wood  firm.  Introduced  into  the  West  by  the  venerable 
R.  Ragan,  of  Fillmore,  Indiana.  The  specimens  from 
which  the  following  description  was  made  were  sent  by 
J.  S.  Downer,  of  Elkton,  Kentucky,  from  whom  also  my 
trees  were  obtained.  Mr.  J.  P.  Wilson,  of  Olney,  111., 


Fig.  190.— HALL. 

says,  it  originated  in  Saline  County,  of  that  State,  with 
Jonathan  Hall,  about  forty  years  ago.  [?] 

Fruit  small,  round,  slightly  conical,  regular ;  Surface 
smooth,  yellow,  covered  with  bright  red,  mixed  and  strip- 
ed ;  Dots  numerous,  large,  yellow. 

Basin  shallow,  wavy  or  plaited,  leather-cracked ;  Eye 
small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  pyriform,  regular,  slightly  open,  clasping ;  Seeds 
large,  plump  ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy ; 
Flavor  sub-acid,  rich,  agreeable ;  Quality  almost  best ;  Use, 
table ;  Season,  December  to  April. 

Ladies'    Sweeting. 

This  prime  favorite  of  Chas.  Downing  originated  near 
Newburgh,  New  York.     Though  having  many  admirers, 
24* 


562 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


it  finds  strong  competitors  in  the  Broadwell,  Paradise 
Winter,  and  some  others  of  the  same  season. 

Tree  thrifty,  productive. 

Fruit  large,  round,  somewhat  conic,  occasionally  angu- 
lar; Surface  smooth,  light  yellow,  striped  and  splashed 
with  bright  red ;  Dots  distinct,  large,  gray. 


Fig.  191.— LADIES'  SWEETING. 

Basin  medium,  often  abrupt,  folded ;  Eye  very  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  medium  or  wide,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  short, 
or  long  and  slender. 

Core  medium,  round,  closed  or  open,  clasping ;  Seeds 
numerous  (16),  angular ;  Flesh  white,  crisp,  fine-grained, 
juicy ;  Flavor  sweet,  agreeable ;  Quality  only  good  (to  my 
taste)  ;  Use, table, baking  and  stock  feeding;  Season, De- 
cember. 

Scarlet    Sweet. 

This  delicate  fruit  was  received  from  my  good  friend 
Jas.  Edgerton,  of  Barnesville,  Ohio,  who  had  exhibited 


CLASS  III. ABOUND    APPLES. — 1.    I.    II. 


563 


it  at  the  State  Pomological  Society  at  different  times. 

Fruit  medium,  round,  somewhat  flattened,  regular ;  Sur- 
face smooth,  yellow,  striped  and  blushed  scarlet ;  Dots 
minute. 

Basin  wide,  abrupt,  regular ;  Eye  medium,  open ;  seg- 
ments short. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular,  brown;  Stem  medium, 
slender. 

Core  rather  wide,  regular,  closed,  clasping  the  eye ; 
Seeds  numerous,  plump,  angular  ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine-grain- 


Fig.  192.— SCARLET  SWEET. 

ed,  juicy ;  Flavor  sweet ;  Quality  good  to  very  good ;  Uses, 
table,  baking  and  market ;  Season,  October  to  December. 
This  is  different  from  the  Scarlet  Sweeting. of  Sigler, 
of  Morgan  County,  Ohio — more  like  Hampton's  Scarlet 
Sweet,  of  M.S.  notes. 

Sweet   Janet. 

This  is  another  of  the  fine  fruits  originated  by  Reuben 
Ragan,  of  Indiana,  from  seed  of  Rawle's  Janet.  Tree 
large,  healthy,  vigorous,  spreading ;  Shoots  rather  stout, 
brown  ;  foliage  rich  green.  Annually  productive  of  fine, 
fair  fruits,  which  are  well  distributed  and  hold  well. 


564 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Fruit  large,  round,  somewhat  conical,  regular  ;  Surface 
smooth,  covered  with  rich  red  or  crimson,  mixed  and 
striped  ;  Dots  numerous,  rather  large,  yellow,  indented. 

Basin  regular  or  plaited ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  rather  deep,  very  narrow,  wavy ;  Stem  quite 
short. 

Core  medium,  turbinate,  regular,  slightly  open,  clasp- 
ing; Seeds  numerous,  angular,  pointed;  Flesh  yellow, 


Fig.  193. — SWEET  JANET. 


breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor  very  sweet ;  Quality  &Wv*  ^  ,^j 
good;  Use, baking,  market;  Season, December  and  Janu- 
ary. Very  profitable. 


Sweet    Roman  it e. 


Origin  unknown.  Grown  in  Illinois ;  introduced  at  the 
State  Society  by  the  lamented  Cyrus  R.  Overman,  Presi- 
dent— much  esteemed  by  him. 


CLASS    III. BOUND    APPLES. 1.    I.    II. 


565 


Fruit  medium,  round,  sometimes  flattened  or  truncate, 
regular ;  Surface  smooth,  greenish-yellow,  blushed,  mixed 
bright  red  and  dull  red,  stripes  indistinct ;  Dots  scattered, 
irregular,  brown  or  fawn  on  the  deeper  colors. 


Fig.  194. — SWEET  ROMANITB. 

Basin  medium,  or  deep  and  abrupt,  folded,  plaited  ;  Eye 
small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy,  brown ;  Stem  medium  to  long, 
green. 

Core  roundish,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous,  plump, 
angular;  Flesh  yellow,  fine-grained,  breaking,  juicy; 
Flavor  very  sweet ;  Quality  good  to  very  good ;  Use,  ba- 
king, cider,  table  and  stock ;  Season,  December  to  April. 


566  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

CLASS    III.— ROUND    APPLES. 

ORDER    L— REGULAR. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 

SUB-SECTION    3.— RUSSET. 

Orange    Sweeting1   or   Russet. 

An  eastern  variety — not  much  cultivated. 

Fruit  large,  very  round,  regular ;  Surface  greenish-yel- 
low, bronzy-orange,  rasseted ;  Dots  numerous,  white,  green 
bases. 

Basin  shallow,  regular,  or  plaited ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  lipped,  wavy ;  Stem  short,  green. 

Core  very  large,  turbinate,  open,  clasping  ;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, pointed,  pale ;  Flesh  green,  rather  tough,  fine-grained, 
juicy  ;  Flavor  sweet;  Quality  good — for  baking  especially  ; 
Sgason,  December. 

Pumpkin   Russet. 

Fruit  large,  globular,  regular;  Surface  covered  with 
coarse  russeting ;  Flesh  spongy,  light, very  sweet ;  Used  for 
baking  and  apple  butter ;  Season,  autumn.  Not  valuable, 
except  for  stock. 


CLASS    HI.— ROUND    APPLES. 
ORDER    I— REGULAR. 

SECTION    2.— SOUR. 

SUB-SECTION    1.— SELF-COLORED    OR    BLUSHED. 
Asuiuore. 

The  origin  of  this  fine  dessert  fruit  is  not  known. 
Though  not  commonly  cultivated,  it  is  considerably  scat- 
tered, and  has  come  to  me  from  several  points  in  the  West 
with  different  local  names. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright,  with  long  parallel  branches  that 


CLASS    III. KOUND   APPLES. 1.    II.    I. 


567 


become  spreading.  Shoots  rather  slender,  foliage  rich 
green. 

Fruit  rather  large,  handsome,  round,  frequently  flatten- 
ed, regular,  rarely  angular ;  Surface  smooth,  polished,  very 
light  waxen  yellow,  almost  wholly  covered  with  brilliant 
lively  carmine,  very  rarely  an  indistinct  stripe  ;  Dots  min- 
ute, gray,  indented. 

Basin  medium,  often  wavy  or  even  folded ;  Eye  small, 
closed ;  Segments  reflexed. 

Cavity  narrow,  acute,  regular  or  wavy  ;  Stem  medium 
to  short. 

Core  indistinct,  closed  ;  Seeds  plump  ;  Flesh  yellowish- 
white,  crisp,  tender,  very  fine-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub- 


Fig.  195.— ASHMORE. 

acid,  very  agreeable  ;  Quality  best,  though  not  rich  ;  Uses,; 
table,  kitchen  and  market ;  Season,  September  and  Octo- 
ber ;  May  be  kept  into  winter. 

There  is  also  a  Striped  Ashmore,  resembling  this  in 
every  respect,  except  in  the  distinct  stripe.  It  is  supposed 
to  be  a  sport  from  the  above.  Both  varieties  have  been 
propagated  to  some  extent  by  suckers  or  sprouts. 


568 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Bledsoe. 

From  Carroll  County,  Kentucky ;  Sent  to  Ohio  by  Lewis 
Sanders.  Tree  moderately  vigorous,  spreading,  productive. 

Fruit  large,  round,  somewhat  conical,  flattened  at  the 
base,  regular ;  Surface  greenish-yellow. 

Basin  sometimess  folded  ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  brown ;  Stem  short. 

Flesh  white,  fine-grained,  crisp,  juicy ;  Flavor  mild  sub- 
acid,  agreeable  ;  Quality  good — Kentucky  Horticultural 
Society  say  "  very  good  ;  "  Season,  September  to  April. 

Rush. 

Received  from  W.  G.  Waring,  Tyrone,  Pennsylvania. 
Supposed  to  be  a  seedling  of  Centre  County.  "  Tree  vigor- 


Fig.  196.— BUSH. 
ous,  hardy,  thrifty,  regularly  productive.  "  —  [W.  G.  W.] 


CLASS    III. — ROUND   APPLES. — I.    II.    I. 


569 


Fruit  large,  fair,  round,  regular ;  Surface  smooth,  waxy 
yellow,  occasionally  a  faint  blush ;  Dots  minute,  rare. 

Basin  wavy  ;  Eye  medium  to  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  wavy,  brownish ;  Stem  long,  slender, 
yellow. 

Core  medium,  round,  rather  open,'  meeting  the  eye ; 
Seeds  few,  plump,  dark ;  Flesh  whitish,  tender,  fine-grained, 
juicy  ;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid,  agreeable ;  Quality  very  good ; 
Season  August  and  September. 

Mr.  Waring  considers  it  one  of  the  best  of  the  season, 
in  which  opinion  I  unite. 

Cornish   Aromatic. 

This  foreign  variety  was  imported  and  tested  at  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  by  Mr.  George  Heinsohn,  to  whom  I  am 
indebted  for  specimens  of  other  European  varieties. 


Fig.  197. — CORNISH  AROMATIC. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  roundish,  a  little  flattened,  regu- 
lar; Surface  smooth,  yellow,  washed  rich  red;  Dots  and 
spots  yellow  russet. 


570 


DESCRIPTIONS    OP   APPLES. 


Basin  medium,  abrupt,  regular  or  farrowed ;  Eye  medi- 
um, closed. 

Cavity  medium  depth,  narrow ;  Stem  medium  to  long, 
slender. 

Core  medium,  somewhat  open,  clasping ;  Seeds  large, 
plump,  angular;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor 
sub-acid,  aromatic,  spicy ;  Season  November  to  February. 

I » ii Hi <> Id    Pippin. 

Specimens  from  my  friend  T.  T.  Lyon,  of  Michigan, 
who  says  it  is  a  seedling  that  originated  in  Pennsylvania, 


Fig.  198. — DUFFIELD  PIPPIN. 


at  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  with  the  ances- 
tors of  Geo.  Diiffield,  D.I).,  for  whom  it  was  named,  when 
it  received  a  first  premium  at  the  Michigan  State  Fair, 
as  a  valuable  winter  variety. 

Fruit  large,  handsome,  round,  sometimes  conic,  regular  ; 


CLASS    III. BOUND   APPLES. 1.    II.    I. 


571 


Surface  smooth,  yellowish-green,  blushed ;  Dots  scattered, 
minute,  indented. 

Basin  abrupt,  narrow,  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  narrow,  acute;  Stem  medium  to  long. 

Core  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  plump,  brown ;  Flesh  yel- 
low, breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid  ;  Quality  good  ;  Uses 
table,  kitchen  and  market ;  Season  January  to  April. 

Fall    Pippin. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  since  the  days  of  Coxe  there 
should  have  been  a  confounding  of  this  noble  and  delicious 


Fig.  199.— FALL  PIPPIN. 

American  apple  with  the  inferior  foreign  kitchen  variety 
the  Holland  Pippin. 


572 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Tree  exceedingly  vigorous,  large,  wide-branching,  open 
head,  not  early  bearer,  moderately  productive  when  old; 
Shoots  stout,  dark  ;  Leaves  large,  broad. 

Fruit  large  to  very  large,  handsome,  globular,  truncat- 
ed, making  it  cylindrical,  regular  ;  Surface  smooth,  rich 
yellow,  rarely  blushed  South,  frequently  so  North,  with 
skin  finer  ;  Dots  minute,  gray. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  regular,  marked  with  concentric 
rings  which  often  crack  open  in  large  southern  specimens  ; 
Eye  large,  open  ;  Segments  short. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  or  narrow,  deep  ;  Stem  long. 

Core  large,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 
pointed,  often  imperfect ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  compact, 
very  fine-grained ;  Flavor  acid,  becoming  sub-acid,  aroma- 
tic, delicious  ;  Quality  best  for  dessert,  kitchen,  market 
and  drying  ;  Season  September  to  December. 

Fall    Swaar—  [Or  THE  WEST.] 

The  origin  of  this  apple  is  unknown.  Like  many  others 
of  our  Western  fruits,  which  have  been  received  from  vari- 


Fig.  200. — FALL  SWAAR. 

ous  sources,  and  often  from  unreliable  persons,  and  with 
wrong  names,  we  have  been  obliged  to  re-christen  this. 


CLASS    III. — HOUND    APPLES. 1.    II.    I.  573 

Fruit  fall  medium  to  large,  round,  somewhat  flattened, 
regular,  handsome  ;  Surface  smooth,  yellowish-green,  with 
a  bronzy  blush ;  Dots  numerous,  large,  gray. 

Basin  medium,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  medium,  acute,  regular,  green ;  Stem  medium  to 
long,  knobbed. 

Core  rather  small,  closed,  clasping;  Seeds  numerous, 
large,  plump  ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor  mild 
sub-acid,  agreeable  ;  Quality  good  ;  Uses  table  and  kitchen ; 
Season  September. 

Gloucester   White. 

This  Virginia  apple  was  highly  prized  by  Coxe  for  its 
qualities  as  a  cider  fruit.  Not  having  seen  it,  his  descrip- 
tion is  quoted : 

"This  apple  is  of  middling  size,  of  a  shape  not  very  uni- 
form, varying  from  oblong  to  flat ;  the  color  when  ripe  is 
a  bright  yellow,  with,  clouds  of  black  spots ;  the  flesh  is 
yellow,  rich,  breaking,  and  juicy ;  of  a  fine  flavor  as  a  ta- 
ble apple,  and  producing  cider  of  an  exquisite  taste.  The 
stalk  is  of  the  ordinary  length,  inserted  in  a  cavity  of 
medium  depth  ;  the  crown  is  moderately  deep.  The  time 
of  ripening  is  about  the  first  of  October,  after  which  the 
fruit  soon  falls  and  is  fit  for  cider.  It  does  not  keep  long, 
but  while  in  season  is  a  delicious  table  apple.  The  tree  is 
very  thrifty,  hardy  and  vigorous,  of  a  regular  and  beauti- 
ful form,  and  very  productive.  It  is  much  cultivated  in 
the  lower  counties  of  Virginia,  from  whence  I  procured  it, 
as  an  apple  of  high  reputation." 

Horse. 

Another  southern  favorite,  much  liked  by  its  western 
cultivators,  especially  as  a  useful  family  apple. 

Fruit  large,  round,  somewhat  conical,  truncated,  un- 
even ;  Surface  yellow;  Dots  scattered,  indented,  large, 
gray  and  greenish. 

Basin  abrupt,  foPed;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy,  brown  ;  Stem  medium  to  long. 

Core  large,  somewhat  open,  clasping  ;  Seeds  numerous, 
medium,  plump,  brown  ;  Flesh  yellow, breaking,  fine,  juicy ; 


574 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLET 


Fig.  201.—  HORSE. 

Flavor  sub-acid  ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  kitchen,  market  and 
drying  ;  Season,  August,  September. 


This  southern  apple  was  received  from  Mr.  S.  W.  West- 
brooke,  Greensboro',  North  Carolina. 

Fruit  large,  round,  somewhat  flattened,  regular  ;  Sur- 
face smooth,  greenish-yellow,  blushed  ;  Dots  scattered, 
white. 

Basin  regular,  abrupt  ;  Eye  small,  closed,  very  long  ; 
Calyx  reflexed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy  ;  Stem  short,  slender. 

Core  large,  wide,  irregular,  open,  clasping  ;  Seeds  num- 
erous, angular,  plump  ;  Flesh  white,  fine-grained,  tender, 
juicy;  Flavor  sub-acid,  mild;  Quality  pretty  good;  Use, 
table,  kitchen,  drying  ;  Season,  September. 


CLASS    III. KOUND    APPLES. 1.    II.    I. 


575 


Fig.  202.— HUNGB. 


Knickerbocker. 

Specimens  from  W.  S.  Carpenter,  New  York. 

Fruit  above  medium,  roundish,  conic,  unequal ;  Surface 
smooth,  greenish-yellow ;  Dots  numerous,  minute,  distinct, 
whitish,  indented. 

Basin  abrupt,  wavy,  folded ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  slender,  green. 

Core  very  wide,  closed,  clasping  the  eye ;  Axis  short ; 
Seeds  angular,  pale ;  Flesh  greenish-yellow,  tender,  fine- 
grained, juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich,  very  agreeable ;  Qua- 
lity best ;  Use,  table,  kitchen  ;  Season,  October. 

l,oi:;>     Island.    Pippin. 

Origin  unknown.  Specimens  received  from  T.  T.  Lyon, 
Plymouth,  Michigan. 

Fruit  large,  roundish,  flattened,  regular;  Surface  smooth 
yellowish-green  ;  Dots  minute,  scattered. 

Basin  abrupt,  deep,  regular ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 


576  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

Cavity  medium,  regular,  green  ;  Stem  medium  to  long. 

Core  large,  oval,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous, 
pointed,  angular,  pale ;  Flesh  greenish-yellow,  breaking, 
fine-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid ;  Quality  almost  best ; 
Use,  table  ;  Season,  January. 

Lowell. 

TALLOW  PIPPIN,   QUEEN  ANNE,   AC. 

Origin  unknown. 

Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  round-headed ;  Foliage  yellow- 
ish green. 

Fruit  large,  round,  slightly  conic,  truncated,  regular ; 
Surface  smooth,  waxy  yellow,  not  blushed  or  bronzed, 
becoming  greasy  when  kept  indoors ;  Dots  numerous, 
green. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  regular ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  medium,  regular,  green  ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  medium,  oval,  closed,  clasping;  Seeds  numerous, 
angular,  pointed,  pale ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  fine-grained, 
juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  Quality  very  good ; 
Use,  table,  cooking,  drying,  market  j  Season,  August,  Sep- 
tember. 

JJIcAdow's   June. — [Local  Name.] 

Specimens  received  from  Chillicothe,  Ohio.  Thought 
at  one  time  to  be  Tetofski,  but  the  descriptions  do  not 
correspond. 

Fruit  medium  to  small,  globular,  slightly  conical,  regu- 
lar; Surface  smooth,  greenish,  yellow,  blushed;  Dots 
numerous,  large,  white. 

Basin  medium,  wavy;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  rather  wide,  regular ;  Stem  long,  stout. 

Core  small,  round,  closed,  not  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 
numerous,  brown;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy; 
Flavor  sub-acid  ;  Use,  kitchen,  table  ;  Quality  good ;  Sea- 
son, June,  July ;  one  of  the  earliest. 

Pomologists  have  been  in  doubt  whether  this  may  not 
be  the  Tetofski.  Comparison  should  be  made  of  the  tree 
characters. 

Michigan    Oolden. 

This  beautiful  apple  was  received  from  the  accurate 
pomologist,  T.  T.  Lyon,  of  Plymouth. 


CLASS    III. ROUND    APPLES. 1.    II.    I. 


577 


Fruit  large,  globular,  slightly  conic,  truncated  and  some- 
what angular ;  Surface  smooth,  becoming  greasy,  green- 
ish yellow  ;  Dots  minute,  prominent. 

Basin  abrupt,  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy  ;  Stem  long,  inclined. 

Core  medium,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous,  long, 


Fig.  203. — MICHIGAN  GOLDEN. 

pointed;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  juicy;  Flavor  sub-acid; 
Quality  nearly  best ;  IJse,  table,  kitchen ;  Season,  Septem- 
ber to  November. 

Monmoutli    Pippin. 

RED    CHEEK. 

Fruit  rather  large,  handsome,  roundish  or  flattened,  reg- 
ular;   Surface    smooth,   greenish    yellow,   blushed    and 
marbled ;  Dots  minute,  green. 
25 


57H 


DESCKIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Basin  shallow,  regular;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular  or  wavy,  brown  ;  Stem  short,  thick. 

Core  medium,  closed,  clasping  ;  Seeds  numerous,  "point- 


Fig.  304.—  MONMOUTH  PIPPIN. 

ed,  brown  ;  Flesh  white,  breaking,  fine-grained,  juicy  ; 
Flavor  acid  ;  Quality  good  for  cooking  only  ;  Season,  De- 
cember to  February. 


Pippin. 

GREEN    NEWTOWN. 

This  is  probably  the  original  Newtown  Pippin,  but  by 
no  means  the  more  common,  which  is  the  Yellow  Newtown 
Pippin,  to  be  described  in  another  place. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  globular,  flattened,  sometimes 
obscurely  ribbed  ;  Surface  smooth,  green,  becoming  yel- 
lowish green  when  fully  ripe,  sometimes  bronzy,  and  al- 
ways showing  white  irregular  striae  near  the  base  when 
first  gathered  ;  Dots  scattered,  minute,  dark. 

Basin  shallow,  folded  ;  Ey%  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  slender. 


CLASS    III. BOUND    APPLES.— I.    II.    I. 


579 


Core  round,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye  ;  Seeds 
pointed,  plump,  dark ;  Flesh  greenish  white,  crisp,  tender, 
juicy ;  Flavor  acid,  aromatic,  rich,  very  agreeable ;  Quali- 
ty best;  Use,  dessert,  cooking;  Season,  December  to  March. 


Roman    Stem. 


Origin  Burlington,  "New  Jersey.  Tree  moderately  vig- 
orous, very  productive. 

Fruit  medium,  globular,  regular ;  Surface  smooth,  yel- 
low, often  blushed ;  Dots  minute,  dark. 


Fig.  205. — ROMAN   STEM. 

Basin   shallow,  regular,   or  wavy,  russet ;    Eye  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  acute,  lipped  ;  Stem  long. 

Core  rather  large,  heart-shaped,  regular,  clasping ;  Seeds 


580  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

numerous,  plump ;  Flesh  yellowish  white,  fine-grained, 
juicy  ;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid,  rich ;  Quality  good  to  very 
good  ;  Use,  table ;  Season,  December,  January. 

Royal    Pearmain. 

We  have  two  different  apples  bearing  this  name,  both 
very  promising  and  desirable  sorts.  I  shall,  in  this  place, 
attempt  to  describe  the  one  mentioned  by  Coxe,  as  my 
specimens  are  traced  back  to  his  nursery,  though  coming 
to  the  West  by  way  of  Georgia. 

Fruit  full  medium  to  large,  globular,  rather  flattened, 
regular;  Surface  not  smooth,  of  a  rich  yellow,  finely 
blushed,  with  carmine  more  or  less  diffused  over  the  fruit, 
and  overspread  with  a  very  thin  russet;  Dots  medium, 
prominent,  brown. 

Basin  medium,  folded  ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  brown ;  Stem  medium  to  long. 

Flesh  rich  yellow,  firm,  juicy;  Flavor  acid,  sprightly; 
Quality  very  good ;  Use,  table  ;  Season,  October  to  Feb- 
ruary. 

Virginia    Quaker. 

This  very  fine  little  apple  was  obtained  from  H.  N. 
Gillett,  Lawrence  County,  Ohio.  Origin  not  known. 

Fruit  quite  small,  globular,  flattened,  slightly  conic, 
regular ;  Surface  smooth,  greenish  yellow  ;  Dots  scattered, 
minute,  black. 

Basin  shallow,  plaited  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide;  Stem  medium. 

Core  ovate,  closed ;  Seeds  medium  ;  Flesh  yellowish 
white,  firm,  breaking;  Flavor  sub-acid;  Quality  good, 
Mr.  Gillett  says,  best ;  Season,  mid-summer. 

Voss'    Winter. 

Southern.  The  specimens  were  obtained  from  Mr. 
Westbrooke,  of  North  Carolina. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  globular,  unequal ;  Surface 
smooth,  white/ with  leather-cracking,  and  a  heavy  bloom  ; 
Dots  minute,  irregular,  brown. 

Basin  abrupt,  deep,  wavy ;  Eye  small,  closed. 


CLASS   III. BOUND   APPLES. L    II.    I. 


581 


Cavity  deep,  wavy,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  curved. 

Core  small,  regular,  closed,  clasping;  Seeds  irregular; 


Fig.  206.— voss'  WINTER. 

Flesh  whitish  yellow,  firm,  juicy;  Flavor  sub-acid ;  Quality 
good  ;  Use,  table  and  kitchen ;  Season,  December. 

White    Pippin— [Of  Kentucky.] 

Fruit  large,  globular,  Somewhat  oblate,  regular;  Sur- 
face smooth,  green,  becoming  pale  yellow,  sometimes 
faintly  blushed ;  Dots  numerous,  white,  rather  large. 

Basin  small,  abrupt,  regular;  Eye  very  small,  long, 
slender,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  regular,  green;  Stem  medium,  regular, 
knobby. 

Core  round,  regular,  closed,  clasping  ;  Seeds  numerous, 
long,  pointed,  angular,  brown  ;  Flesh  white,  breaking,  fine- 
grained, juicy  ;  Flavor  acid  ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  market 
and  kitchen  ;  Season,  December,  January. 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 
Wilson— [Of  Michigan.] 

Fruit  large,  round,  slightly  conic,  regular;  Surface 
smooth,  golden  yellow ;  Dots  scattered,  dark. 

Basin  small,  folded;  Eye  long,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  very  deep,  wavy,  green ;  Stem  medium  or 
short,  crooked. 

Core  small,  globular, open,  clasping;  Axis  short;  Seeds 
numerous,  plump,  short;  Flesh  very  yellow,  breaking, 
fine-grained,  juicy;  Flavor  sub-acid,  *  rich ;  Quality  best; 
Use,  the  dessert ;  Season,  January  and  February. 

Yellow    Ing-estrie. 

This  old  English  variety  has  been  propagated  pretty 
extensively  in  the  Northwest,  and  though  too  small  for  a 
profitable  market  fruit,  it  has  been  lound  desirable  on  ac- 
count of  its  early  and  abundant  productiveness. 

Fruit  small,  globular,  truncated,  regular ;  Surface 
smooth^  lemon  yellow ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  wide,  shallow,  folded ;  Eye  medium,  open ;  Seg- 
ments reflexed. 

Cavity  acute,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  medium,  oval,  regular,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  few, 
large,  pale ;  Flesh  whitish  yellow,  breaking,  juicy  ;  Fla- 
vor sub-acid ;  Quality  barely  good  ;  Use,  cooking ;  Season, 
September,  October. 


CLASS    III.— ROUND    APPLES. 
ORDER   I.— REGULAR. 

SECTION  II.-*SOUR. 

SUB-SECTION   IL— STRIPED. 

American    Summer    Pearmain. 

This  delicious  apple  is  supposed  to  be  of  American 
origin.  It  is  essentially  a  fruit  for  the  amateur  ;  being  of 
slender  and  slow  growth  in  the  nursery,  it  is  not  a  favorite 
with  the  propagators,  and  though  making  a  large  and  pro- 
ductive tree  in  the  orchard,  it  is  not  profitable  as  a  market 
variety. 


CLASS   III. ROUND    APPLES. 1.    II.    II. 


583 


Fruit  medium,  variable  in  form,  being  oblong,  round, 
conic  and  even  oblate,  regular  or  unequal ;  Surface  smooth, 
greenish  yellow,  more  or  less  covered  with  dull  purplish 
red,  marbled,  and  made  up  of  very  short  splashes,  with 
distinct  stripes  aud  sploshes  of  brighter  red  ;  Dots  minute. 


Fig.  207.—  AMERICAN  SUMMER  PEARMAlN. 

Basin  medium,  regular  ;  Eye  rather  large,  nearly  closed  ; 
Segments  recurved. 

Cavity  rather  deep,  acute,  regular  ;  Stem  medium  to  long. 

Core  small,  roundish,  closed;  -Seeds  small,  pointed; 
Flesh  yellow,  exceedingly  tender,  almost  melting,  crisp, 
fine-grained,  juicy;  Flavor  very  mild  sub-acid,  aromatic, 
deliciously  refreshing;  Quality  best;  Use,  the  dessert; 
Season,  August  and  September,, 


Fruited  by  J.  H.  Crain,  Pulaski  County,  Illinois,  on 
trees  nine  years  old,  which  produced  ten  bushels  apiece, 
showing  its  productiveness. 


584 


DESCRIPTIONS    OP   APPLES. 


This  valuable  Southern  keeper  bids  fair  to  become  a 
great  favorite. 

Tree   thrifty,  very  productive ;  Fruit  small,   globular, 
truncated,   regular,   handsome;    Surface   smooth,    mixed 

bright  red ,  and 
splashed  crimson  on 
pale  yellow ;  Dots 
few,  minute. 

Basin  shallow, 
\    wide,  regular;    Eye 
small        but      long, 
closed ;      Calyx    re- 
flexed. 

Cavity  deep,  reg- 
ular, brown ;  Stem 
medium  to  long , 
slender. 

Fig.  208.-BACCALINUS.  Core  medium,  reg- 

ular, closed,  or  slightly  open,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous, 
angular,  dark  ;  Flesh  yellow,  firm,  fine-grained,  juicy  ; 
Flavor  sub-acid,  agreeable;  Use,  dessert;  Season,  Decem- 
ber till  March  or  longer ;  Quality  very  good. 


Beauty   of   Kent. 

A  large  English  apple,  well  adapted  to  the  kitchen. 
Tree  upright,  vigorous,  rather  productive. 

Fruit  large  to  very  large,  roundish,  flattened,  somewhat 
conic,  regular  ;  Surface  greenish  yellow,  more  or  less  cov- 
ered with  bright  red  mixed,  and  splashed  with  a  darker 
hue ;  Dots  small. 

Basin  quite  shallow,  regular ;  Eye  very  small  closed. 

Cavity  medium,  acute,  wavy,  green ;  Stem  medium  to 
short. 

Core  regular,  medium,  ovate,  slightly  open,  clasping 
the  eye  ;  Seeds  angular,  imperfect ;  Flesh  whitish  yellow, 
breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid  ;  Quality  only  good ;  Use, 
cooking  and  market,  for  which  it  is  well  adapted  by  its 
size  and  appearance  ;  Season,  September  and  October. 


CLASS   HI. ROUND   APPLES. 1.    II.    II. 


585 


Beit 

NEW   YORK.  PIPPIN,    AC. 


This  handsome  Southern  apple  has  attained  a  wonderful 
notoriety  within  a  few  years,  and  its  culture  has  been 
greatly  extended,  not  on  account  of  its  superlative  excel- 
lence, but  because  of  its  many  good  qualities  as  an  orchard 
tree  or  market  fruit.  It  was  long  cultivated  by  Verry 


Fig.  209. — BEN  DAVIS. 

Aldrich,  in  Bureau  County,  Illinois,  and  exhibited  as 
New  York  Pippin,  which  name  gave  an  idea  of  its  eastern 
origin,  but  in  other  localities  its  relations  point  clearly  to 
its  source  in  the  South.  To  Mr.  J.  S.  Downer  we  are  in- 
debted for  a  knowledge  of  its  present  name,  and  for  con- 
firmation of  its  identity  under  its  several  synonyms. 
This  apple  may  be  said  to  have  succeeded  as  well  in  the 
25* 


586  DESCRIPTIONS    OP   APPLES. 

northern  parts  of  Indiana  and  Illinois  as  in  their  southern 
borders,  where  it  has  long  been  planted ;  though  the 
northern  orchards  are  still  young,  they  are  very  promising. 
The  fruit  is  modified  somewhat  by  a  cooler  climate,  and 
will  keep  later  than  that  grown  in  the  South. 

Tree  remarkably  healthy  and  vigorous,  an  upright, 
rapid  grower  in  the  nursery,  and  has  numerous  short  spur- 
branches  along  the  stem.  In  the  orchard  the  limbs  are  set 
very  strongly,  and  the  stems  are  marked  by  little  mam- 
millar  projections  or  knobs,  that  are  very  characteristic. 
Tree  large,  spreading,  productive,  bears  early;  Shoots 
long,  reddish  brown,  smooth ;  Foliage  large,  dark  green. 

Fruit  large,  variable  in  form,  round,  often  apparently 
oblong,  tapering  to  the  eye,  truncated,  regular,  sometimes 
inclined,  generally  very  true,  as  though  turned  in  a  lathe; 
Surface  smooth,  often  polished,  yellow  covered  with  mixed 
red,  splashed  bright  red  ;  Dots  minute,  scattered. 

Basin  generally  shallow,  in  large  developed  specimens 
deep,  abrupt,  always  regular ;  Eye  large,  open  ;  Segments 
reflexed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy,  brown ;  Stem  medium  to  long. 

Core  medium,  regular,  clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds  large, 
plump;  Flesh  whitish,  breaking,  tender,  juicy;  Flavor 
sub-acid,  not  rich ;  Quality  only  good ;  Use,  market, 
kitchen  ;  Season,  December,  January  and  longer. 

IS  I  a  <*  kR»  11 1-11. 

Found  in  the  markets  at  Louisville,  Kentucky ;  not  much 
seen  elsewhere.  Origin  unknown,  probably  Southern. 

Fruit  large,  round,  somewhat  flattened;  Surface  dull 
looking,  dull  green  and  gray,  with  broken  stripes  of  dark 
dull  red ;  Dots  large,  gray  about  the  apex. 

Basin  narrow,  regular ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  rather  deep,  acute,  brown ;  Stem  medium, 
curved,  rather  stout. 

Core  flattened,  open,  clasping  ;  Flesh  white,  crisp,  juicy; 
Flavor  sub-acid,  with  a  peculiar  spicy,  wild,  rather 
astringent  taste,  that  diminishes  with  the  maturity  of  the 
fruit ;  Quality  considered  good ;  Use,  family  and  market ; 
Season  September,  November.  Blackburn  is  sometimes 
used  as  a  synonym  of  Fall  Queen,  a  different  fruit. 


CLASS    III. ROUND    APPLES. 1.    II.    II.  58T 

Capital. 

A  seedling  of  Z.  S.  Ragan,  Clayton,  Indiana. 

Fruit  small,  globular,  truncate  at  the  ends,  regular  ;  Sur- 
face smooth,  deep  red  on  greenish  yellow ;  Stripes  and 
Dots  indistinct. 

Basin  wide,  deep ;  Eye  medium,  open,  elongated. 

Cavity  wide,  acute,  regular ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  round,  open,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous,  pointed ; 


Fig.  210.— CAPITAL.  ' 

Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich ; 
Quality  good ;  Use,  the  dessert ;  Season,  December  and 
January. 

Carter.— [Of  Massachusetts.] 

Specimens  from  Luke  Lincoln,  of  Leominster,  Mass. 

Fruit  medium,  round,  flattened,  slightly  angular;  Sur- 
face smooth,  yellow,  mixed  and  splashed  scarlet ;  Dots 
rare,  minute. 

Basin  shallow,  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy ;  Stem  long. 

Core  rather  large,  regular,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  plump 


588  DESCRIPTIONS' OF    APPLES. 

and  imperfect,  pointed ;  Flesh  yellowish  white,  breaking, 


Fig.  211. — CARTER. 

juicy;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic  ;  Quality  good;  Use,  ta- 
ble ;  Season,  December,  January. 

Cary's    Summer. 

This  is  probably  an  old  variety,  but  it  has  not  been 
identified.  Specimens  from  C.  C.  Cary,  near  Louisville, 
Kentucky. 

Fruit  large,  round,  flattened,  regular;  Surface  smooth, 
rich  yellow,  mixed,  splashed,  carmine ;  Dots  scattered, 
minute. 

Basin  wide,  wavy;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  narrow,  wavy  brown  ;  Stem  short. 

Core  medium,  roundish,  regular,  open  ;  Seeds  numerous, 
plump  ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy  ;  Flavor 
sub-acid ;  Quality  very  good  ;  Use,  table,  kitchen,  market ; 
Season,  June  to  September. 


CLASS   III. ROUND   APPLES. 1.    II.    II. 


Cluster    Pearmain. 


589 


Introduced  by  R.  Ragan,  of  Indiana. 

Fruit  full  medium,  round,  flattened,  regular,  ^inclined  ; 
Surface  yellowish  green,  mixed  and  striped  light  red; 
Dots  large,  numerous,  gray  and  yellow  ;  white  bloom. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  short. 

Core  medium,  pyriform,  nearly  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds 
numerous,  angular,  dark ;  Flesh  yellowish  white,  break- 


Fig.  212. — CLUSTER  PEARMAIK. 

ing,  tender,  granular ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  Quality 
good  to  very  good ;  Use,  table  ;  Season,  September,  Octo- 
ber. A  most  acceptable  substitute  for  Rambo,  as  an  ama- 
teur's fruit. 

Coggeswell. 

Origin  near  Norwich,  Connecticut.  Tree  vigorous,  up- 
right, productive  on  alternate  years. 

Fruit  large,  uniform,  fair,  beautiful,  round,  flattened, 
regular;  Surface  smooth,  striped  red  on  yellow. 


590 


DESCEIPTIOK'S    OF    APPLES. 


Basin  shallow,  small;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  brown ;  Stem  short. 

Flesh  yellow,  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy;  Flavor  mild 
sub-acid,  aromatic,  rich  ;  Quality  best ;  Use,  table ;  Season, 
December  to  March. 

This  fruit  has  been  thought  to  resemble  the  Ohio 
JVbnpariel,  but  I  think  it  is  different. 


,       Cropsey's    Favorite. 

Originated  with  D.  W.  Cropsey,  Plainfield,  Will  County, 
Illinois. 

Fruit  full  medium,  globular,  looking  oblong,  regular; 
Surface  smooth,  yellow,  mixed,  splashed  carmine;  Dots  few. 

Basin  medium,  regular,  russet ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy,  green  ;  Stem  short  to  medium. 

Core  roundish,  heart-shaped,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ; 
Seeds  medium,  angular;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  fine- 
grained, juicy;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich;  Quality  good  to 
very  good;  Use,  table,  kitchen;  Season,  December. 


>;.  218. — DAN  PEARMAIN. 


CLASS    IIL BOUND   APPLES. 1.    II.    IL  591 

Daniel. 

This  delightful  autumn  dessert  apple  is  grown  in  Henry 
County,  Indiana. 

Fruit  medium  to  small,  round,  flattened,  regular ;  Sur- 
face smooth,  mixed  scarlet  on  yellow,  splashed  carmine ; 
Dots  minute. 

Basin  shallow,  regular ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Core  wide,  regular,  open ;  Seeds  numerous,  plump  ; 
Flesh  yellow,  very  fine-grained,  tender,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub- 
acid,  aromatic,  delicious ;  Quality  best ;  Use,  the  dessert ; 
Season,  September. 

Daii    Pearmain. 

This  very  beautiful  seedling  was  procured  by  Reuben 
Ragan  from  near  the  battle-field  of  Tippecanoe,  Indiana, 
where  it  was  found  in  a  seedling  orchard. 

Fruit  medium  to  small,  round,  flattened,  regular,  fair 
and  handsome ;  Surface  yellow,  covered  with  bright  red, 
mixed,  striped  and  splashed ;  Dots  numerous,  large,  yel- 
low, prominent. 

Basin  deep,  regular  or  plaited ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular,  sometimes  brown;  Stem 
long,  slender,  red. 

Core  small,  turbinate,  closed;  Seeds  numerous,  small, 
plump ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  tender ;  Flavor  very  mild 
sub-acid,  rich ;  Quality  almost  best ;  Use,  table,  kitchen, 
market ;  on  older  trees  too  small  for  profit ;  Season,  De- 
cember to  March. 

»ay. 

ROYAL    PIPPIN. 

From  Reuben  Ragan.  Fruit  large,  round,  somewhat 
conic,  regular ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow,  striped,  splashed, 
mottled,  carmine ;  Dots  numerous,  gray,  large. 

Basin  shallow,  folded;  Eye  smalC  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  green ;  Stem  medium,  clubbed. 

Core  wide,  pyriform,  slightly  open,  clasping;  Seeds 
numerous,  pointed,  angular,  dark  ;  Flesh  yellowish  white, 
firm,  breaking,  granular ;  Flavor  sub-acid  ;  Quality  good  ; 
Use,  kitchen  ;  Season,  January.  Not  destined  to  take  a 
very  high  rank. 


.592 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 
Doctor    Fulclier. 


A  Southern  apple  of  some  merit.  Originated  in  Todd 
County,  Kentucky.  Tree  thrifty,  an  early  and  abundant 
bearer;  Shoots  slender;  Foliage  bright/ green.  Received 
from  J.  S.  Downer,  of  Elkton,  Kentucky. 

Fruit  medium,  globular,  truncated,  regular ;  Surface 
smooth,  yellow,  marbled,  splashed  carmine ;  Dots  minute. 


Fig.  214.— DOCTOR  FULOHEB. 

Basin  shallow,  wavy,  russeted,  cracked;  Eye  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  sometimes  wide,  wavy,  brown ;  Stem  medium 
to  long. 

Core  large,  turbinate,  regular  open,  meeting  the  eye ; 
Seeds  large,  plump ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine-grained,  tender, 
melting,  juicy;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich;  Quality  good, 
Downer  says  "  best ;"  Use,  table ;  Season,  December, 
January. 


CLASS    III. BOUND    APPLES. 1.    II.    II.  593 

Dutch    IHi^nonne. 

REINETTE  DOKEE— And  Several  Others  in  Europe. 

A  fine  large  apple  from  Holland.  Tree  vigorous,  up- 
right, productive. 

Fruit  large  or  very  large,  roundish,  flattened,  sometimes 
conical,  truncated ;  Surface  rough,  yellow,  covered  with 
red,  splashed  with  bright  red ;  Dots  numerous,  prominent, 
fawn-colored. 

Basin  wide,  abrupt,  regular;  Eye  short,  wide,  open; 
Segments  short. 

Cavity  medium,  acute,  regular ;  Stem  medium  to  long. 


.  215.— DUTCH  MIGNONNE. 


Core  small,  turbinate,  regular,  clasping ;  Seeds  few,  an- 
gular imperfect ;  Flesh  yellowish  white,  breaking,  coarse- 
grained, juicy;  Flavor  acid  to  sub-acid,  rich;  Quality 
good  to  very  good ;  Use,  kitchen,  market,  drying ;  Sea- 
son, September,  October. 


594  DESCRIPTIONS    OP    APPLES. 

Early    Pennoclc. 

SHAKER     YELLOW — HOMONY,  of  the  South  ? 

Origin  unknown.  Tree  thrifty,  upright,  early  bearer, 
productive,  not  long-lived. 

Fruit  large,  variable  in  form,  being  sometimes  oval,  and 
conical,  averaging  roundish — conic,  regular,  handsome, 
sometimes  inclined  in  the  axis  ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow, 
partially  covered  with  mixed  and  striped  scarlet,  splashed 
carmine — often  the  yellow  prevails;  Dots  numerous,  dark. 


Fig.  216. — EARLY  PENNOCK. 

Basin  shallow,  plaited  or  regular  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  medium  or  short. 

Core  long,  tapering  to  both  ends,  partially  open  in  some, 
clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds  large,  numerous,  plump,  dark ; 
Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  rather  coarse ;  Flavor  acid ; 
Quality  poor;  Use,  market  and  kitchen;  Season,  July 
and  August. 


CLASS    III. BOUND   APPLES. 1.    II.    II.  595 

Fameuse. 

SNOW — CHIMNEY— POMME   DE   NEIGE. 

This  is  a  favorite  Northern  fruit  of  great  beauty.  Origin 
uncertain — whether  Canadian  or  French.  It  is  greatly 
valued  in  the  North  and  Northwest  as  an  early  winter 
apple.  Tree  vigorous,  productive ;  Shoots  red ;  Foliage 
dark,  abundant. 

Fruit  medium,  round,  regular ;  Surface  pale  waxen  yel- 
low, almost  wholly  covered  deep  red,  made  up  of  stripes 
and  splashes  that  are  not  always  traceable  in  the  depth 
of  color — absent  where  a  portion  of  the  apple  has  been 
shaded  by  a  leaf;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  medium,  regular  ;  Eye  very  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  green ;  Stem  short. 

Core  medium,  heart-shaped,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ; 
Seeds  numerous,  pointed,  rich  brown ;  Flesh  snowy  white, 
very  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  mild, 
delicately  perfumed,  not  rich  ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  dessert, 
kitchen,  market ;  Season,  October  to  December. 

Farley    Red. 

A  native  of  Kentucky,  already  somewhat  extended 
northward.  Tree  healthy,  moderately  thrifty,  very  pro- 
ductive, making  it  small. 


Fig.  217.—  FAKLEY  KED. 


596  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

Fruit  small,  round  or  oblong,  flattened  or  truncated  at 
the  ends,  barrel  shaped ;  Surface  dull  red  stripes  on  yel- 
low; Dots  minute,  indented,  purplish. 

Basin  shallow,  folded  or  plaited ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy,  brown  ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  regular,  turbinate,  open,  clasping  the  point  of  the 
eye;  Seeds  numerous,  plump,  angular;  Flesh  yellowish 
white,  firm,  juicy;  Flavor  sub-acid;  Quality  only  good ; 
Use,  Mr.  R.  Ragan  finds  it  one  of  his  best  market  fruits ; 
Season,  March  and  April,  keeping  sound  and  very  salable. 

Gleiidale. 

Believed  to  have  originated  near  Giendale,  Hamilton 
County,  Ohio,  where  I  obtained  it  from  A.  A.  Mullet. 

Tree  vigorous,  thrifty,  spreading,  well  formed  head, 
productive. 

Fruit  large,  roundish,  somewhat  conical;  Surface 
smooth,  bright  yellow,  striped  and  clouded  with  bright 
red ;  Dots  small,  russet. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  medium,  wavy,  green  ;  Stem  long. 

Core  open  ;  Seeds  numerous,  medium ;  Flesh  yellowish, 
tender,  juicy;  Flavor  very  mild  sub-acid,  almost  saccharine, 
rich ;  Quality  good  ;  U  se,  table ;  Season,  September,  Oc- 
tober. 

Ilag'loe. 

This  foreign  variety  has  the  general  aspect  of  a  Rus- 
sian apple  both  in  tree  and  fruit. 

Excellent  for  cooking,  highly  esteemed  by  the  market 
gardeners  of  New  Jersey,  where  it  is  much  grown. 

Tree  healthy,  vigorous,  round  headed,  productive; 
Shoots  stout,  blunt ;  Foliage  large,  light  green. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  round,  somewhat  flattened ;  Sur- 
face pale  yellow,  distinctly  striped  and  splashed  bright 
red  or  carmine,  covered  with  white  bloom. 

Basin  small,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular  ;  Stem  short,  thick. 

Flesh  whitish,  not  fine-grained,  breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor 
acid  ;  Quality  good ;  Use,  kitchen  and  market  only ;  Sea- 
son, August. 


CLASS    III. ROUND    APPLES. 1.    II.    II. 


597 


Hannah. 

AUNT'S,  not  AUNT  HANNAH  of  Massachusetts. 

This  large  and  rather  handsome  fruit  is  found  in  many 
parts  of  the  country,  but  is  not  largely  cultivated.  Its 
occurrence  among  Southern  emigrants  would  lead  us  to 
suspect  that  they  might  have  brought  it  with  them. 


Fig.  218.— HANNAH. 

Fruit  large,  showy,  round,  somewhat  flattened,  regular, 
sometimes  unequal;  Surface  rather  smooth,  pale  yellow, 
mixed,  distinctly  striped  and  splashed  crimson  and  car- 
mine ;  Dots  scattered,  large,  gray. 

Basin  medium,  abrupt,  regular,  often  slightly  russeted ; 
Eye  medium  but  long,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  acute,  deep,  brown  or  green  ;  Stem 
short  ot  very  short. 

Core  round,  flattened  or  wide,  regular,  open;  Axis  very 
short ;  Seeds  numerous,  short,  plump ;  Flesh  light,  yel- 


598 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


lowish  white,  breaking,  tender,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid, 
aromatic,  peculiar,  not  agreeable  to  some  palates ;  Quality 
only  good ;  Use,  kitchen,  market,  drying ;  Season,  Octo- 
ber to  December. 

Herefordshire    I*earmain. 

This  is  supposed  to  be  an  old  English  variety  which  has 
reached  certain  portions  of  the  Western  States  from  the 
East,  though  now  rarely  seen  there,  as  its  place  has  been 
taken  by  other  Pearmains  of  American  origin  and  more 


Fig.  219. — HEREFORDSHIRE  PEARMAIN. 

vigor,  such  as  the  Long  Island  Pearmain,  described  on 
another  page.  Tree  slender  and  slow  grower,  medium 
size,  very  productive. 

Fruit  small  to  medium,  roundish,  slightly  conic,  trun- 
cated sharply;  Surface  smooth,  deep  red,  splashes  dark  or 
maroon  011  rich  yellow,  which  only  shows  where  the  fruit 
has  been  shaded  by  a  leaf;  Dots  numerous,  small,  yellow. 

Basin  wide,  regular,  abrupt ;  Eye  medium, open,  reflexed. 

Cavity  medium,  regular  or  wavy,  green ;  Stem  mostly 
short,  stout,  sometimes  quite  thick. 


CLASS    III. ROUND   APPLES. — L    II.    II. 


599 


Core  wide,  turbinate,  closed,  regular,  clasping  the  eye  ; 
Seeds  numerous,  small,  pointed,  dark,  some  imperfect ; 
Flesh  deep  yellow,  firm,  breaking,  very  fine-grained,  juicy; 
Flavor  rich,  sub-acid,  aromatic,  vinous,  spicy,  very  agree- 
able ;  Quality  best ;  Use,  dessert ;  Season,  December  to 
February. 

Especially  adapted  to  amateur  collections. 


Hewes'    Cral>. 

From  Virginia.  A  famous  cider  apple,  found  in  all  exten- 
sive and  good  cider  orchards.     Tree  of  slender  growth,  but 
makes  a  large,  spreading  top,  immensely  productive   al- 
ternate years,  long  lived  ;   Twigs  slender;  Foliage  sparse. 
Fruit  quite  small,  round,  somewhat  flattened,  regular ; 
Surface  mixed,  striped,  purplish  red  on   yellow ;   Dots 
numerous,  large,  pale  or  fawn. 
Basin  shallow;  Eye  small,  closed. 
Cavity  deep,  regular  ;  Stem  long,  red. 
Core  round,  regular,  open,  clasping ;  Seeds  large,  point- 
ed; Flesh  firm,  yellow- 
ish and  greenish,  juicy; 
Flavor  acid,  rich  ;  the 
must   is   very    heavy ; 
Quality  best  for  cider; 
Season,  November   to 
January.     Also  useful 
for  cooking,  except  on 
account   of    its    small 
size;  the  rich  and  piq- 
uant acid  makes  it    a 
particularly     desirable 
ingredient     in    mince- 
pies. 

In  Kentucky  there 
is  a  variety  of  this  ap 
pie  known  as  Beeler^s 


Tig.  220.— HEWES'  CRAB. 


Crab,  with  fruit  of  similar  characters,  but  the  tree  is  a 
better  grower. 


600 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


HUBBARDSTON   NONSUCH. 

This  fine  apple  originated  in  Hubbardston,  Massachu- 
setts. Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  productive,  early  bearer, 
round-leaved,  branching.  At  one  time  this  and  the  Bald- 
win were  confounded  and  mixed  in  some  Western  collec- 
tions. 

Fruit  large,  fair,  handsome,  round,  somewhat  ovate,  ta- 
pering both  ways  from  the  middle,  regular ;  Surface  often 


Fig.  221. — HUBBARDSTON. 

uneven,  yellow,  covered  with  mixed  red  and  broken  stripes, 
presenting  a  rich  brownish  appearance  ;  Dots  scattered, 
gray,  prominent. 

Basin  abrupt,  wide,  regular,  leather-cracked,  or  russet- 
ed,  or  both;  Eye  medium  or  small,  open. 


CLASS   III. BOUND    APPLES. 1.    II.    II.  601 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  medium  or  short. 

Core  large,  heart-shaped,  regular,  sometimes  partially 
open,  clasping  the  eye  ;  Seeds  few,  pointed ;  Flesh  yel- 
low, breaking,  fine  grained,  juicy;  Flavor  acid,  sub-acid, 
rich  ;  Quality  very  good  ;  Use,  cooking  early,  table  when 
perfectly  ripe ;  Season,  November,  December. 

Krowser. 

Origin  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania,  where  I  found  it 
very  popular  as  a  productive  winter  apple  for  all  purposes. 
Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  large,  spreading,  and  very  produc- 
tive. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  round,  slightly  conic,  regular; 
Surface  rather  smooth,  pale  yellow,  nearly  covered  with 
red,  and  splashed  carmine. 

Basin  small,  folded  ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  medium ;  Stem  short  to  medium. 

Flesh  whitish,  tender,  juicy  ;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid,  rich, 
agreeable ;  Use,  a  good  market  fruit ;  Season,  December 
to  March. 

I,.arg;e   Striped    Pearmain. 

This  choice  Western  apple  is  supposed  to  have  originat- 
ed in  Kentucky — possibly  further  South.  It  is  now  to  be 
found  in  Eastern  Ohio,  Southern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  and 
in  Missouri.  Much  grown  in  Kentucky.  In  all  places  it 
seems  to  be  doing  well,  and  giving  entire  satisfaction,  ex- 
cepting that  the  bark  bursts  near  the  ground  even  in  bear- 
ing trees,  root-grafted. 

Tree  vigorous,  thrifty,  spreading,  productive;  Shoots 
rather  slender,  dark ;  Foliage  dark  green,  abundant  on 
young  trees. 

Fruit  large,  round,  flattened,  regular,  fair,  handsome, 
though  not  so  beautifully  colored  as  some  others ;  Surface 
smooth,  mixed,  splashed  and  striped,  pale  purplish  red  on 
yellow,  which  shows  through  the  shading ;  Dots  minute, 
indented,  gray,  so  that  the  fruit  has  a  general  gray  appear- 
ance. 

Basin  medium^  regular,  sometimes  cracked ;  Eye  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,   rather   deep,. brown;  Stem  short, 
medium,  or  rather  long. 
26 


602 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Core  roundish,  medium,  regular,  open ;  Seeds  numerous, 
large,  angular,  some  imperfect;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking, 
somewhat  coarse-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid  ;  Quality 


Fig.  22'3. — LARGE    STRIPED   PEA.RMAIN. 

quite  good  ;  Use,  market,   kitchen,  table ;  Season,  Decem- 
ber to  February. 

In  the  West  it  is  more  flattened  than  in  Ohio,  becom- 
ing in  large  specimens  almost  aflat  or  oblate  apple.  High- 
ly recommended  for  commercial  orchards,  whether  for  ship- 
ding  North  or  South — particularly  the  latter. 

Lewis. 

This  delicious  apple  originated  in  Decatur  County,  In- 
diana, near  Greensburgh,  and  was  introduced  to  my  no- 
tice by  one  of  the  early  pomologists  of  the  region,  a  nur- 
seryman by  the  name  of  Lewis,  from  whom  I  obtained  my 
trees  after  he  had  introduced  me  to  the  original,  which  I 


CLASS    III. — ROUND    APPLES. 1.    II.    II. 


603 


found  to  be  vigorous,  healthy,  upright,  spreading  and  pro- 
ductive. 

The  fruit  was  described  in  the  Western  Horticultural 
Review  for  1852,  before  I  was  aware  that  my  friend  Reu- 
ben Ragan  had  an  apple  of  the  same  name ;  nevertheless, 
this,  by  priority  of  publication,  will  stand,  unless  there 


Fig.  233.—  LEWIS. 

should  prove  to  be  another  Lewis  that  can  claim  seniority 
of  publication.  I  distinguish  the  other  apple  by  calling  it 
Lewis  of  Ragan  ;  it  is  in  another  class. — [See  Downing,  p. 
164.] 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  round,  somewhat  ovate,  regular ; 
Surface  smooth,  yellow,  striped  and  marbled  scarlet ;  Dots 
scattered,  gray  and  yellow. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  regular;  Eye  medium,    closed. 

Cavity  acute,  deep,  regular ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  regular,  oval,  heart-shaped,  closed,  meeting  the 
eye ;  Seeds  numerous,  plump,  brown ;  Flesh  yellow,  very 
tender,  crisp,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid  to  sub-acid,  rich,  deli- 


604  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

cious ;  Quality  best ;  Use,  table  and  kitchen  ;  Season,  Au- 
gust. Marked  in  my  notes  "  One  of  the  very  best  of  the 
new  apples." 


This  valuable  market  variety  originated  near  Columbus, 
Ohio,  where  it  was  brought  into  notice  by  M.  B.  Bateham, 
the  excellent  Secretary  of  the  Ohio  Pomological  Society, 
and  founder  of  the  Columbus  Nurseries. 

Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  large,  spreading  and  productive ; 
believed  to  be  entirely  hardy. 

Fruit  full  medium  to  large,  globular,  inclining  to  oblong 
in  appearance,  turbinated  or  flattened  at  the  ends,  regu- 


Fig.  234.— LIBERTY. 

lar ;  Surface  not  smooth,  yellow,  covered  with  dull  red 
and  scarlet,  mixed  and  splashed,  stripes  indistinct;  Dots 
minute,  gray,  prominent. 

Basin  medium,  quite  shallow,  regular,  indistinctly  leath- 
er-cracked ;  Eye  small,  closed. 


CLASS  in. — KOIT:NT>  APPLES. — i.  n.  n. 


605 


Cavity  medium,  acute,  wavy ;  Stem  medium,  inclined. 

Core  small,  oval,  closed, meeting  the  eye;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, pointed ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  rather  coarse,  juicy ; 
Flavor  acid  to  sub-acid ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  market  and 
kitchen  or  table ;  Season,  January  to  March,  or  later. 

Lyscom. 

Origin  Massachusetts.  This  pleasant  dessert  apple  is 
not  generally  known. 

Fruit  large,  roundish,  flattened,  regular;  Surface  smooth, 
yellowish,  striped  and  splashed  with  red. 

Basin  large,  plaited ;  Eye  large. 

Cavity  deep,  regular ;  Stem  short. 

Flesh  whitish,  fine-grained,  tender,  juicy ;  Flavor  mild 
sub-acid,  agreeable  ;  Quality  good ;  Use,  table  and  kitchen  ; 
Season,  September  to  November. 

ITIargil. 

A  famous  old  English  dessert  apple,  rarely  seen  in  this 
country,  but  much  better  adapted  for  the  closing  of  a  feast 
than  many  which  are  more  pretentious  in  style  and  im- 


Fig.  225.— MARGIL. 

posing  in  size.  Certainly  much  more  economical  to  him 
who  provides  even  at  a  higher  price  per  bushel  than  those 
which  are  too  large  to  be  eaten,  and  are  only  cut  to  be  left 


606 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


on  the  table  and  wasted.  Tree  of  slender  growth,  but  very 
productive. 

Fruit  quite  small,  round,  somewhat  conic,  abruptly  trun- 
cated, regular  ;  Surface  smooth,  red,  mixed  and  striped ; 
Dots  yellow,  prominent. 

Basin  wide,  shallow,  regular ;  Eye  small,  open ;  Calyx 
renexed. 

Cavity  wide,  not  deep,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  long. 

Core  turbinate,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye  ;  Seeds 
numerous,  pointed,  long  ;  Flesh  yellow,  crisp,  fine-grained, 
juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich,  aromatic,  very  agreeable ; 
Quality  best ;  Season,  November  to  January. 

Uleacli. 

From  Vermont ;  Fruit  large,  roundish,  conic ;  Skin 
greenish-yellow,  striped  and  mottled  with  light  red,  and 
sprinkled  with  brown  dots  ;  Stalk  long,  rather  slender,  set 
in  a  pretty  large  cavity ;  Calyx  closed  in  a  corrugated  ba- 
sin ;  Flesh  yellowish,  rather  fine,  juicy,  rich,  mild,  sub- 
acid,  aromatic ;  October  and  November. — [Downing.] 


Fig.  226.— M'KINLEY. 
McKinley. 

Highly  esteemed   by  Reuben  Ragan,  of  Indiana,  who 
finds  it  profitable. 


CLASS   III.  —  ROUND    APPLES.  —  I.    II.    II.  607 

Fruit  medium,  roundish,  flattened,  slightly  conic,  regu- 
lar; Surface  smooth,  dull  red  on  greenish-yellow,  stripes 
indistinct  ;  Dots  scattered,  large,  gray. 

Basin  regular,  shallow  ;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  slender,  me- 
dium to  short. 

Core  medium,  ovate,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye  ; 
Seeds  numerous,  plump,  brown  ;  Flesh  breaking,  very  fine- 
grained, very  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  good  ;  Quality  good 
to  very  good;  Use,  table;  Season,  December  and  Jan- 

"^  Mexico. 

Origin  Canterbury,  Connecticut.  Tree  hardy,  produc- 
tive. Not  much  known  in  the  West. 

Fruit  —  obtained  from  E.  Newburg,  Brooklyn,  Connecti- 
cut —  medium,  round,  regular  ;  Surface  bright  crimson-red, 
striped  darker;  Dots  numerous,  yellow-green. 

Basin  shallow,  regular  ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,    regular  ;  Stem  long  or  medium,  slender. 

Core  large,  open,  meeting  the  eye  ;  Seeds  numerous, 
angular,  pointed  ;  Flesh  white,  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy; 
Flavor  sub-acid  ;  Quality  best  ;  Use,  table  ;  Season,  Au- 
gust and  September. 


This  large,  showy  apple  originated  in  Delaware  County, 
Indiana,  and  was  introduced  to  the  public  by  Dr.  J.  C. 
Helme,  of  the  State  Horticultural  Society. 

It  was  described  in  the  Western  Horticultural  Review, 
some  years  ago,  as  a  promising  fruit,  and  was  favorably 
noticed  at  the  time  of  its  introduction,  but  has  not  yet  been 
sufficiently  known  for  general  recommendation. 

Tree  vigorous,  upright,  spreading,  productive. 

Fruit  large,  globular,  flattened,  regular  ;  Surface  smooth, 
yellow,  pretty  well  covered  with  stripes  and  splashes  of 
bright  red  ;  Dots  medium,  ragged,  gray,  scattering. 

Basin  medium,  regular  ;  Eye  medium,  open. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy  ;  Stem  medium  to  long,  stout. 

Core  wide,  heart-shaped,  open,  clasping  ;  Seeds  pointed  ; 
Flesh  whitish,  breaking,  juicy;  Flavor  sub-acid;  Quality 
good  ;  Use,  kitchen,  table,  and  promising  for  market  ;  Sea- 
eon,  November  to  January. 


608 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPT/ES. 


Fig.  227.—  MONK'S  FAVORITE. 


Not  having  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  this  fruit, 
I  quote  the  ad  interim  report  of  the  Pennsylvania  Horti- 
cultural Society  : 

"  Origin  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania. 

"  Fruit  large,  roundish,  exterior  of  an  exceedingly  beau- 
tiful waxen  orange-yellow  color,  with  a  few  russet  dots, 
and  a  delicately  striped  and  richly  mottled  carmine  cheek  ; 
Stem  very  short  and  rather  stout,  cavity  narrow,  acumi- 
nate, shallow  ;  Calyx  large,  basin  deep,  rather  wide,  fur- 
rowed; Flesh  yellowish,  somewhat  tough,  owing  to  the 
fact  of  its  being  shriveled  ;  Flavor  approaches  to  that  of  a 
pineapple  ;  Quality  very  good  ;  December  to  April." 

Newark    King;. 

An  old  apple,  supposed  to  have  come  from  New  Jersey; 
found  in  the  oldest  orchards  of  grafted  fruits  in  South- 
western Ohio,  seldom  elsewhere  in  the  West  that  I  have 
seen. 


CLASS   III. BOUND   APPLES. — I.    II.    II. 


609 


Tree  thrifty,  upright,  spreading,  productive ;  Foliage 
dark. 

Fruit  full  medium  to  large,  roundish,  flattened  or  trun- 
cated conic,  mostly  regular,  sometimes  ribbed ;  Surface 
not  very  smooth,  rich  yellow,  nearly  covered  with  dull 


*  Kg.  238. — NEWARK  KING. 

red  mixed,  and  darker  stripes,  giving  the  fruit  almost  a 
mahogany  color ;  Dots  numerous,  gray,  elongated  at  the 
extremities,  and  coalescing  into  russet  about  the  blossom 
end. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  folded  or  plaited,  covered  with  fine 
russet ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  often  lipped ;  Stem  rather  long,  slender. 

Core  small,  oval,  closed,  not  clasping  but  meeting  the 
eye ;  Seeds  numerous,  angular;  Flesh  rich  yellow,  breaking, 
fine  grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid,  rich,  sprightly,  high-fla- 
vored;  Quality  very  good  ;  Use,  kitchen,  table  and  cider; 
Season,  December,  January,  or  longer. 


610 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Pat  ton. 

CARTER  Of  Alabama— MANGUM— ALABAMA  PBARMAIN  of  Petei'8. 

This  is  a  great  favorite  in  the  South,  and  deservedly  so, 
on  account  of  its  good  qualities.  Specimens  from  Dr.  Jas. 
S.  Blair,  Limestone  County,  North  Alabama,  afford  me  data 
for  the  following  description.  I  have  preferred  the  name 
Patton  because  of  the  other  Carters  : 

Fruit  large,  roundish,  somewhat  flattened ;  Surface 
smooth,  mixed,  marbled  and  splashed  carmine  on  yellow ; 
Dots  scattered,  distinct,  yellow. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  folded ;  Eye  medium,  open. 

Cavity  deep,  acute ;  Stem  long  to  medium,  inclined,  red. 

Core  small,  regular,  closed,  half  clasping ;  Seeds  plump 
and  imperfect ;  Flesh  yellow,  firm,  breaking,  juicy ;  Fla- 
vor acid,  agreeable  ;  Quality  good ;  Season,  November  to 
January. 

Pomme    IfVater. 

An  apple  by  this  name  is  found  in  Northern  Illinois  ;  lit- 
tle is  known  of  its  origin  or  history. 

Fruit  full  medium,  globular  truncate,  slightly  conic,  re- 
gular ;  Surface  mixed,  splashed  scarlet  on  yellow ;  Dots 
minute,  numerous,  brown.  . 


.  229.—  POMME  WATER. 


CLASS    III. BOUKD   APPLES. 1.    II.    II. 


611 


Basin  wavy,  medium  ;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  medium,  regular;  Stem  short,  thick,  green. 

Core  medium,  round,  closed,  scarcely  meeting  the  eye; 
Seeds  numerous,  angular,  imperfect  ;  Flesh  yellow,  break- 
ing, fine  grained,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid  ;  Quality  good 
to  very  good  ;  Use,  table  ;  Season,  September  and  October. 

Specimens  obtained  from  Henry  Kimball,  of  Rockford, 
Winnebago  County,  Illinois. 

.»  ,      n   * 

Red. 


Origin   Putnam  County,  Indiana,  by  R.  Ragan.     Tree 
vigorous,  productive. 

Fruit    large,  round,   slightly   conic,   regular;    Surface 


Fig.  230.— RAGAN'S  RED. 

smooth,    bright  red,  splashed   darker;    Dots    numerous, 
small. 

26* 


612  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

Basin  abrupt,  deep,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular  ;  Stem  long. 

Core  small,  pyriform,  regular,  nearly  closed;  Seeds  nu- 
merous, plump;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  fine  grained; 
Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic;  Quality  good;  Use,  table  and 
market ;  Season,  October  and  November. 

Ribston    Pippin. 

This  famous  English  apple  does  not  seom.to  have  many 
admirers  among  our  orchardists,  but  on  some  accounts  it 
merits  a  place  in  the  amateur's  collection. 

Tree  productive,  early  bearer. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  round,  truncated,  regular ;  Sur- 
face rough,  splashed  and  mixed  dull  red  on  yellow ;  Dots 
numerous,  minute,  prominent,  russet. 

Basin  abrupt,  plaited  or  regular,  russeted ;  Eye  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  acute,  wide,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  regular,  closed ;  Seeds  numerous,  angular,  imper- 
fect ;  Flesh  yellow",  crisp,  firm,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid,  rich, 
aromatic  ;  Use,  kitchen — scarcely  for  table ;  Season,  Octo- 
ber and  later,  but  apt  to  wilt. 

Sigler's    Red. 

This  very  handsome  apple,  from  near  McConnellsville, 
Morgan  County,  Ohio,  was  shown  before  the  Ohio  Porno- 
logical  Society,  at  different  times,  by  Jos.  Sigler,  for  whom 
it  was  named,  because  it  was  not  identified  as  any  known 
variety. 

Fruit  medium,  globular,  slightly  flattened,  regular;  Sur- 
face smooth,  mixed  and  splashed  bright  red ;  Dots  minute, 
rare. 

Basin  shallow,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  wavy ;  Stem  short  to  medium,  knobby. 

Core  wide,  indistinct,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 
pointed,  plump  ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine-grained,  juicy  ;  Flavor 
sub-acid,  aromatic,  rich  ;  Quality  almost  best ;  Use,  table  ; 
Season,  September. 

A  beautiful  dessert  fruit.  Elliott  gives  it  as  synonym 
to  Autumn  Pearmain. 


CLASS    III. BOUND   APPLES. 1.    II.    II.  613 

Small    Black. 

BLACK  APPLE  of  Coxe  and  Downing— AMERICAN  BLACK. 

This  useful  little  apple  is  found  in  many  collections 
where  the  Jersey  Black  is  cultivated,  but  it  seems  to  be 
quite  distinct.  Origin  unknown. 

Fruit  medium  to  small,  globular,  sometimes  nearly  ob- 


Fig.  231. — SMALL  BLACK. 

late,  regular ;  Surface  smooth,  deep  red,  sometimes  pur- 
plish, striping  indistinct ;  Dots  numerous,  indented,  minute, 
pink  or  purple. 

Basin  shallow,  abrupt,*  regular  or  folded ;  Eye  small  to 
medium,  closed  ;  Segments  reflexed. 

Cavity  acute,  sometimes  lipped,  brown ;  Stem  long,  in- 
clined, red  or  green. 

Core  regular,  round,  slightly  open,  clasping  the  eye ; 
Seeds  numerous,  plump  and  angular ;  Flesh  yellowish, 
often  pink,  tender,  fine  grained ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  agree- 
able ;  Quality  good ;  Use,  dessert ;  Season,  November  to 
January. 


614 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Smith's. 

SMITH'S  CIDER. 

Origin  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  where  it  still  con- 
tinues a  favorite  variety.  Its  cultivation  has  extended 
widely  to  the  westward,  giving  great  satisfaction  as  a 
market  fruit,  for  culinary  purposes,  but  cannot  be  recom- 
mended for  table. 

Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  productive,  an  early  bearer ; 
Limbs  straggling,  shoots  rather  slender,  light  olive ;  Foli- 
age large,  light  green. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  round,  varying  from  flattened  to 
elongated,  mostly  regular,  sometimes  lop-sided ;  Surface 


Fig.  232.— SMITH'S. 

smooth,  pale  yellow,  covered  with  mixed  light  red,  splash- 
ed indistinctly  with  bright  carmine,  beautiful ;  Dots  dis- 
tinct, rather  large,  light  gray. 


CLASS   III. BOUND   APPLES. — I.    II.    II.  615 

Basin  shallow,  wide,  or  more  often  plaited ;  Eye  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  acute,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  medium  to  long, 
variable. 

Core  wide,  pyriform,  open,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous, 
plump,  pointed;  Flesh  white,  breaking,  juicy;  Flavor 
acid,  sub-acid,  aromatic,  not  rich,  peculiar,  not  agreeable ; 
Quality  good  for  cooking  only,  making  very  fine  apple 
sauce — makes  much  cider,  but  thin  and  watery  ;  Season, 
December,  January  and  later. 

This  is  essentially  a  market  fruit,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
profitable  apples  planted  in  Southwestern  Ohio  and  adja- 
cent counties  of  Indiana. 


Fig.  233.— SOPS  or  WINE. 
Sops    of   Wine. 

European.     Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  productive. 

Fruit  small  to  medium,  round,  slightly  conic,  regular; 
Surface  smooth,  mixed  red,  shaded  dark  red  throughout ; 
Dots  small,  scattered,  yellow. 

Basin  shallow,  plaited ;  Eye  small,  closed. 


616  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

Cavity  medium,  wavy,  somewhat  browned ;  Stem  long, 
red. 

Core  distinctly  marked  with  a  red  line,  wide,  oval,  clos- 
ed, meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  numerous,  pointed,  brown ; 
Flesh  yellow,  fine  grained,  tender,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid  to 
sub-acid,  agreeable ;  Quality  good  to  very  good ;  Use, 
dessert :  Season,  August  and  September. 

Summer    Janet. 

Specimens  received  from  Mr.  Johnson,  Louisville.  Ky. 

Fruit  medium,  round,  truncated,  regular;  Surface 
smooth,  pale  yellow,  mixed  red,  striped  darker  red ;  Dots 
scattered,  gray. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  regular ;  Eye  small,  open. 

Cavity  shallow,  regular,  yellow  ;  Stem  medium  to  long, 
green. 

Core  pyriforin,  indistinct,  closed,  clasping  ;  Seeds  point- 
ed, imperfect ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  fine  grained  ;  Flavor 
sub-acid,  aromatic ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  market ;  Season, 
September. 

Summer    Rose. 

Origin  New  Jersey.  Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  spreading, 
productive,  early  bearer ;  Shoots  stout ;  Foliage  large, 
glaucous. 

Fruit  small,  roundish,  flattened,  regular;  Surface  smooth 
polished,  very  pale  yellow,  striped  and  splashed  distinctly 
bright  red  and  carmine ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  abrupt,  wide,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  regular ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  large,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 
numerous,  short,  plump ;  Flesh  white,  crisp,  fine  grained, 
juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  agreeable,  not  rich ;  Quality,  one 
of  the  best  early  apples  ;  Use,  family,  table  and  kitchen ; 
Season,  June  to  August — ripening  gradually. 

Sutton    Beauty. 

An  old  Massachusetts  apple,  occasionally  found  in  the 
West,  where  it  attains  increased  size  and  beauty.  My 
specimens  were  from  W.  Hampton,  with  many  other  sorts 
of  interest  grown  by  him  in  Northwestern  Ohio. 


CLASS   III. BOUND   APPLES. — I.    II.    II.  617 

Fruit  large,  handsome,  globular,  regular ;  Surface 
smooth,  yellow,  mottled  and  splashed  carmine^  Dots  scat- 
tered, brown,  vein-reflexed. 

Basin  wide,  regular,  russety ;  Eye  large,  open ;  Seg- 
ments reflexed. 

Cavity  wide,  acute,  wavy,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  inclined. 

Core  medium  to  large,  closed,  clasping  ;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, pointed,  angular,  dark ;  Flesh  whitish,  tender,  break- 


Fig.  234.—  SUTTON  BEAUTY. 

ing,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid,  sub-acid,  agreeable ;  Quality 
good ;  Use,  table,  kitchen  and  market ;  Season,  December 
to  March. 

Thought  by  Mr.  Hampton  to  be  a  seedling  brought  from 
Southern  Ohio. 

Sylvester. 

Introduced   by   Dr.   Ware  Sylvester,   of  Lyons,   New 
York. 


618 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Fruit  small  to  medium,  round,  regular ;  Surface  smooth, 
white,  blushed  and  striped  bright  carmine ;  Dots  scatter- 
ed, minute. 

Basin  very  shallow,  plaited ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy  ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  indistinct,  slightly  open ;  Seeds  numerous,  plump, 


Fig.  235.—  SYLVESTER. 

angular,  long ;  Flesh  white,  tender,  fine  grained,  juicy; 
Flavor  sub-acid ;  Quality  very  good ;  Use,  table  and  cook- 
ing ;  Season,  September. 


Willi 


»'    Favorite. 

WILLIAMS'  EARLY. 


Origin  Roxbury,  Massachusetts. 

Fruit  small  to  medium,  round,  regular ;  Surface  smooth, 
dark  purplish  red,  indistinctly  striped ;  Dots  none. 

Basin  abrupt,  folded ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  shallow ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  large,  round,  closed  ;  Seeds  pointed,  brown  ;  Flesh 
whitish-yellow,  streaked  red,  breaking,  not  juicy  ;  Flavor 
sub-acid,  peculiar ;  Quality  scarcely  good ;  Season,  July 
and  August. 


CLASS   III. BOUND   APPLES. 1.    II.    II.  619 

"Willow. 

< 

WILLOW  TWIG JAMES   RIVER,    ETC. 

This  Virginia  fruit  has  obtained  a  wide  spread  notoriety 
as  a  valuable  market  apple  throughout  the  West. 

Tree  very  vigorous,  healthy,  productive,  branching, 
twiggy,  thorny  while  young ;  Shoots  slender,  olive  brown. 


\ 


Fig.  236.— WILLOW. 

Fruit  globular,  truncated,  looking  oblong  from  its  cyl- 
indrical sides ;  Surface  smooth,  dull  greenish-yellow,  mar- 
bled and  striped  dull  red ;  Dots  minute,  gray. 

Basin  wide,  abrupt,  plaited ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  wide  or  acute,  regular ;  Stem  long,  slender,  in- 
clined. 

Core  medium,  round,  regular,  closed,  meeting,  not  clasp- 
ing the  eye ;  Seeds  numerous,  plump,  brown ;  Flesh  green- 


620 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


ish-yellow,  breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid  ;  Quality  only 
good,  but  valuable  for  market  and  culinary  uses  ;  Season, 
December  to  April.  Excellent  for  shipping  South. 

Wilson's    Tolunteer. 

Origin  believed  to  be  a  seedling  or  "  Volunteer"  on  the 
banks  of  the  Ohio  River.  Received  from  George  Sibbald. 

Fruit  large,  globular,  truncated  or  flattened,  regular ; 
Surface  yellow,  mostly  covered  with  mixed  red,  striped 
darker ;  Dots  large,  gray  and  yellow. 

Basin  deep,  regular,  leather-cracked;  Eye  medium, 
closed. 

Cavity   deep,  acute,  regular ;    Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  small,  round,  regular,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  nu- 
merous, pointed ;  Flesh  greenish-yellow,  tender,  juicy ; 
Flavor  sub-acid ;  Quality  only  good  :  Use,  kitchen  ;  Sea- 
Februarv. 


son,  December  to 


Fig.  237.— WRIGHT'S  JANET. 

Wright's    Janet. 

This  fine  keeping   apple,   received   from  N".  J.  Colman 
and   other   zealous  pomologists  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  is 


CLASS    III. BOUND    APPLES. 1.    II.    in.  621 

supposed  to  have  originated  in  that  region  with  Mr.  W. 
G.  Wright. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  round,  sometimes  flat,  regular; 
Surface  smooth,  waxen  yellow,  mixed,  striped  and  splash- 
ed carmine ;  Dots  minute,  prominent,  scattering. 

Basin  medium,  regular  ;  Eye  small,  acute,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  wavy,  brown ;  Stem  long,  short,  or  very 
short. 

Core  medium,  regular,  somewhat  open,  clasping ;  Seeds 
numerous,  small,  plump;  Flesh  deep  yellow,  breaking, 
very  fine  grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich,  very  agree- 
able ;  Quality  good  to  very  good ;  Use,  table,  kitchen  and 
market ;  Season,  January  to  June  and  keeps  until  August. 

Yadkin. 

Southern.  Received  from  S.  W.  Westbrooke,  of  Greens- 
boro', North  Carolina. 

Fruit  large,  round,  regular ;  Surface  red,  striped  dark 
red  ;  Dots  large,  scattered,  distinct,  gray. 

Basin  abrupt,  deep,  regular ;  Eye  small,  open. 

Cavity  acute,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  medium,  brown. 

Core  small,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  small,  point- 
ed, brown  ;  Flesh  white,  breaking,  dry ;  Flavor  sub-acid  ; 
Quality  only  good  ;  Season,  August — and  on  that  account 
scarcely  worth  carrying  to  the  North. 


CLASS    III.— ROUND  APPLES. 
ORDER    I.— REGULAR. 

SECTION   2.— SOUR. 

SUB-SECTION   3.— RUSSET. 

Heeler's    Russet. 

Origin  not  known.  Found  in  an  old  orchard  on  the 
banks  of  White  River,  in  Marion  County,  Indiana,  by  my 
lamented  young  friend,  Geo.  M.  Beeler. 

Fruit  medium  to  small,  round,  truncated  or  cylindri- 
cal, inclined ;  Surface  russeted ;  Dots  minute,  prominent. 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Basin  abrupt,  uneven,  green ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 
Cavity  regular  ;  Stem  Jong. 

Core  large,  wide,  heart-shaped,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds 
numerous,  angular ;  Flesh  yellow,  crisp,  fine-grained,  ten- 


• 


Fig.  238  — BEELER'S  KUSSET. 

der,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid  to  acid,  aromatic,  spicy,  very 
agreeable;    Quality  best;    Use,  table,   kitchen;   Season, 
November,  December. 
A  choice  dessert  apple. 

Columbian    Russet. 

The  origin  of  this  line,  long-keeping  russet  is  *iot  known. 
Specimens  were  received  from  H.  N".  Gillett,  Lawrence 
County,  Ohio.  If  the  tree  be  healthy  and  productive,  this 
variety  will  be  a  valuable  addition  to  our  orchards. 

Fruit  medium  to  small,  round,  truncated,  lop-sided ; 
Surface  smooth,  russeted ;  Dots  minute,  scattered,  prom- 
inent. 

Basin  medium,  regular ;  Eye  large,  open. 

Cavity  acute,  regular ;  Stem,  long,  slender. 

Core  medium,  closed,  pyriform,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 
numerous,  slender,  angular,  dark;  Flesh  very  yellow, 


CLASS   III. BOUND    APPLES. 1.    II.    III. 

breaking,  fine-grained,  juicy  ;  Flavor  acid  to  sub-acid,  rich, 
aromatic  ;  Quality  best ;  Use,  table ;  Season,  February  to 
April. 

Very  like  the  Golden  Pearmain,  from  J.  S.  Downer, 
which  see ;  they  may  prove  to  be  the  same  variety. 

Court    of    Wyclc. 

This  spicy  English  apple,  which  has  so  many  synonyms 
as  evidences  of  its  popularity,  has  not  been  a  favorite  in  this 
country,  but  occasionally  succeeds  well ;  it  has  little  to 
recommend  it  in  its  looks. 

Fruit  very  small,  round,  truncated  abruptly,  much  flat- 
ten ed,  regular;  Surface  yellow,  covered  russet. 

Basin  wide,  very  shallow ;  Eye  small,  open ;  Segments 
reflexed. 

Cavity  rather  wide ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  small,  ovate,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 
numerous,  large,  brown ;  Flesh  rich  yellow,  firm,  juicy ; 
Flavor  acid,  aromatic,  rich,  spicy,  sharp  ;  Quality  good  in 
its  way  ;  Use,  "  dessert ;"  Season,  December,  January. 


Fig.  239.— CROWNEST. 


624 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Crownest. 

Originated  at  Kelley's  Island,  Ohio,  in  the  orchard  of 
Chas.  Carpenter. 

Tree  vigorous,  thrifty,  brushy,  productive. 

Fruit  full  medium,  round,  truncated  or  flattened,  often 
unequal  and  inclined ;  Surface  greenish  yellow,  thinly 
covered  with  russet. 

Basin  regular,  wide ;  Eye  large,  open. 

Cavity  irregular,  lipped  ;  Stem  short,  curved,  fleshy. 

Core  round,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye;  Seeds 
long,  pointed,  angular ;  Flesh  green,  tender,  breaking ; 
Flavor  sub-acid ;  Quality  only  good  for  culinary  uses  ; 
Season,  November  to  January. 

English    Golden. 

RUSSET  GOLDEN,  of  Barry. 

Among  the  russets  there  has  been  much  confusion, 
which  it  is  very  difficult  to  clear  up.  The  apple  about  to 


Fig.  240.— ENGLISH  GOLDEN. 

be  described  came  to  the  West  from  the  nurseries  about 
Rochester ;  a  very  superior  variety  to  many  others  that 


CLASS    III. BOUND   APPLES. — I.    II.    III.  625 

resemble  it,  and  may  be  distinguished  by  tne  palate,  or  by 
the  character  of  the  twigs. 

Tree  thrifty,  vigorous,  spreading,  productive,  a  rather 
early  bearer ;  Shoots  slender,  olive,  speckled. 

Fruit  medium,  round,  large  ones  are  oblate,  often  cylin- 
drical, sometimes  inclined,  regular ;  Surface  greenish  yel- 
low, covered  with  thick  russet ;  Dots  minute,  white,  scat- 
tered. 

Basin  regular,  deep,  leather-cracked ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  rough  ;  Stem  short. 

Core  wide,  regular,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  small,  flat ; 
Flesh  greenish  yellow,  breaking,  granular,  juicy ;  Flavor 
sub-acid,  rich  ;  Quality  good  to  best ;  Use,  table,  kitchen  ; 
Season,  January,  February. 

A  choice  dessert  fruit.  Succeeds  well  in  parts  of  Ken- 
tucky. 

English    Russet. 

Origin  unknown.  Procured  from  Mr.  C.  C.  Cary,  near 
Louisville,  Kentucky. 

Fruit  large,  globular,  flattened,  somewhat  one-sided ; 
Surface  uneven,  green  ;  Dots  minute,  russety  and  russet 
streaks. 

Basin  medium,  uneven ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  wavy,  russeted  ;  Stem  medium,  green. 

Core  medium,  heart-shaped,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds 
numerous,  plump  and  angular,  some  imperfect ;  Flesh 
yellow,  firm,  Breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid  ;  Quality  good ; 
Use,  kitchen ;  Season,  December,  January. 

Golden    Pea,rmuin— [Of  Kentucky.] 

This  is  another  very  promising  Southern  variety,  re- 
ceived from  J.  S.  Downer,  of  Kentucky  ;  Origin  unkpown  ; 
he  procured  it  from  Tennessee. 

Tree  vigorous,  but  tardy  and  shy  in  bearing  ;  Shoots 
stout,  dark ;  Foliage  medium. 

Fruit  small  to  medium,  globular,  rather  conical,  trunca- 
ted, lop-sided  ;  Surface  yellow,  blushed  and  russeted. 

Basin  abrupt,  wide,  regular ;  Eye  large,  open. 

Cavity  acute,  regular;  Stem  short  to  medium,  slender. 

Core  somewhat  open,  meeting  the  eye;  Seeds  plump 
and  imperfect;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  fine-grained; 
27 


6'26  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

Flavor  acid,  aromatic,  sprightly ;  Quality  very  good,  al- 
most best;  Use,  dessert;  Season,  December,  February. 
— See  Columbian  Russet. 

Green   Russet.— [N.  C.] 

Specimens  from  Reuben  Ragan. 

Fruit  quite  large,  globular,  slightly  oblate,  regular; 
Surface  yellow,  blushed  dull  red ;  Dots  green,  indented, 
russet  veined. 

Basin  medium,  regular ;  Eye  medium,  open. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  medium,  thick. 

Core  regular,  wide,  closed,  clasping ;  Axis  short ;  Seeds 
numerous,  plump,  dark  ;  Flesh  yellowish  white,  breaking, 
granular ;  Flavor  sub-acid ;  Quality  only  good,  for  culin- 
ary use ;  Season,  December,  January. 

Hampton's    Russet. 

Fruit  small,  globular-truncate,  to  flat ;  Surface  yellow 
russet,  bronzed,  broken  russet  stripes;  Dots 'scattered, 
large,  yellow. 

Basin  wide,  regular ;  Eye  large,  open,  green. 

Cavity  medium,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  long,  inclined. 

Core  medium,  round,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 
numerous,  pointed,  brown ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  break- 
ing, fine-grained ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich ;  Quality  good  ; 
Use,  table ;  Season,  December. 

Rnox     Russet. 

A  very  nice  little  apple,  found  in  the  orchard  of  J. 
Knox,  *  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania;  trees  obtained  from 
near  Greensburgh,  Pennsylvania.  Tree  spreading,  very 
productive ;  Shoots  slender. 

Fruit  small  to  medium,  globular,  somewhat  conic,  reg- 
ular ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow  green,  blushed,  covered  with 
light  russet. 

Basin  shallow,  regular ;  Eye  medium,  open  ;  Segments 
reflexed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular  ;  Stem  long,  red. 

Core  round,  regular,  slightly  open,  clasping  the  eye ; 


CLASS   III. ROUND    APPLES. 1.    II.    III.  627 

numerous,  short,  plump ;  Flesh  yellow,  very  fine- 


Fig.  241.— KNOX  RUSSET. 

grained ;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid,  aromatic  ;  Quality  good  to 
very  good  ;  Use,  dessert ;  Season,  December,  January. 

I*ryor's     Red. 

This  southern  apple,  probably  from  Virginia,  has  been 
carried  through  all  the  W estern  States,  where  it  is  a  great 
favorite,  though  there  are  some  objectors,  on  account  of 
its  having  shown  signs  of  failure  in  certain  situations. 
The  fruit  is  singularly  affected  by  change  of  soil  and 
climate ;  thus,  on  the  Ohio  River,  it  is  seen  quite  flat  and 
regular,  with  a  dull  green  russeted  skin,  becoming  yellow 
andVuddy  ;  in  one  part  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  on  lime- 
stone, it  is  gibbous,  round,  often  very  large,  and  covered 
with  a  rich  cinnamon  russet,  while  on  the  coal  measures, 
west  of  the  center  of  the  State,  it  is  smaller,  regular,  and 
distinctly  striped  deep  red  on  red,  with  very  little  russet. 
Specimens  from  Rochester,  New  York,  have  been  shown 
with  scarcely  a  trace  of  russet,  and  having  the  stripes  as 
distinct  and  almost  as  beautiful  as  those  of  a  Duchess  of 
Oldenburgh,  so  that  no  southern  or  western  man  would 
have  recognized  it  for  his  home  favorite.  The  distinctive 
leather-cracking  about  the  eye  was  present,  however,  in  all. 


628 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Tree  thrifty,  growth  upright,  twiggy,  attaining  large 
size,  productive  when  old ;  Shoots  slender,  reddish  olive, 
speckled  ;  Foliage  scattering,  folded,  grayish  green ;  Sub- 
ject to  leaf-blight. 

Fruit  large,  globular-oblate,  often  unequal ;  Surface 
greenish,  or  dull  red,  striped,  russeted ;  Dots  numerous, 
targe,  gray. 

Basin  shallow,  regular  or  plaited,  leather-cracked ;  Eye 
small,  closed. 

Cavity  shallow,  acute,  often  lipped ;  Stem  medium. 


Fig.  242.— PETOR'S  RED. 

f 

-Core  round;  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 
numerous,  angular,  pointed ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  melt- 
ing, fine-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich ;  Quality 
best ;  Use,  table,  kitchen ;  Season,  December,  February. 


Red    Russet. 


Origin  Hampton  Falls,  New  Hampshire.  « 

Tree  very  vigorous  and  productive ;  resembling  Bald- 
win in  almost  every  particular. 


CLASS   III. — BOUND    APPLES. 1.    II.    IIL 


629 


"  Fruit  largo,  roundish,  conic  ;  Skin  yellow,  shaded  with 
dull  red  and  deep  carmine  in  the  sun,  and  thickly  covered 
with  gray  dots,  and  an  appearance  of  rough  russet  on 
most  of  the  surface;  Stalk  rather  short  and  thick,  insert- 
ed in  a  medium  cavity,  surrounded  with  thin  russet ;  Calyx 
nearly  closed  ;  Segments  long,  recurved,  in  a  narrow,  un- 
even basin ;  Flesh  yellow,  solid,  crisp,  tender,  with  an  ex- 
cellent, rich,  sub-acid  flavor,  somewhat  resembling  Bald- 
win; Season,  January  to  April." — Downing. 

This  fruit  is  rarely  seen  in  the  West.  It  has  been 
thought  by  some  to  have  originated  as  a  sport  from  the 
Baldwin. 

Rolen's    Keeper. 

Received  from  H.  N.  Gillett,  Lawrence  County,  Ohio. 
Origin  not  given. 

Fruit  medium,  round,  regular ;  Surface  rough,  splashed 
red  on  russet ;  Dots  scattered,  small,  white. 


Fig.  343.— EOLEN'S  KEEPER. 

Basin   shallow,   regular,  leather-cracked;    Eye   small, 
closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular ;  Stem  long,  slender. 


630 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Core  roundish-ovate,  regular,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds 
very  numerous,  short,  plump  ;  Flesh  greenish  yellow,  fine- 
grained ;  Flavor  acid,  rich ;  Quality  good  to  very  good ; 
Use,  table ;  Season,  March,  April. 

Very  promising  as  a  keeper. 


Fruit  medium,  globular,  conic,  regular ;  Surface  russet- 
1;  Dots  minute,  prominent. 

Basin  narrow,  abrupt,  shallow ;  Eye  small,  closed. 
Cavity  acute,  regular  ;  Stem  medium  to  long. 
Core  medium,  regular,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  numer- 


.  244. — RUSTYCOAT  MIL  AM. 


ous,  pointed,  plump  ;  Flesh  greenish  yellow,  breaking, 
fine-grained,  tender;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic;  Quality 
good  ;  Use,  table ;  Season,  December  to  February. 


CLASS   III. ROUND    APPLES. II.    I.    I.  631 

CLASS    111.— ROUND    APPLES. 
ORDER    II.— IRREGULAR. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 
SUB-SECTION    1.— SELF-COLORED    OR   BLUSHED. 

Jflote's    Sweet. 

This  seedling  from  the  Stillwater  Sxeet,  grown  by  L.  S. 
Mote,  of  Miami  Count}',  Ohio,  is  quite  an  improvement 
upon  its  parent,  which  has  obtained  a  high  reputation  as 


Fig.  245. — MOTE'S  SWEET. 

a  choice  autumnal  sweet  apple.  Tree  round,  spreading, 
vigorous ;  Shoots  pale  ;  Foliage  large,  wide,  finely  ser- 
rated, and  rather  pale. 

Fruit  large,  globular,  somewhat  flattened,  or  conic-trun- 
cated, rather  angular;  Surface  very  smooth,  greenish  yel- 
low to  whitish,  with  a  rare  faint  blush ;  Dots  scattered, 
gray,  often  rosy,  whitish  bases. 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

Basin  medium,  abrupt,  wavy ;  Eye  medium,  long,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  wide,  wavy ;  Stem  long,  yellow,  curved. 

Core  medium,  open,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous,  angu- 
lar, pale;  Flesh  yellow,  very  fine-grained,  almost  melting, 
juicy ;  Flavor  very  sweet,  pleasant ;  Use,  table  and 
kitchen ;  Quality  best ;  Season,  September.  One  of  the 
most  delicious  sweet  apples. 

Northern    S  weet. 

Origin  unknown  ;  supposed  to  be  Vermont.  Tree  suf- 
ficiently healthy  and  productive.  Not  generally  nor  ex- 
tensively cultivated. 

Fruit  large,  globular,  somewhat  flattened,  angular  or 
regular ;  Surface  smooth,  v^ry  pale  yellow,  rarely  blushed ; 
Dots  minute,  with  white  base?. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  regular ;  Eye  long,  closed. 

Cavity  rather  wide,  regular,  green  ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  very  small,  closed,  almost  clasping  ;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, short';  Flesh  whitish,  breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor  very 
sweet ;  Quality  pretty  good ;  Use,  baking  ;  Season,  Sep- 
tember, in  Northern  Indiana  and  Illinois.  Downing  says 
"  rich  and  excellent ;  September  and  October." 

Swaar. 

Origin  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson,  in  New  York  State. 
Tree  vigorous,  spreading,  productive ;  Shoots  stout,  dark 
colored  ;  Foliage  large,  curled. 

Fruit  large,  form  variable,  being  sometimes  flat,  where 
unusually  developed,  generally  roundish,  somewhat  flat- 
tened, more  or  less  angular  or  flattened  on  the  sides,  but 
not  ribbed;  Surface  not  smooth,  often  rough,  greenish 
yellow,  bronzed,  becoming  a  dead  golden  yellow  when 
ripe ;  Dots  large,  numerous. 

Basin  medium,  wide,  regular ;  Eye  small,  not  long, 
closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular  or  wavy,  green ;  Stem  long,  curved, 
pretty  stout. 

Core  medium,  regular,  heart-shaped,  closed,  clasping ; 
Seeds  numerous,  angular,  pale  ;  Flesh* very  heavy,  yellow, 
fine-grained ;  Flavor  very  mild  sub-acid,  or  sweet,  very 
rich ;  Quality  best ;  Use,  table  and  kitchen ;  Season,  March. 


CLASS  III. — KOTTND   APPLES. II.   L    II.  633 


Fig.  246.— SWAAR. 

CLASS    III— ROUND     APPLES. 
ORDER    II.— IRREGULAR. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 
SUB-SECTION    2.— STKIPED. 

Bailey    Sweet. 

From  Wyoming  County,  New  York.  Tree  vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit  large,  round,  sometimes  flattened,  sometimes  an- 
gular or  ribbed ;  Surface  smooth,  mottled,  mixed  and 
striped  deep  red  ;  Dots  numerous,  large,  gray. 

Basin  narrow,  abrupt,  regular  or  folded ;  Eye  small, 
closed. 

27* 


634 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Cavity  regular,  acute  green ;  Stem  long. 
Core  rather  large,   turbinate,   open,   clasping;    Seeds 
numerous,   angular,  dark;    Flesh    yellow,    tender,   fine- 


Fig.  347. — BAILEY  SWEET. 

grained,  juicy;  Flavor  very  sweet,  rich;  Quality  good  to 
very  good  ;  Use,  kitchen,  table  ;  Season,  October. 
A  very  valuable  variety  also  for  stock. 

Brittle    Sweet. 

"  Origin  unknown  ;  good  grower,  and  very  productive. 

"  Fruit  above  medium,  roundish,  approaching  conic, 
sometimes  elongated,  angular;  Skin  greenish  yellow, 
shaded  and  splashed  with  crimson,  sprinkled  with  gray 
dots ;  Stem  short,  inserted  in  a  broad,  shallow  cavity ; 
Calyx  closed,  set  in  a  small  corrugated  basin ;  Flesh  yel- 


CLASS   \ll. BOUND   APPLES. II.    I.    II.  635 

lowish,  crisp,  tender,  juicy,  sweet,  and  excellent ;  Season, 
September,  October." — Downing. 

Hull    Blossom. 

This  is  an  Eastern  or  European  variety,  which  I  have 
not  seen  in  the  West.  Specimens  from  Massachusetts. 

Fruit  small,  roundish-truncate,  or  flattened,  uneven; 
Surface  smooth,  yellow,  mixed  and  striped,  carmine ;  Dots 
large,  yellow. 

Basin  shallow,  folded  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  wavy ;  Stem  short. 

Core  small,  closed,  roundish,  meeting  the  eye;  Seeds 
large,  pale ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine-grained ;  Flavor  sweet ; 
Quality  good  to  very  good ;  Use,  table,  kitchen ;  Season, 
November. 

Sweet    Peamialn. 

"  This  variety,  according  to  Downing  and  Thomas,  is 
the  English  Sweeting  ;  but,  according  to  Manning,  the 
English  Sweeting  is  the  RamsdelVs  Sweeting  of  Downing. 
This  fruit  is  extensively  grown  in  Central  Ohio,  and 
further  West,  suiting  well  the  rich  soils ;  keeping  finely 
all  winter;  highly  valued  for  baking  or  eating." 

"  Fruit  medium  size  or  often  above ;  Form  roundish, 
slightly  angular ;  Color  dull  red,  rough  russet  dots,  and 
blueish  bloom  ;  Stem  long,  slender  ;  Cavity  deep,  wide, 
open ;  Calyx  woolly ;  Basin  medium ;  Flesh  yellowish, 
tender,  moderately  juicy,  sweet ;  Core  medium,  with  outer 
or  concentric  lines  ;  Seeds  ovate,  pyriform,  dark  brown  ; 
Season,  December  to  March."— --Elliott. 

I  am  not  familiar  with  the  above,  but  find  a  very  strong 
resemblance  in  the  characters  to  those  of  my  Red  "Winter 
Pearmain,  Class  II,  I,  2,  2,  from  which,  however,  Elliott's 
outline  would  exclude  it. 

Willis    Sweet. 

This  apple  is  supposed  to  have  originated  on  Long 
Island,  where  it  is  highly  valued  for  baking. 

Tree  vigorous,  productive  ;  Fruit  medium,  round,  some- 
what angular,  striped  red,  very  sweet  and  rich ;  Use,  bak- 
ing and  stock. 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

CLASS    III.— ROUND    APPLES. 

ORDER    II.— IRREGULAR. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 

SUB-SECTION  3.— EUSSET. 

NONE. 


CLASS    III.— ROUND    APPLES. 
ORDER    II.— IRREGULAR. 

SECTION    2.— SOUR. 

SUB-SECTION    1.— SELF-COLORED. 

American    dtolclen    Pippin, 

GOLDEN  PIPPIN,    Of    Downing. — NEW  YORK   GREENING,   &C. 

Having  mislaid  my  notes  of  this  apple,  I  am  obliged  to 


quote  Mr.  Downing's  description  of  this  fine  fruit,  which 


ppK 
this 


Fig.  248. — AMERICAN  GOLDEN  PIPPIN. 

is  believed  to  be  American  ;  cultivated  in  parts  of  New 
York,  and  found  to  be  profitable. 


CLASS   III.— ROUND   APPLES. — II.    II.    I.  637 

"  Growth  strong,  similar  to  that  of  Rhode  Island  Green- 
ing, but  less  drooping,  making  a  round,  spreading  head  ; 
does  not  bear  young,  but  very  productive  when  a  little 
advanced,  and  a  popular  fruit  where  known." 

"  Form  variable,  oblate,  globular  or  conic,  angular  or 
ribbed ;  Stem  stout,  short,  inserted  in  a  deep  cavity  ; 
Calyx  closed,  set  in  an  irregular  basin ;  Skin  fine  golden 
yellow,  thinly  sprinkled  with  dots,  sometimes  slightly 
netted  with  thin  russet ;  Flesh  yellowish,  tender,  juicy, 
nearly  melting,  with  a  .rich,  refreshing,  almost  vinous, 
aromatic  flavor ;  Core  rather  large ;  November  to  Feb- 
ruary." 

Brooke's    Pippin. 

"  Origin,  Essex  County,  Virginia.  The  original  tree  is 
very  large,  bears  regular  and  large  crops  of  fruit,  which 
is  always  fair,  of  the  largest  size,  keeps  well  till  May ; 
Flesh  fine,  yellow,  juicy  and  rich,  and  of  the  finest  flavor  ; 
young  trees  grow  very  thriftily." — [H.  R.  Robey,  Freder- 
icksburgh,  Ya.] 

Fruit  large,  roundish,  inclining  to  conical,  obscurely 
ribbed,  greenish  yellow,  faintly  blushed. 

Basin  small,  shallow,  wavy,  sometimes  furrowed ;  Eye 
medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  wavy,  brown  ;  Stem  short,  thick. 

Flesh  yellow,  crisp,  juicy,  fine-grained ;  Flavor  acid, 
spicy,  rich;  Quality  very  good;  Season,  November  to 
March. 

As  grown  in  Indiana,  both  tree  and  fruit  resemble  the 
Newtown  Pippin  in  appearance,  and  may  prove  identical 
after  further  trial. 


Champlain.— [Downing.] 

PAPER — PAPER-SKIN. 

This  very  delicate  fruit  was  exhibited  before  the  Ohio 
Pomological  Society  by  A.  L.  Benedict,  of  Morrow  Coun- 
ty, as  the  Paper  apple.  He  obtained  the  cions  from  the 
celebrated  apple  region,  Grand  Isle,  Vermont,  where  it  is 
sometimes  called  Champlain,  and  where  it  had  been  intro- 
duced from  Rhode  Island,  without  a  name,  by  his  friend 
Macomber.  My  friend  Benedict  informs  me  that  "  the 
growth  of  the  tree  is  strong  and  stocky,  and  that  the  fruit 


638 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


never  scabs  nor  rots  on  the  tree.  It  is  increasing  in  es- 
teem as  it  becomes  better  known,  and  is  preferred  to  the 
Red  Astrachan,  ripening  with  it.  When  sent  to  J.  J. 
Thomas,  he  thought  it  synonymous  with  the  Primate,  but 
Jos.  Neweomber,  having  both  varieties  growing  side  by 
side,  assured  me  they  were  quite  unlike,  and  that  the  Pa- 
per was  much  the  better  apple  of  the  two." 

Tree  medium  size,  vigorous,  stocky. 

Fruit  full  medium,  globular,  rather  conical,  angular ; 
Surface  smooth,  yellowish  green,  slightly  blushed ;  Dots 
minute,  indented. 

Basin  small,  abrupt,  folded ;  Eye  small,  long,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  wavy,  green  ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  medium,  round,  slightly  open,  clasping ;  Seeds 
numerous, angular,  dark;  Flesh  white,  tender, fine-grained, 
juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic,  delicate  ;  Quality  best ; 
Use,  the  dessert  especially ;  Season,  August,  September. 


Fig.  249.— DKAP  D'OB. 

l>i-:i|»     «I*Or. 

VKAI  DKAP  D'OR. — [Dahamel.] 

This  is  an  old  French  variety,  respecting  which  there  is 
some  uncertainty  among  cultivators. 


CLASS   III. BOUND   APPLES. II.    II.    I.  639 

Fruit  large,  globular,  but  variable,  being  conical-trun- 
cate to  oblate  ;  Surface  smooth,  pale  waxen  yellow,  rarely 
blushed. 

Basin  wide,  plaited ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  brown ;  Stem  long,  inclined,  yellow 
or  red,  angular. 

Core  large,  regular,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous, 
angular,  long ;  Flesh  pale  yellow,  breaking,  fine-grained, 
juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic  ;  Quality  good  to  best ; 
Use,  market,  kitchen,  table ;  Season,  August,  September. 

For  the  table  its  place  is  supplanted  by  the  Primate, 
Dyer  and  others. 

Dyer,    or    Pomme    Royale. 

POMMBWATER,  in  Illinois. 

Believed  to  be  a  French  apple,  but  named  Dyer  by  the 
Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  in  the  belief  that  it 
was  a  seedling  of  Rhode  Island. 


Fig.  350. — DYER,   OR  POMME  ROYALE. 

Tree  of  moderate  vigor,  spreading,  not  very  productive. 


640  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  globular,  uneven,  somewhat  an- 
gular;  Surface  not  smooth,  pale  yellow,  vein-russeted ; 
Dots  numerous,  minute,  dark. 

Basin  medium,  shallow,  folded  or  plaited ;  Eye  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  lipped,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  regular,  round,  open  or  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds 
numerous,  plump,  short;  Flesh  yellowish,  very  tender, 
very  fine-grained,  very  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic, 
rich,  delicate ;  Quality  best ;  Use,  the  dessert ;  Season, 
September,  October. 

Not  attractive  in  appearance,  but  very  fine  for  the 
amateur. 

Kwalt. 

Origin  Pennsylvania.  Introduced  by  Dr.  Brinckle  in 
his  ad-interim  reports  to  the  Pennsylvania  Horticultural 
Society.  Mr.  Waring  considers  it  a  valuable  winter  ap- 
ple. Tree  vigorous,  handsome  grower  in  the  nursery; 
Shoots  erect,  dark  colored ;  an  early,  regular  bearer. 

Fruit  large,  very  handsome,  roundish,  rather  angular ; 
Surface  smooth,  yellow,  with  clear  bright  red  in  the  sun, 
not  striped ;  Dots  numerous  about  the  base,  greenish. 

Basin  medium,  narrow,  plaited ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  medium,  acute ;  Stem  short. 

Flesh  tender,  fine-grained ;  Flavor  acid,  becoming  mild, 
aromatic,  sprightly  ;  Quality  very  good ;  Season,  Febru- 
ary to  April. 

Golden    Hall. 

A  favorite  Maine  apple.  Tree  vigorous,  productive, 
hardy. 

Frut  large,  round,  ribbed ;  Surface  smooth,  greenish 
yellow ;  Dots  few,  distinct,  white  bases. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  folded ;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  narrow ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  indistinct,  open,  clasping  ;  Seeds  defective  ;  Flesh 
yellowish,  tender,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich ;  Quality 
good ;  Use,  table,  kitchen,  market ;  Season,  December  to 
March  in  the  North. 


CLASS   III. KOTJND    APPLES. II.    II.   I.  641 

Jlorsraii     White. 

Origin  unknown.  Sent  from  Morgan  County,  Illinois, 
by  Professor  J.  B.  Turner,  of  Jacksonville. 

Fruit  large,  globular,  somewhat  flattened,  irregular, 
ribbed,  uneven ;  Surface  smooth,  greenish,  marked  with 
gray  striae,  rarely  a  faint  blush ;  Dots  white,  large. 


Fig.  251.— MORGAN  WHITE. 

Basin  abrupt,  ribbed ;  Eye  small  but  long,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy  ;  Stem  short  to  medium. 

Core  small,  very  wide,  open,  ciasping ;  Axis  short ; 
Seeds  numerous,  plump,  short ;  Flesh  greenish  white, 
breaking,  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy  ;  Flavor  acid  to  sub- 
acid,  agreeable  ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  kitchen  and  table ; 
Season,  September  to  Ja"nuary. 

Peck's    Pleasant. 

This  fine  fruit  is  credited  to  Rhode  Island.  The  tree  is 
healthy,  spreading,  moderately  vigorous,  but  productive, 
and  a  regular  bearer.  This  apple  is  said  to  resemble  the 
Newtown  Pippin,  but  I  have  never  been  able  to  trace  anv 


642 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


resemblance,  except  that  both  are  green  ;  at  any  rate  there 
is  no  danger  of  the  merest  tyro  in  pomology  confounding 
the  two  varieties.  There  is,  however,  a  remarkable  diver- 
sity in  the  fruit  arising  from  the  different  soils  and  climates 
in  which  it  is  cultivated,  North  and  South,  and  while,  like 
many  other  varieties,  its  size  is  greatly  developed,  its 
texture  and  flavor  are  depreciated  in  the  migrations 
southward. 

Fruit  large,  flattened,  globular,  somewhat   angular,  or 
flattened,  sometimes  having  a  shallow  sulcus  or  furrow  on 


Fig.  252.— PECK'S  PLEASANT 

one  side  ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow  or  orange,  being  -some- 
times faintly  blushed  ;  Dots  gray,  with  white  bases. 

Basin  rather  shallow  and  folded ;  Eye  small  and  open, 
calycinal  segments  being  short. 

Cavity  wide,  but  often  lipped,  brown ;  Stem  short,  very 
thick,  clubbed  or  knobby. 


CLASS   in. — BOUND   APPLES. II.    II.    I.  643 

Core  large,  closed,  clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds  numerous, 
angular ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  breaking,  fine-grained ; 
Flavor  sub-acid  and  somewhat  aromatic ;  of  first  quality 
in  the  North ;  Use,  table,  kitchen  or  market ;  Season,  De- 
cember to  January,  or  later. 

I*rimate. 

This  delicious  table  apple  has  strong  claims  upon  our 
admiration,  on  account  of  its  good  qualities  as  a  dessert 
fruit,  for  the  extreme  delicacy  of  its  skin  and  flesh  render 
it  unfit  for  market ;  it  is  therefore  not  profitable  for  the 
commercial  orchard. 

Tree  thrifty,  stocky,  vigorous,  strongly  branched,  pro- 


Fig.  253.— PRIMATE. 

ductive  ;  Shoots  stout,  short,  light  olive ;  Buds  prominent, 
foliage  pale  green. 

Fruit  full  medium, globular,  angular,  irregular  ;  Surface 
smooth,  greenish-yellow,  becoming  almost  white,  some- 
times faintly  blushed ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  abrupt,  folded  ;  Eye  small  but  long,  closed ;  Seg- 
ments reflexed. 


644 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Cavity  acute,  wavy,  green ;  Stem  medium  to  long, 
thick. 

Core  medium,  round,  closed,  clasping  ;  Seeds  numerous, 
angular,  long,  dark;  Flesh  greenish-white,  very  tender, 
fine-grained ;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid,  very  agreeable ;  Qual- 
ity best;  Use,  the  dessert ;  Season,  July  and  August. 

Progress. 

Not  having  had  the  good  fortune  to  study  this  apple,  I 
quote  the  description  given  by  Downing : 

"  A  native  of  Middletown,  Connecticut.  Tree  a  moder- 
ate grower  and  forms  a  handsome  head,  bears  early  and 
very  productive. 

"  Size  above  medium,  rather  globular,  inclining  to  conic, 
sometimes  oblate,  somewhat  angular ;  Stem  short,  insert- 
ed into  a  round  cavity,  surrounded  by  russet ;  Calyx  large, 
partially  closed,  set  in  a  shallow,  open  basin ;  Skin  smooth, 
yellow,  with  a  sunny  cheek,  sometimes  a  few  scattered, 
gray  dots;  Flesh  solid,  tender,  crisp,  juicy,  with  a  very 
refreshing,  vinous  flavor.  Ripe  October  until  April." 


Fig.  354.— QUINCE. 


CLASS   III. ROUND   APPLES. — II.    II.    I.  645 

Quince. 

COLE'S  QUINCE. 

This  does  not  appear  to  be  exactly  the  same  as  that  de- 
scribed by  Coxe,  and  later  by  Downing.  This  fruit  is  not 
very  extensively  cultivated.  The  specimens  described  are 
from  that  precise  pomologist  T.  T.  Lyon,  of  Michigan. 

Fruit  full  medium,  globular,  angular,  ribbed ;  Surface 
.  smooth,  greenish-yellow,  pale. 

Basin  narrow,  folded,  plaited ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  wavy ;  Stem  medium,  yellow. 

Core  oval,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  numerous, 
angular,  plump,  brown ;  Flesh  yellowish-white,  tender, 
fine-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  Quality 
good  for  cooking ;  Season,  November  to  January. 

September. 

This  apple  is  highly  esteemed  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Waring, 
of  Center  County,  Pennsylvania,  where  it  originated. 

Tree  hardy  and  vigorous,  a  good  and  regular  bearer. 

"Fruit  large,  globular,  somewhat  depressed,  slightly 
conic,  angular ;  Skin  yellow,  slightly  shaded  and  thinly 
sprinkled  with  brown  dots ;  Stalk  short,  inserted  in  a  deep,' 
abrupt  cavity,  surrounded  by  thin  russet ;  Calyx  partially 
closed,  set  in  an  open  basin ;  Flesh  yellowish,  tender, 
juicy,  with  a  very  agreeable  sub-acid  flavor ;  October." — 
[Downing.] 

Sheepnose — of  Mvars. 

This  substantial  little  apple  was  presented  by  Wm. 
E.  Mears,  a  zealous  horticulturist  of  Clermont  County, 
Ohio,  where  it  is  considerably  cultivated.  Origin  un- 
known. 

Fruit  medium,  round,  slightly  conic,  irregular ;  Surface 
smooth,  greenish  yellow,  white  striae  about  the  base,  like 
White  Winter  Pearmain,  which  it  resembles  in  some  other 
respects ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  shallow,  wavy ;  Eye  long,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  narrpw,  bronzed ;  Stem  medium,  knobbed. 

Core  roundish  oval,  irregular,  open,  clasping ;  Seeds  nu- 
merous, plump,  dark ;  Flesh  yellowish-white,  breaking, 
tender,  juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid ;  Quality  good ;  Use,  table 
and  kitchen  ;  Season,  December  to  February. 


646 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 
Summer    Pippin. 


A  favorite  apple  about  New  York — not  known  exten- 
sively. Tree  vigorous,  forming  a  beautiful  head,  a  regular 
and  good  bearer. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  variable  in  form,  sometimes  ob- 
long-oval, or  inclining  to  conic,  angular  and  irregular;  Skin 
pale  waxen  yellow,  shaded  with  a  delicate  crimson  blush, 


Fig.  255. — SUMMER  PIPPIN. 

and  sprinkled  with  green  and  grayish  dots ;  Stalk  varies 
in  length  and  thickness,  inserted  in  a  deep,  abrupt  cavity ; 
Calyx  closed,  set  in  a  deep,  abrupt,  corrugated  basin ; 
Flesh  white,  tender,  moderately  juicy,  with  a  pleasant,  re- 
freshing sub-acid  flavor ;  Valuable  for  culinary  uses ;  Rip- 
ens in  August  and  continues  a  month  or  more. — [Downing.] 


CLASS    III. ROUND   APPLES. II.    II.    I. 


647 


Transport. 

Another  of  Reuben  Ragan's  Indiana  seedlings.  Tree 
poor  in  the  nursery — good  in  the  orchard.  Very  produc- 
tive. 

Fruit  large,  globular,  flattened,  angular;  Surface 
smooth,  pale  yellow,  blushed  carmine;  Dots  scattered, 


Fig.  256.— TRANSPORT. 

green,  with  white  bases,  becoming  purple  where  exposed  ; 
Bloom  white. 

Basin  medium,  plaited  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  brown  ;  Stem  medium  to  long. 

Core  irregular,  closed,  clasping  ;  Axis  short ;  Seeds  dark, 
pointed,  imperfect ;  Flesh,  yellowish- white,  tender,  melt- 
ing, fine-grained,  juicy;  Flavor  mild  sub-acid,  rich;  Qual- 
ity good  to  very  good  ;  Use,  table,  kitchen,  market ;  Sea- 
son, December  to  February.  Not  very  profitable. 

White    Pippin. 

The  origin  of  this  valuable  fruit  is  entirely  unknown, 
and  its  history  can  only  be  traced  to  the  nursery  of  Silas 


648 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Wharton,  who  may  have  brought  it  with  him  from  the 
East.  For  a  time  some  of  onr  leading  pomologists 
thought  it  was  the  Canada  Reinette,  but  this  idea  has 
long  since  been  relinquished,  and  all  agree  that  it  is  $ui 
generis,  though  it  may  have  had  a  different  name.  In 
some  of  its  external  characters  it  more  nearly  resembles 


Fig.  257. — WHITE  PIPPIN. 

the  Yellow  JVewtown  Pippin  than  any  other  fruit ;  but, 
while  it  lacks  the  high,  spicy  flavor  of  that  apple,  it  is 
fojind  to  be  much  more  profitable  in  the  orchard. 

The  tree  is  remarkably  thrifty,  vigorous  and  produc- 
tive, upright,  with  very  dark  shoots,  covered  with  down, 
bearing  large  leaves  that  are  quite  downy  beneath,  and 
deep  green  above. 

Fruit  large,  variable  in  form,  angular,  sometimes  lop- 
sided, generally  fair,  free  from  scab  ;  Surface  smooth,  green 
or  greenish- white  to  very  pale  yellow  when  ripe;  the 
skin  toward  the  base  is  often  marked  on  the  unripe  apple 
with  indistinct  wavy  stripes  of  white,  the  interspaces  are 
sometimes  colored  by  exposure,  and  assume  a  pink  or  pur- 


CLASS    III. ROUND    APPLES. II.    II.    I. 


649 


plish  hue,  making  the  fruit  appear  to  be  striped ;  Dots 
very  minute,  and  surrounded  by  green  bases  that  are 
most  distinct  before  the  fruit  is  perfectly  ripe  ;  these  and 
the  white  stripes  are  very  characteristic. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  regular,  wavy  or  folded ;  Eye  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  wide,  deep,  "wavy,  brown  and  green  :  Stem  short, 
sometimes  thick. 

Core  small,  pyriform,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous, 
angular,  pale  brown,  pointed ;  Flesh  white  or  yellowish- 
white,  breaking,  granular,  juicy;  Flavor  acid  to  sub-acid, 
not  spicy  ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,*  kitchen  rather  than  table, 
cooks  very  well ;  Season,  December  and  January ;  not  a 
very  good  keeper  ;  may  be  preserved  until  March. 

Yellow    Newtown. 

The  origin  of  this  variety  of  the  Newtown  Pippin,  whicn 
has  obtained  such  a  world- wide  notoriety  as  the  "  Ameri- 


Fig.  258. — YELLOW  NEWTOWN. 


can  Apple,"  is  very  uncertain.  The  distinction  between 
this  and  the  Green  Newtown,  as  described  under  Class  III, 
I,  2,  1,  was  well  known  to  Coxe. 

28 


650  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

Tree  resembling  that  of  the  Green  variety,  slow  grow- 
er in  the  nursery,  having  rough  bark  when  old,  not  an 
early  bearer,  but  large,  spreading,  and  productive,  and  in 
suitable  soils  profitable.  From  some  cause,  however,  the 
orchards  of  both  these  apples  are  much  less  satisfactory  in 
their  results  than  formerly  in  many  parts  of  the  country. 
Still  it  is  often  seen  in  great  perfection,  and  I  am  compil- 
ing this  description  from  outlines  and  notes  of  a  large 
number  that  were  very  fine. 

Fruit  large,  round,  more  or  less  modified  by  being  cyl- 
indrical, truncated,  lop-sided,  ribbed,  and  irregular,  some- 
times even  conic ;  Surface  smooth,  yellowish-green,  some- 
times bronzy,  becoming  yellow  when  ripe,  like  the  White 
Pippin,  it  is  marked  with  gray  striaB  near  the  base  while 
green ;  Dots  minute,  scattered,  whitish  bases. 

Basin  large,  folded,  ribbed  or  plaited ;  Eye  medium, 
rather  open. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  brown  ;  Stem  medium  or  short,  rarely 
long. 

Core  medium,  oval,  regular,  closed,  meeting  or  clasping 
the.  eye ;  Seeds  pointed,  brown,  sometimes  imperfect ;  Flesh 
yellow,  firm,  breaking,  juicy,  not  crisp  like  the  Green  va- 
riety ;  Flavor  acid,  aromatic,  rich,  very  agreeable ;  Quality 
best ;  Use,  table,  kitchen,  market  and  cider ;  Season,  March. 


-  CLASS    III.— ROUND    APPLES. 

ORDER    II.— IRREGULAR. 

SECTION    a.— SOUR. 
SUB-SECTION   2.-STRIPED. 

Itcuoiii. 

This  handsome  and  delicious  early  apple  is  a  native  of 
Dedham,  Massachusetts.  Its  good  qualities  have  caused 
its  culture  to  be  widely  extended,  and  it  appears  to  give 
very  general  satisfaction ;  though  not  so  early  as  some 
other  kinds,  for  the  dessert  especially,  it  is  indispensable  to 
the  amateur. 


CLASS    III. ROUND    APPLES. II.    II.    II. 


651 


Tree  small,  upright,  close,  productive,  early  bearer; 
Shoots  slender,  brown,  leaves  thin,  long. 

Fruit  small  to  medium,  round,  truncated,  somewhat  an- 
gular, irregular;  Surface  smooth,  yellow,  covered  mixed 
red,  striped  scarlet  and  carmine;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  wide,  abrupt ;  Eye  large,  open  or  closed. 


Fig.  359.  —  BENONI. 

Cavity  acute,  wavy,  brown  ;  Stem  medium,  green,  often 
stout. 

Core  small,  closed,  meeting  the  eye  ;  Seeds  angular, 
dark  ;  Flesh  yellow,  fine-grained,  juicy  ;  Flavor  rich,  sub- 
acid,  spicy  ;  Quality  best  ;  Use,  dessert,  kitchen  and  mar- 
ket ;  Season,  July  and  August.  Delicious  and  profitable. 


This  fine  apple,  from  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania, 
was  reported  on  by  the  ad  interim  Committee  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society,  and  was  brought  to 
my  notice  by  Dr.  J.  K.  Eshleman,  of  Downingtown,  in 
whose  beautiful  orchard  I  had  an  opportunity  of  studying 
the  variety. 

Tree  large,  spreading,  vigorous,  productive,  said  to  be 
hardy. 


652 


DESCRIPTIONS   OF   APPLES. 


Fruit  medium  to  large,  round,  somewhat  angular ;  Sur- 
face smooth,  yellow,  nearly  covered  with  stripes  of  bright 
rich  red. 

Basin  deep,  wavy ;  Eye  closed. 

Cavity  large,  brown ;  Stem  short  to  medium. 

Flesh  whitish,  breaking,  fine-grained,  juicy;  Flavor 
sub-acid,  agreeable ;  Quality  good,  especially  for  culinary 
use  an.d  market ;  Season,  August  and  September. 

Chronicle . 

This  is  a  famous  long  keeper  of  Indiana  origin.  The 
honors  of  its  discovery  are  divided  between  the  Sigersons 
and  R.  Ragan. 

Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  productive,  said  to  be  hardy  .^ 
Fruit  full  medium  to  large,    globular,   truncated,  cylin- 
drical, irregular,  flattened  at   the  sides  or  angular  ;  Axis 


Fig.  260.— CHRONICLE. 

inclined  in  some ;  Surface  yellowish-green  to  yellow,  mix- 
ed and  striped  dull  red  ;  Dots  large,  scattered,  yellow,  in- 
dented. 


CLASS   III. BOUND   APPLES. II.    II.    II.  653 

Basin,  wide,  deep,  regular  or  wavy  ;  Eye  small  to  me- 
dium, closed.  * 

Cavity  wide,  wavy  or  acute,  sometimes  lipped,  brown ; 
Stem  medium  to  long,  sometimes  thick. 

Core  small,  closed,  meeting ;    Seeds  numerous,  pointed,, 
plump;  Flesh  greenish  to  yellow,  firm  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  not 
spicy ;  Quality  scarcely  good,  except  for  culinary  Use  and 
for  market ;  Season,  March   to   May.     Keeps  sound  even 
when  bruised. 

Foundling. 

"  From  Massachusetts.  Tree  moderately  vigorous, 
spreading,  productive." — [Downing.] 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  round,  flattened  at  the  ends,  an- 
gular or  uneven ;  Surface  yellowish-green,  mixed  red, 
splashed  deep  red;  Dots  minute,  indented. 

Basin  wide,  abrupt,  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy,  green ;  Stem  short  or  me- 
dium. 

Core  large,  wide,  open,  clasping  ;  Seeds  numerous,  small, 
pointed;  Flesh  white,  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy;  Flavor 
sub-acid,  aromatic ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  table ;  Season, 
September. 

Specimens  obtained  from  Mr.  Warren. 

Jersey     Black. 

BLACK  APPLE  of  COXC  ? 

This  admirable  but  unpretending  fruit  has  extended  its 
way  quietly  through  the  country,  along  the  parallels  40° 
to  42°,  without  ever  having  had  any  extra  puffing,  such 
as  has  given  notoriety  to  some  of  its  competitors  for  places 
in  the  orchard.  Nobody  speaks  about  this  apple,  nor 
writes  about  it,  and  yet  it  is  everywhere  to  be  found.  This 
cannot  be  the  .Black  Apple  of  Coxe  and  Downing,  being 
quite  different  in  some  of  its  strong  characters.  Origin 
unknown  ,  supposed  to  have  been  introduced  into  the  West 
by  Silas  Wharton,  of  Warren  County,  Ohio,  as  it  is  found 
with  the  White  Pippin  and  other  favorite  sorts  of  his  in- 
troduction, and  is  in  his  published  list. 

Tree  sufficiently  vigorous,  but  does  not  grow  large, 
spreading,  often  drooping  when  old,  branches  open,  always 
fruitful,  either  well  distributed  in  a  light  crop,  or  crowded 
in  a  full  one. 


654 


DESCRIPTIONS   OF   APPLES. 


Fruit  full  medium,  round,  angular  and  irregular,  some- 
times ribbed ;  Surface  smooth,  completely  covered  with 
deep  red,  striped  darker,  giving  a  purple,  almost  black 
hue  to  the  fruit,  often  covered  with  a  thin  bloom  ;  one  va- 
riety is  always  lighter,  stripes  more  distinct,  and  the  flesh 
more  stained  ;  Dots  numerous,  minute,  indented,  purple. 

Basin  mostly  shallow,  folded  and  plaited ;  Eye  small  to 
medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  brown,  often  wavy  or  folded ;  Stem 
short,  medium  or  long,  usually  stout,  sometimes  knobbed. 


Fig.  261. — JERSEY  BLACK. 

Core  medium,  regular,  generally  closed,  clasping  the 
eye ;  Seeds  numerous,  short,  plump,  pointed,  dark ;  Flesh 
yellow,  crisp,  fine-grained,  juicy,  often  stained  pink  or  red- 
dish ;  Flavor  rich,  mild  sub-acid,  aromatic,  not  spicy,  sat- 
isfying ;  Quality  good ;  Use,  table,  kitchen,  cider  and  for 
stock ;  Season,  December,  January ;  keeps  sound.  A  good 
market  apple. 


CLASS   III. ROUND    APPLES. II.    IL    II. 


655 


King. 

KING   OP    TOMPKINS    COUNTY. 

This  splendid  apple,  which  has  attracted  so  much  atten- 
tion of  recent  years,  had  .its  origin,  as  is  supposed,  in 
TompkT.ns  County,  New  York,  where  it  has  been  much 
cultivated. 

Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  large  and  spreading,  an  abund- 
ant annual  bearer. 

Fruit  large,  handsome,  globular,   irregular,  somewhat 


Fig.  263. —KING. 

conic,  angular  ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow,  covered  deep  red, 
marbled  and  striped  ;  Dots  numerous,  gray,  large. 

Basin  shallow,  folded ;  Eye  large,  short,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  shallow,  wavy ;  Stem  short  or  long,  thick 
or  slender,  red. 

Core  very  large,  turbinate,  regular,  closed ;  Seeds  im- 
perfect, angular ;  Flesh  yellowish-white,  tender,  breaking  ; 
Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  Quality  best ;  Use,  table, 
kitchen  and  market ;  Season,  December  and  longer. 


656 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Missouri    Keeper. 

Specimens  from  Norman  J.  Colman,  Esq.,  Editor  of  the 
Rural  World,  St.  Louis,  Missouri.  Origin  unknown. 

Fruit  medium  to  small,  round,  irregular;  Surface 
smooth,  shaded,  mixed,  striped  red;  Dots  numerous,  large, 
white,  distinct. 

Basin  abrupt,  regular ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  narrow,  regular  ;  Stem  medium  to  short,  knobby, 
thick. 

Core  regular,  closed ;  Seeds  numerous,  long,  plump,  an- 
gular ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  tender,  fine-grained, juicy ; 
Flavor  sub-acid ;  Quality  good  to  very  good ;  Use,  table, 
market  and  kitchen  ;  Season,  January  to  July. 

Specimens  cut  and  described  on  the  25th  of  June  were 
in  perfect  condition. 


263.—  NONPAREIL. 

Nonpareil. 

The  history  and  origin  of  this   nice  autumn  fruit  have 
not  been  ascertained,  and  it  may   prove   to  be  an  old  va- 


CLASS    III. ROUND   APPLES. — II.    II.   II.  657 

riety  with  a  changed  name — considerably  grown  in  Nor- 
thern Illinois.  Specimens  from  Dr.  Geo.  Haskell,  of  Rock- 
ford,  are  here  described. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  round,  somewhat  conic,  angu- 
lar, ribbed ;  Surface  smooth,  waxy-yellow,  splashed  crim- 
son ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  shallow,  folded  and  plaited ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy,  sometimes  lipped ;  Stem  long' 
to  medium,  thick,  green. 

Core  wide,  regular,  open,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  nu- 
merous, angular,  brown  ;  Flesh  white,  tender,  fine-grained, 
juicy;  Flavor  acid,  aromatic;  Quality  quite  good;  Use, 
table ;  Season,  September  and  October. 

Stewart's    Nonpareil — Local  Name. 

This  early  apple  is  quite  a  favorite  in  Clarke  County, 
Ohio,  and  may  prove  to  be  the  Tetofski,  or  some  other 
known  variety,  when  it  comes  to  be  more  thoroughly  ex- 
amined. Fruits  received  from  my  brother,  J.  T.  Warder. 

Fruit  medium,  roundish,  conical,  irregular,  angular ;  Sur- 
face smooth,  yellowish-green,  splashed  carmine  ;  Dots  mi- 
nute, scattered,  indented. 

Basin  small,  abrupt,  folded  ;  Eye  very  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  narrow, ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  large,  oval,  open,  clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, brown  ;  Flesh  white,  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy  ;  Fla- 
vor sub-acid ;  Quality  good  to  best ;  Use,  table  and  kitch- 
en ;  Season,  July  and  August,  in  latitude  40°. 

Tetofski. 

This  little  foreigner  was  brought  from  Russia,  and  seems 
as  well  adapted  to  our  climate  and  tastes  as  are  its  com- 
panions from  the  same  region. 

Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  productive,  upright,  leaves  broad, 
pale  or  light  green. 

Fruit  small  to  medium,  round,  flattened,  somewhat  conic, 
angular ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow,  striped,  splashed  car- 
mi  ne,  white  bloom. 

Basin  shallow,  folded;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  or  deep,  acute ;  Stem  short,  yellow. 
"  28* 


658  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

Core  large,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous,  plump, 
brown ;  Flesh  yellowish-white,  breaking,  fine  grained, 
juicy  ;  Flavor  acid;  Quality  good;  Use,  market,  kitchen; 
Season,  June,  July — before  Early.  Harvest. 


CLASS    III.— ROUND    APPLES. 

ORDER  IL—  IRREGULAR. 

SECTION    2.— SOUR. 
SUB-SECTION  3.— RUSSET. 

Golden     Harvey. 

BRANDT  APPLE. 


This  highly  flavored  English  apple  is  often  referred  to, 
but  is  rarely  seen  in  American  collections  ;  but  as  it  may 
be  interesting  to  some,  I  quote  Downing's  brief  descrip- 


tion : 

"  Fruit  small,  irregularly  round ;  Skin  rather  rough,  dull 
russet  over  a  yellow  ground,  with  a  russety  red  cheek; 
Flesh  yellow,  of  fine  texture,  with  a  rich  sub-acid  flavor. 
The  fruit  is  apt  to  shrivel." 

Tree  of  slender  growth. 


CLASS    IV.— OBLONG    APPLES. 
ORDER    I.— REGULAR. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET 
SUB-SECTION    1.— SELF-COLORED. 

Downing's    Paragon. 

Originated  at  Canton,  Illinois.  Tree  upright,  bears  an- 
nually, productive. 

Fruit  large,  round,  but  appearing  oblong,  regular  •,  bur- 
face  smooth,  yellow  to  golden,  slightly  bronzed  or  blushed 
when  fully  ripe ;  this  and  the  dots  can  scarcely  be  seen 
while  the  fruit  is  immature.  . 


CLASS    IV. OBLONG   APPLES. 1.   L    I. 


659 


Basin  deep,  abrupt,  plaited  ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  irregular ;  Stem  long. 

Core  very  small,  oval,  closed,  meeting  the   eye  ;  Seeds 


.  364. — DOWN  ING'S  PARAGON. 


numerous,  plump  ;  Flesh  very  tender ;  Flavor  sweet,  rich, 
aromatic ;  Quality  good ;  Use,  table ;  September  to  De- 
cember. 

Honey. 

Native  of  Pennsylvania.  Tree  very  erect  and  an  excel- 
lent bearer.  Fruit  rather  small,  oblong  or  oblong-conical, 
greenish ;  Flesh  tender,  juicy.  If  this  apple  ripened  in 
October  (apple  butter  season)  it  would  be  more  valuable. 
— [W.  G.  Waring's  MS.] 

Pennsylvania    Sweeting. 

Found  in  Southern  Illinois.  Origin  and  history  un- 
known. 


660 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Fruit  large,  oblong,  regular ;  Surface  dull  greenish-yel- 
low; Dots  numerous,  dark,  distinct. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  regular ;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  irregular  ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  irregular,  large,  open,  clasping;  Seeds  numerous, 


Fig.  265. — PENNSYLVANIA  SWEETING. 

small ;  Flesh  tender,  melting,  fine-grained  ;  Flavor  very 
sweet;  Quality  good;  Use,  baking  and  stock;  Season, 
early  winter. 


CLASS   IV. OBLOXG    APPLES. — I.    I.   I. 

Wells'     Sweeting. 


661 


Origin  and  history  unknown. 

Fruit   medium,  round    or    oblong,    regular;    Surface 
smooth,  white,  some  blush  ;  Dots  scattered,  prominent. 
Basin  wide,  regular,  leather-cracked ;  Eye  large,  closed. 


Fig.  266.— WELLS'  SWEETING. 

Cavity  medium,  regular,  green  ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  pyriform,  closed  ;  Seeds  numerous,  angular,  plump  ; 
Flesh  white,  firm,  juicy ;  Flavor  sweet ;  Use,  baking  and 
stock ;  Season,  October  and  December. 


662  DESCRIPTIONS    OP    APPLES. 

CLASS    IV.— OBLONG    APPLES. 
ORDER    I.— REGULAR. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 
SUB-SECTION    2.— STRIPED. 

Black    Oilliflower. 

An  old  variety,  which  cannot  be  very  highly  praised, 
for  it  is  but  an  indifferent  fruit,  and  yet,  on  account  of  its 
productiveness  and  keeping  properties,  it  is  considered 
profitable  for  orchard  planting. 

Fruit  rather  large,  oblong-ovate,  regular ;  Surface  near- 


Fig.  367. — BLACK  GILLIFLOWER. 

ly  covered  with  stripes  of  very  deep  red  that  make  it  look 
nearly  black.    • 

Basin  very  shallow,  often  plaited ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  brown ;  Stem  long,  slender. 


CLASS  IV. — OBLONG  APPLES. 1.  I.  II.        663 

Core  very  large,  oval,  regular,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 
numerous,  plump  or  imperfect ;  Flesh  whitish,  dry ;  Flavor 
only  sweet ;  Use,  essentially  market,  may  be  valuable  for 
stock  ;  Season,  November  to  March. 

Mother. 

'       Origin  Bolton,  Massachusetts.     Tree  rather  slender,  but 
productive. 

Fruit  medium  to  full  medium,  oblong,  regular ;  Surface 


Fig.  268.— MOTHER. 

smooth,  shaded  red  on  yellow,  with  close,  fine  stripes  of 
red  ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  medium,  regular  or  plaited;  Eye  long,  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  acute,  regular  or  wavy ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  medium,  turbinate,  regular,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds 
numerous ;  Flesh  yellow,  crisp,  very  fine-grained,  juicy  ; 


664  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

Flavor  sweet,  very  rich,  vinous,  aromatic  ;  Quality  best ; 
Use,  dessert ;  Season,  October  to  January. 

Rsimsdell's    Red. 

Origin  Connecticut.  Tree  vigorous,  upright,  many 
branches,  productive,  early  bearer ;  Shoots  slender,  red- 
dish ;  Foliage  rather  light  green. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  oblong,  regular,  truncated  ;  Sur- 


.— RAMSDELL'S  BED. 


face  smooth,  yellow,  hidden   by  bright   red,  mixed   and 
striped";  Dots  numerous,  yellow,  distinct. 

Basin  rather  deep,  abrupt,  wavy ;  Eye  small  to  medium, 
closed. 


CLASS  IV. — OBLONG  APPLES. — L  II.  L        665 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy ;  Stem  medium  to  long,  often 
red. 

Core  large,  oval,  closed,  clasping  the  eye  ;  Seeds  large  ; 
Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  juicy;  Flavor  very  sweet,  rich; 
Quality  very  good ;  Use,  baking  and  stock;  Season,  Sep- 
tember to  December. 


CLASS    IV.— OBLONG    APPLES. 
ORDER    I.— REGULAR. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 
SUB-SECTION    3.— KUSSET. 
Mansfield    Russet. 

"  Brought  into  notice  by  Dr.  Joseph  Mansfield,  of  Gro- 
ton,  Massachsetts.  Tree  vigorous  and  very  productive. 
Fruit  small,  oblong,  inclining  to  conic ;  Skin  cinnamon 
russet ;  Stem  long,  inserted  in  a  deep,  furrowed  cavity ; 
Calyx  partially  closed,  set  in  an  open  basin ;  Flesh  not 
very  juicy,  rich,  aromatic,  saccharine,  vinous ;  Keeps  un- 
til April  and  May." — [Downing.] 


CLASS    IV.-OBLONG    APPLES. 
ORDER    I.— REGULAR. 

SECTION    2.-SOUR. 

SUB-SECTION    1.— SELF-COLORED. 

Bailey's    Golden. 

"  Origin  Kennebec  County,  Maine.  Tree  productive ; 
Fruit  large,  oblong,  flattened  at  base  and  crown ;  Skin 
yellowish,  slightly  russeted,  with  a  warm  cheek ;  Stem 
short,  surrounded  by  russet,  in  abroad,  deep  cavity ;  Calyx 
large  and  open,  basin  shallow ;  Flesh  white,  with  a  pleas- 
ant sub-acid  flavor;  January  to  March." — [Downing.] 


666 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


Carolina,    Red    June. 


Origin  southern,  though  long  extensively  grown  in  the 
North,  and  everywhere  in  the  West  a  favorite  early  fruit. 

Tree  hardy,  vigorous,  healthy,  upright,  early  bearer, 
productive ;  Snoots  slender,  dark  ;  Foliage  dark. 


Fig.  270.— CAROLINA  RED  JUNE. 

» 

Fruit  small  to  medium ,  form  variable,  but  generally  ob- 
long-ovate, regular;  Surface  smooth,  deep  red  on  white, 
nearly  universal ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  shallow,  folded,  plaited ;  Eye  small,  closed ;  Seg- 
ments reflexed. 

Cavity  narrow,  acute ;  Stem  medium  or  short. 

Core  oval,  open,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds  numerous, 
small,  plump  ;  Flesh  white,  very  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy ; 
Flavor  sub-acid,  not  rich;  Quality  good;  Use,  table  and 
market ;  Season,  June  and  July — one  of  the  earliest. 


CLASS  IV. OBLONG  APPLES. 1.  II.  I.         667 

There  is  a  striped  variety,  the  Striped  June,  from  Vir- 
ginia, similar  in  every  respect  except  the  external  mark- 
ings. It  is,  of  course,  quite  different  from  the  Virginia 
June. — (Q.  vide  p.  500.) 

Crawford    Keeper. 

This  fruit  was  received  from  H.  N.  Gillett,  Lawrence 
County,  Ohio. 

Fruit  large,  cylindrical,  oblong,  lop-sided ;  Surface 
smooth,  purplish  red ;  Dots  numerous,  fawn  colored. 

Basin  wide,  shallow,  wavy ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  regular,  rough,  brown ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  regular,  open ;  Seeds  numerous,  brown  ;  Flesh  yel- 
low, breaking,  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid, 
rich ;  Quality  good  to  very  good ;  Use,  table ;  Season, 
February  to  April.  Very  desirable. 


Fig.   271.—  CUMBERLAND   SPICE. 


668 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Cumberland     Spice. 


Origin  New  Jersey;  not  ATery  extensively  cultivated, 
for,  though  sometimes  excellent,  it  is  not  found  to  be  a 
profitable  sort. 

Fruit  rather  oblong,  contracted  toward  the  eye,  or 
ovate,  regular ;  sometimes  the  Axis  i$  inclined ;  Surface 
pale  yellow  ;  Dots  large,  brown,  scattered. 

Basin  shallow,  regular  or  folded ;  Eye  large,  partially 
closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute  ;  Stem  generally  long. 

Core  large,  round,  very  open,  not  touching  the  eye ; 
Seeds  numerous,  large,  pointed;  Flesh  yellow,  tender, 
breaking,  juicy;  Flavor  acid  to  sub-acid,  rich,  aromatic; 
Quality  good  to  best,  but  uncertain  ;  Use,  table,  kitchen, 
not  profitable ;  Season,  October  to  December. 

Curtis    Greening-. 

This  fruit  was  found  in  Illinois ;  origin  uncertain. 


Fig.  272.— CUETIS  GKEEOTNG. 

Fruit  medium  to  large,  cjflindrical,  oblong,  truncated ; 


CLASS  IV. OBLONG  APPLES. 1.  II.  I.        669 

Axis   inclined ;  Surface  yellow,  bronzy ;  Dots  numerous, 
dark,  indented. 

Basin  abrupt,  wide,  regular ;  Eye  large,  open. 
Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular ;  Stein  short.  * 
Core  small,  fig-shaped,   closed,   clasping  ;  Seeds  numer- 
ous, small,    plump ;  Flesh   yellow,  breaking  ;  Flavor  sub- 
acid,  rich  ;  Quality  good ;  Use,  table  and  kitchen ;  Season, 
January  and  February. 

I>a,wsoHL9s     Cluster. 

From  Clark  County,  Ohio. 

Fruit  full  medium,  oblong-truncate  or   ovate,  regular .5 


Fig.  273.— DAWSON'S  CLUSTER. 

Surface  smooth,  pale  yellow,  blushed  lightly  with  brown; 
Dots  scattered,  gray. 

Basin  abrupt,  regular ;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  very  acute,  wavy  ;  Stem  long,  with  a  knob. 

Core  medium,  heart-shaped,  regular,  closed,  clasping ; 
Seeds  numerous,  plump,  large  ;  Flesh  yellowish-white,  fine- 


670 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


grained,  tender,  juicy;  Flavor  sub-acid;  Quality  good; 
Use,  kitchen,  but  chiefly  recommended  for  cider ;  Season, 
November.  An  enormous  bearer. 

Franklin    Golden.* 

HUGHES'  AMERICAN  GOLDEN  PIPPIN. 

Tree  thrifty,  upright,  moderately  productive  ;  Fruit  ob- 
long, cylindrical ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow  ;  Dots  distinct, 
gray,  not  numerous. 

Basin  wide,  shallow,  finely  plaited ;  Eye  long,  closed. 

Cavity  medium,  greenish  ;  Stem  long. 

Core  small,  pyriform,  regular,  closed,  clasping ;  Seeds 
plump,  pointed  ;  Flesh  yellow,  tender,  fine-grained,  juicy  ; 
Flavor  acid,  rich ;  Quality  very  good ;  Use,  table ;  Sea- 
son, mid-winter. 

A  choice  dessert  fruit. 

Grimes'    Golden. 

Another  apple  of  similar  and  equally  high  character. 
Origin,  Brooke  County,  Virginia.  Introduced  to  the 
State  Pomological  Society  by  our  zealous  fellow  member 


Fig.  274.— GRIMES'  GOLDEN. 
*  Fall  Butter,  on  page  677,  belongs  here. 


CLASS  IV. OBLONG  APPLES. — I.  II.  I.        671 

S.  B.  Marshall,  Massillon,  Ohio,  who  obtained  it  from  N. 
Wood,  of  Belmont  County. 

Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  spreading,  productive,  bears 
early ;  Shoots  stout,  dark  ;  Foliage  abundant,  dark  green. 

Fruit  full  medium,  cylindrical,  regular;  Surface  yellow, 
vein-russeted  ;  Dots  numerous,  minute. 

Basin  abrupt,  folded ;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  regular,  green  ;  Stem  long,  curved. 

Core  small,  pyriform,  closed,  meeting  the  eye;  Seeds 
numerous,  plump,  brown ;  Flesh  yellow,  firm,  breaking, 
very  fine-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic,  spicy, 
rich,  refreshing ;  Quality  very  best ;  Use,  dessert,  too 
good  for  aught  else  ;  those  who  have  tried  it  say  that  it  is 
excellent  for  cooking  ;  Season,  January  to  March. 

Kirk1>ri4«»c    White. 

This  fruit  has  been  pretty  extensively  cultivated  in 
some  parts  of  the  Western  States,  and  sometimes  mistaken 


Fig.  275.— KIRKBRIDGE  WHITE. 


for  the  fellow  June.     Tree  of  moderate  growth,  bears 
early,  productive.    • 


672 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Fruit  small,  oblong-conic,  regular;  Surface  smooth, 
pale  yellow  or  white  ;  Dots  minute,  gray,  scattered. 

Basin  small,  shallow  or  abrupt,  narrow,  regular ;  Eye 
small,  closed ;  Segments  reflexed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  slender, 
green. 

Core  medium,  pyriform,  regular,  open,  meeting  the  eye  ; 
Seeds  numerous,  plump,  pointed,  brown;  Flesh  white, 
fine-grained,  tender,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid  ;  Quality  very 
good ;  Use,  table,  market ;  Season,  July,  August,  after 
Early  Harvest. 


Fig.  276.— ORTLET. 


CLASS  IV. OBLONG  APPLES. 1.  II.  I.        673 

Ortley. 

WHITE  BELLFLOWER,  And  Many  Others.- 

This  excellent  New  Jersey  apple  has  been  cultivated 
very  satisfactorily  over  a  great  extent  of  our  country,  and 
is  still  seen  in  some  Western  collections,  exhibiting  all  its 
peculiar  beauty,  but  in  many  places  where  it  was  a  great 
favorite  but  a  few  years  since,  it  has  become  so  defective 
from  scab  and  bitter-rot  that  it  is  rapidly  disappearing 
from  the  nurseries  and  orchards. 

Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  upright,  becoming  large  and 
spreading,  very  productive ;  Shoots  stout,  dark,  bearing 
limbs  brittle,  and  often  broken  by  the  fruit. 

Fruit  large,  oblong,  conic,  truncated,  regular ;  Surface 
smooth,  pale  yellow,  rarely  blushed  light  carmine,  and 
red  spots ;  Dots  minute,  indented,  white  bases  seen  only 
in  the  unripe  fruit. 

Basin  medium,  regular,  plaited ;  Eye  small,  very  long, 
closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular,  brown  ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  medium,  oval,  regular,  open,  meeting  the  very  long 
eye;  Seeds  numerous,  short,  plump,  pointed,  dark,  easily 
loosened,  when  they  rattle  in  the  large  open  capsules  j  Flesh 
yellowish,  tender,  breaking,  juicy;  Flavor  acid  to  sub- 
acid,  sprightly,  refreshing;  Quality  best;  Use,  table, 
kitchen  ;  Season,  November  to  January. 

The  threatened  failure  of  this  fine  fruit  is  much  to  be 
regretted.  Its  tissue  is  so  fine  as  to  suit  even  the  invalid 
or  convalescent,  who  could  not  safely  partake  of  a  more 
solid  apple. 

I»orter. 

Native  of  Sherburne,  Massachusetts.  Tree  vigorous, 
healthy,  productive. 

Fruit  rather  large,  oblong,  somewhat  conic,  often  trun- 
cated; Surface  smooth,  yellow,  often  faintly  blushed; 
Dots  few,  sunken. 

Basin  abrupt,  folded ;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  wavy,  brown ;  Stem  medium. 

Cure  medium,  oval,  regular,  closed,  meeting  the  eye ; 
Seeds  numerous, plump;  Flesh  yellowish  white,  breaking, 
tender,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid  to  sub-acid ;  Quality  good  to 
very  good ;  Use,  kitchen,  table,  market ;  Season,  August 
to  October. 
29 


674 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Fig.  277.— PORTER. 

Spark's. 

SPARK'S  LATE. 

Fruited  by  Jas.  H.  Grain,  of  Undulation,  Pulaski  County, 
Illinois,  on  trees  received  from  J.  W.  Felt  &  Co.,  Crystal 
Springs,  Mississippi. 

Special  origin  unknown,  but  believed  to  be  southern. 
Tree  vigorous,  upright  and  productive  ;  Shoots  stout. 

Fruit  full  medium  to  large,  oblong,  conic,  regular,  hand- 
some ;  Surface  greenish-yellow;  Dots  numerous,  rather 
large,  gray  and  rough. 

Basin  shallow,  small,  regular ;  Eye  very  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular,  green;  Stem  medium  to 
long. 

Core  medium,  oval,  closed,  meeting 'the  eye  ;  Seeds  nu- 
merous, plump ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  fine-grained, 
juicy  ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  rich,  very  aromatic ;  Use,  dessert 
especially ;  .Season,  December  and  January ;  Qualitv  best. 


CLASS    IV. OBLONG    APPLES. 1.    II.    II. 


675 


Fig.  278.— SPARK'S. 


CLASS    IV.—  OBLONG    APPLES. 
ORDER    I.—  REGULAR. 
SECTION     2.—  SOUR. 
SUB-SECTION    2.—  STRIPED. 


"  A  seedling  of  Center  County,  Pennsylvania.  Large, 
oblong,  inclining  to  conical,  delicately  mottled,  and  striped 
with  red  on  yellow  ground;  'Stem  short,  thick,  inserted  in 
a  deep,  acuminate,  russeted  cavity  ;  Basin  deep,  moder- 
ately wide;  Flesh  yellow,  juicy,  sprightly,  refreshing; 
Very  good  ;  February."  —  [Ad  interim  Reports.] 


676 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Mr.  Waring,  of  Tyrone,  Pennsylvania,  writes  me  that 
the  Boalsburg  has  not  proved  to  be  productive,  and  that 
he  has  discontinued  its  propagation. 


Cannon     Pcarmain. 


A  southern  apple;  probably  from  North  Carolina. 
Grown  to  some  extent  in  parts  of  the  West,  where  it 
proves  a  substitute  for  the  Ben  Davis,  keeping  longer. 


Fig.  279.— CANNON  PEAEMAIN. 

Tree  vigorous,  healthy,  productive  when  old ;  Fruit 
medium,  round,  oblong  or  ovate,  regular ;  Surface  smooth, 
yellow,  shaded  red,  faintly  striped ;  Dots  large,  yellow, 
gray. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  regular,  rarely  wavy ;  Eye  small, 
closed. 

Cavity  acute,  often  lipped ;  Stem  long,  slender,  red. 

Core  medium,  regular,  oval,  closed,  clasping;  Seeds 
numerous,  long,  pointed ;  Flesh  yellow,  firm,  breaking ; 


CLASS  IV. OBLONG  APPLES. 1.  II.  II.       677 

Flavor  mild  sub-acid ;  Quality  only  good ;  Use,  market, 
kitcheD,  table ;  Season,  January  to  April. 

Cooper's    JUarfeet. 

"  Tree  vigorous,  upright,  with  long,  slender  branches ; 
productive  and  a  late  keeper. 

"Fruit  medium,  oblong,  conic  ;  Skin  yellowish,  shaded 
with  red,  striped  crimson ;  Stem  short ;  Cavity  deep,  nar- 
row ;  Calyx  closed ;  Basin  small ;  Flesh  white,  tender, 
with  a  brisk,  sub-acid  flavor ;  December  to  May." — 
[Downing.] 

Full    Butter.— [L.  Jones.]  * 

There  are  many  apples  with  this  name,  but  my  good 
friend  Lewis  Jones  thinks  this  is  the  only  genuine  kind, 
and  deserving  the  name  from  its  adaptation  to  the  making 
of  apple  butter.  Found  in  a  seedling  orchard  of  Eastern 
Indiana,  and  a  distinct  sort. 

Fruit  large,  handsome,  globular ;  Surface  smooth,  green- 
ish-yellow ;  Dots  minute,  prominent. 

Basin  regular,  abrupt,  brown  ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  narrow,  green  ;  Stem  short. 

Core  medium,  round,  open,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous, 
short,  plump,  dark ;  Flesh  yellowish-white,  breaking,  fine- 
grained, juicy ;  Flavor  sweet ;  Quality  best  for  table,  bak- 
ing and  apple  butter  ;  Season,  December  and  January. 

I  lag-lie. 

Introduced  by  Lewis  Jones,  Wayne  County,  Indiana. 
Believed  to  be  a  seedling. 

Fruit  large,  roundish,  oblong,  cylindrical,  truncate ; 
Surface  smooth,  greenish  yellow,  shaded  more  or  less 
with  red,  striped  and  splashed  deep  red;  Dots  numerous 
or  scattered,  large,  distinct,  yellow. 

Basin  medium,  regular;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular,  brown ;  Stem  short  to  me- 
dium, curved. 

Core  large,  heart-shaped,  regular,  closed  or  open,  clasp- 
ing ;  Seeds  numerous,  short,  pointed,  plump ;  Flesh  yel- 
low, tender,  fine-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic, 
rich ;  Quality  very  good  to  best ;  Use,  table,  market ; 
Season,  December  to  February.  Worthy  of  attention. 

*  Sec  page  670. 


678 


DESCRIPTIONS   OF  APPLES. 


Fig.  280.— HAGUE. 
Herman. 

"  From  Cumberland  County,  Pennsylvania.  Tree  vigor- 
ous, spreading,  quite  prolific. 

Fruit  medium,  oblong,  conic ;  fine  red,  striped  on  green , 
Flesh  greenish  white,  tender,  juicy,  sub-acid,  and  high 
flavor ;  November  to  April," — [Saml.  Miller,  in  Downing.] 

Indiana,    Beauty. 

This  beautiful  Indiana  seedling  always  attracts  attention 
by  its  external  appearance,  but  it  is  not  destined  to  be- 
come a  general  favorite. 

Fruit  large,  cylindrical,  oblong,  unequal ;  Axis  in- 
clined ;  Surface  very  smooth  yellow,  partially  covered 
mixed  scarlet,  splashed  carmine  ;  Dots  numerous,  small. 


CLASS    IV. — OBLONG    APPLES. — L    II.    II. 


679 


Basin  deep,  abrupt,  folded ;  Eye  medium  to  large,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  wavy  ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  small,  oval,  closed,  clasping  the  eye;  Seeds  nu- 


Flg.  281.— INDIANA  BEAUTY. 


merous,  long,  pointed,  imperfect;  Flesh  yellowish,  breaking, 
juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  Quality  only  good ; 
Use,  market,  kitchen ;  Season,  September,  November. 

.Fonatltait. 

Origin,  Kingston,  ~New  York.  Described  by  Judge 
Buell.  A  very  superior  dessert  fruit ;  good  for  all  pur- 
poses, and  seems  to  do  well  everywhere.  Its  excellence  has 
caused  it  to  be  called,  particularly,  a  gentleman's  apple, 
though  quite  acceptable  to  the  farmers'  boys. 

Tree  of  rather  slender  growth ;  hence  top-grafted  in 
the  orchard  and  stock-grafted  in  the  nursery  to  produce 


680 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 


early  results ;  Spreading,  rather  drooping,  productive ; 
Shoots  slender,  light  brown,  buds  small ;  Foliage  rather 
sparse,  grayish. 

Fruit  medium,  round  or  oblong,  conic,  truncated,  regu- 
lar; Surface  very  smooth,  waxy  yellow,  wholly  covered 


Fig.  282.— JONATHAN. 

brilliant  dark  red,  mixed  and  striped ;  Dots  minute,  rus- 
set-veined. 

Basin  deep,  regular,  russet-veined ;  Eye  small,  closed, 
green. 

Cavity  acute,  deep,  regular,  reddish  brown  ;  Stem  long, 
slender. 

Core  medium,  roundish-oval,  regular,  closed,  scarcely 
clasping  the  eye ;  Seeds  numerous,  large,  angular ;  Flesh 
whitish  yellow,  tender,  breaking,  very  juicy ;  Flavor  sub- 
acid,  aromatic,  equal  to  Spitzenberg  ;  Quality  best ;  Use, 
dessert,  cooking,  &c. ;  December,  January. 

Should  be  in  every  orchard. 


CLASS    IV. OBLONG   APPLES. 1.    II.    II. 


681 


1. — [Coze.] 

From  Gloucester  County,  New  Jersey.  Tree  spread- 
ing, very  productive;  Shoots  slender. 

Fruit  large,  handsome,  oblong,  slightly  conic,  truncated, 
regular ;  Surface  smooth,  yellow,  striped  crimson ;  Dots 
minute. 

Basin  deep,  abrupt,  folded  or  regular ;  Eye  medium, 
closed ;  Segments  reflexed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  regular,  brown;  Stem  long,  slender, 
red. 

Core  large,  pyriform,  regular,  clasping,  generally  open ; 
Seeds  numerous,  plump,  angular,  loose ;  Flesh  yellow, 


Fig.  283.— KAIGHN'S  SPITZENBERG. 

breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid  to  sub-acid,  rather  rich ; 
Quality  good  for  culinary. use;  Market  and  drying;  Sea- 
son, November,  December. 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 

Knowles'    Early. 

A  favorite  early  apple  about  Philadelphia.  Origin  sup- 
posed to  be  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Tree  medium,  thrifty,  very  productive,  early  bearer. 

Fruit  small,  conical,  oblong,  striped  dull  red  on  yellow. 

Basin  shallow,  plaited ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  regular ;  Stem  medium  to  long. 

Flesh  yellowish,  very  tender,  juicy ;  Flavor  mild  sub- 
acid,  aromatic,  agreeable ;  Quality  good ;  Use,  table, 
kitchen  ;  Season,  July  and  Ausust. 

l<ong    Island     IV;irmaiii. — [CW.J 

AUTUMN  PEARMAIN,  Thompson,  according  to  Downing. — WINTER  PEAK- 
MAIN,  Western  markets. 

An  old  variety  found  in  all  the  early  orchards  of  Ohio 
and  Indiana,  that  were  within  the  influence  of  Silas  Whar- 
ton's  nursery.  A  good,  profitable  variety  that  has  been 
overlooked  in  the  rage  for  novelties. 

Tree  large,  spreading,  very  productive ;  Fruit  full  me- 
dium, round,  elongated,  tapering  slightly  from  the  base, 
always  truncated  at  the  apex,  regular;  Surface  smooth, 
yellowish  green,  covered  with  dull  red,  and  striped  maroon  ; 
Dots  numerous,  minute,  gray ;  russet-veined  towards  the 
base. 

Basin  regular,  wide,  rather  deep,  slightly  leather- 
cracked  ;  Eye  medium,  open  ;  Segments  long. 

Cavity  rather  wide ;  Stem  long. 

Core  medium,  heart-shaped,  regular,  closed,  not  clasp- 
ing ;  Seeds  numerous,  large,  plump,  brown ;  Flesh  yellow, 
breaking,  firm,  not  very  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic, 
rich,  agreeable  ;  Quality  good  ;  Use,  family  and  market ; 
Season,  November  till  March. 

Marston's    Red    Winter. 

As  I  have  never  seen  this  fruit,  I  again  quote  from 
Downing : 

"  I  received  this  beautiful  apple  from  Nathan  Norton, 
of  Greenland,  New  Hampshire,  who  said  the  original  tree 
was  more  than  a  hundred  years  old,  and  still  standing. 

"  Tree  hardy,  of  moderate  growth,  great  bearer,  and 
keeps  as  well  as  Baldwin,  and  by  many  preferred  to  that 
variety,  and  is  a  popular  fruit  in  the  neighborhood. 


CLASS  IV. OBLONG  APPLES. II.  I.  I.        683 

"  Fruit  above  medium  size,  oblong,  oval,  inclining  to 
ovate;  Stem  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long,  rather  slen- 
der, in  a  narrow,  deep,  compressed,  slightly  russeted 
cavity,  sometimes  with  a  lip ;  Calyx  partially  closed ; 
Segments  long,  •  in  a  deep,  corrugated  basin ;  Color 
whitish  yellow,  shaded  and  striped  with  bright  green  and 
crimson,  thickly  sprinkled  with  minute  dots ;  Flesh  whitish 
yellow,  very  juicy,  tender, sprightly, sub-acid  flavor;  De- 
cember to  March. 

JlilHiii     King. 

Origin  Mifflin  County,  Pennsylvania.  Fruit  small, 
color  of  JRambo,  perhaps  a  trifle  more  red,  oblong ;  Flesh 
remarkably  tender,  juicy  and  pleasant;  First  rate. — 
[American  Pomological  Society's  Report.] 


CLASS    IV.— OBLONG    APPLES. 
ORDER    I.— REGULAR 

SECTION    2.— SOUR. 
SUB-SECTION    3.— RUSSET. 

NONE. 

CLASS    IV.— OBLONG    APPLES. 
ORDER    II.— IRREGULAR. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 

SUB-SECTION    1.— SELF-COLORED. 

Sweet    Bellflower. 

This  apple  is  supposed  to  have  originated  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Dayton,  Ohio,  and  is  cultivated  chiefly  in  the 
adjacent  regions,  and  when  found  elsewhere  is  traceable 
to  this  source. 


684 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Fruit  large,  roundish  oblong,  angular  ;  Surface  uneven, 
greenish  yellow,  becoming  creamy  yellow,  very  rarely 
blushed  or  bronzed ;  Dots  minute,  indented,  surrounded 
by  green  in  the  unripe  fruit. 

Basin  medium,  folded ;  Eye  small,  closed ;  Segments 
long,  reflexed. 

Cavity  acute,  wavy,  green  ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  regular,  roundish,  open,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 


Fig.  284.— SWEET  BELLFLOWER. 

numerous,  plump,  angular,  imperfect ;  Flesh  white,  fine- 
grained, breaking,   juicy ;    Flavor  very   sweet ;    Quality 
good  to  very  good  ;  Use,  baking,  table  ;  Season,  December. 
Not  equal  to  Broad  well. 


CLASS    IV. OBLONG    APPLES. II.    I.    II. 


685 


CLASS    IV.— OBLONG    APPLES. 
ORDER    II— IRREGULAR 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 

SUB-SECTION    2.— STRIPED. 

Ilamisli. 

"  From  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania.  Fruit  medium, 
oblong,  oval,  slightly  angular ;  Skin  mostly  shaded  with 
dark  red,  and  sprinkled  with  grayish  dots;  Flesh  com- 
pact, tender,  not  juicy,  almost  sweet,  pleasant;  Septem- 
ber to  October." — [Downing.] 

Illinois    Pumpkin    Sweet. 

This  apple  was  found  in  Illinois.  From  the  orchard  of 
Mr.  Montagu,  who  esteemed  it  very  highly. 


Fig.  285. — ILLINOIS  PUMPKIN  SWEET. 

Fruit  medium,  oblong,  ovate,  angular ;  Surface  mixed, 
splashed  and  striped  with  dull  red ;  Dots  scattered,  dis- 
tinct, yellow. 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   APPLES. 

Basin  abrupt,  folded  ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  folded ;  Stem  medium,  inclined. 

Core  medium,  pyriform,  regular,  closed,  clasping  ;  Seeds 
numerous,  angular,  plump  ;  Flesh  yellow,  rather  tough  in 
winter,  but  u  becomes  melting  in  June "  ;  Flavor  very 
sweet ;  Quality  good,  Montagu  says  best ;  Use,  kitchen, 
table ;  Season,  January  till  June. 


CLASS    IV.— OBLONG    APPLES. 
ORDER    II.— IRREGULAR. 

SECTION    1.— SWEET. 
SUB-SECTION    3.— RUSSET. 

NONE. 

• 

CLASS    IV.— OBLONG    APPLES. 
ORDER    II.— IRREGULAR. 

SECTION    2.— SOUR. 

SUB-SECTION    1.— SELF-COLORED. 

Genesee    Chief*. 

Fruit  large  to  very  large,  roundish  oblong,  ribbed  or 
angular ;  Surface  smooth,  pale  yellow,  sometimes  bronzed  ; 
Dots  scattered,  minute. 

Basin  shallow,  medium  ;  Eye  small,  but  very  long,  closed. 

Cavity  narrow,  pointed,  green  ;  Stem  medium,  knobby. 

Core  very  large,  round,  clasping,  very  open  ;  Seeds 
numerous,  defective,  angular,  brown  ;  Flesh  white,  tender, 
breaking,  juicy ;  Flavor  acid,  thin  ;  Quality  second  rate — 
good  only  for  cooking ;  Season,  August. 


CLASS   IV. OBLONG   APPLES. II.    II.    I. 


687 


\__  _^^m^ 


Fig.  286. — GENESEE  CHIEF. 

Hentrood.. 

A  seedling  of  Indiana.  Brought  into  notice  by  Lewis 
Jones,  of  Wayne  County,  who  has  frequently  exhibited 
the  fruit,  and  distributed  grafts  of  this  excellent  apple, 
which  may  compensate  for  the  failure  of  its  reputed  parent, 
the  Ortley. 

Fruit  large,  oblong,  conic  or  ovate,  often  angular  or 
ribbed ;  Surface  smooth,  pale  yellow,  rarely  blushed ; 
Dots  scattered,  dark. 

Basin  shallow,  often  abrupt,  folded  or  plaited;  Eye 
small,  closed. 


688 


DESCRIPTIONS    OP    APPLES. 


Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy ;  Stem  long,  slender. 
Core  rather  small,  round,  regular,  open,  meeting  the 
eye ;  Seeds  numerous,  long,  angular ;  Flesh  yellow,  ten- 


Fig.  387.— HENWOOD. 

der,  fine-grained,  juicy;   Flavor   acid   to   sub-acid,  rich; 
Quality  very  good  to  best ;  Season,  December  to  February. 

Kes>vick    Codling*. 

An  old  English  variety,  which  has  greatly  pleased  the 
people  of  our  country,  who  find  it  a  valuable  market  and 
family  fruit,  particularly  desirable  in  the  North  and 
Northwest. 

Tree  vigorous,  hardy,  productive,  an  early  bearer; 
Shoots  branching  in  a  peculiar  manner,  dark. 


CLASS    IV. OBLONG    APPLES. II.    II.    I. 


689 


Fruit  medium,  oblong,  conical,  truncated,  ribbed ;  Sur- 
face smooth,  pale  yellow  ;  Dots  scattered,  minute. 

Basin  medium,  folded ;  Eye  medium  to  large,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  regular,  browned ;  Stem  long,  yellow\ 

Core  large,  open,  clasping ;  Seeds  numerous,  angular ; 
Flesh  greenish  yellow,  fine-grained,  tender,  juicy ;  Flavor 


Fig.  288. — KESWICK  CODLING. 

acid  ;  Quality  good  to  very  good  for  its  use — cooking ; 
Season,  August  to  October. 

The  fruit  may  be  cooked  in  June. 


690 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  APPLES. 


Newark:    Pippin. 

Origin,  New  Jersey.  Tree  not  large,  orushy,  limbs 
crooked,  twiggy,  drooping,  not  very  productive  or  satis  - 
factory. 

Fruit  above  medium,  oblong,  cylindrical,  truncated  very 
abruptly,  slightly  angular ;  Surface  smooth,  rich  yellow 
when  ripe ;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  wide,  regular  ;  Eye  large,  open. 

Cavity  wide,  regular ;  Stem  long,  slender. 

Core  large,  oval  or  pyriforrn,  regular,  closed,  clasping ; 
Seeds  numerous,  angular,  plump ;  Flesh  deep  yellow, 
breaking,  fine-grained,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic, 


Fig.  289.— NEWARK  PIPPIN. 

rich,  sprightly ;  Quality  best ;  Use,  dessert,  cooking ; 
son,  December  to  February. 


CLASS- IV. OBLOXG  APPLES. II.  II.  I.        691 

A  delicious  fruit  for  amateurs,  but  its  place  is  supplant- 
ed by  Grimes'  Golden,  which  is  a  much  better  tree,  with 
fruit  of  similar  good  qualities,  and  better. 

Rock    Pippin. 

RIDGE  PIPPIN,   LEMON,    &C. 

This  admirable  long-keeper  has  claims  upon  the  atten- 
tion of  the  commercial  orchardist,  on  account  of  its 


Fig.  290.— ROCK  PIPPIN. 

soundness  and  beauty  in  the  spring.  Tree  very  thrifty, 
large,  productive ;  Branches  open,  spreading ;  Shoots 
stout,  dark  ;  Foliage  large,  scattered. 

Fruit  full  medium,  oblong,  ovate,  angular,  often  ribbed, 
truncate  at  the  apex,  sometimes  unequal;  Surface  very 
smooth,  very  rich  yellow,  blushed  bright  carmine  when 
ripe ;  Dots  few,* small,  dark. 


692 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Basin  shallow,  plaited  or  folded ;  Eye  small,  short,  closed. 

Cavity  acute,  often  lipped  ;  Stem  medium. 

Core  medium,  pyriform,  open/  somewhat  clasping; 
Seeds  numerous,  long,  brown ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking, 
rather  dry ;  Flavor  acid  to  sub-acid,  rich ;  Quality  only 
good ;  Use,  market  and  kitchen ;  Season,  December  to 
May ;  of  most  value  to  sell  at  the  latter  period. 

Cooks  well  all  winter. 

Yellow    Bellflower. 

This  noble  and  valuable  constituent  of  our  orchards  came 
from  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey,  where  it  was  first 


Fig.  291.— YELLOW  BELLFLOWER. 

described  by  Coxe.  This  apple  has  succeeded  in  almost 
all  parts  of  the  country,  North  and  South,  and  has  proved 
remarkably  hardy.  The  quality  of  the  fruit  varies  with 
the  soil,  being  best  and  most  highly  flavored  and  colored 


CLASS  IV. OBLONG  APPLES. — II.  II.  I.        693 

on  exposed  ridges  of  rather  thin  soil,  while  those  on  rich 
low  bottoms  or  prairies  are  slow  in  bearing,  and  then  pro- 
duce very  large  fruit.  The  crops,  however,  are  not  al- 
ways satisfactory  in  such  situations,  though  the  trees  be- 
come very  large ;  the  blossoms  are  often  destroyed  by 
spring  frosts. 

Tree  vigorous,  thrifty,  hardy,  large,  spreading,  drooping ; 
Twigs  slender,  brown ;  Foliage  abundant,  long,  wavy ; 
Blossoms  very  large,  on  long  stems,  exposed  to  the  weath- 
er and  not  protected  by  the  leaves. 

Fruit  large  to  very  large,  oblong,  ovate,  angular,  ribbed  ; 
Surface  smooth,  rich  yellow,  sometimes  flushed  ;  Dots 
scattered,  gray. 

Basin  shallow  or  moderately  deep,  plaited  or  folded  ; 
Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute  or  wide,  wavy ;  Stem  long,  curved. 

Core  large,  oval,  open,  clasping ;  Seeds  dark,  large,  an- 
gular, imperfect ;  Flesh  yellow,  breaking,  fine-grained, 
juicy ;  Flavor  acid  to  sub-acid,  aromatic,  very  rich  and 
satisfying;  Quality  best;  Use,  table,  kitchen,  market; 
Season,  December. 

One  of  the  finest  culinary  apples  in  the  catalogue. 

York    Imperial. 

From  the  neighborhood  of  York,  Pennsylvania.  Ex- 
hibited before  the  State  Society  at  the  meeting  in  Lebanon, 
1855.  Tree  said  to  be  healthy  and  productive. 

Fruit  large,  rather  oblong,  somewhat  angular ;  Surface 
smooth,  mixed  bright  red  on  greenish  yellow. 

Basin  wide,  plaited  ;  Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  wide  ;  Stem  short. 

Flesh  yellowish,  tender,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic; 
Quality  quite  good ;  Use,  market,  kitchen ;  Season,  Jan- 
uary, February. 


694 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


CLASS    IV.— OBLONG    APPLES. 
ORDER    II— IRREGULAR. 

SECTION    2.— SOUR. 

SUB-SECTION    2.— STRIPED. 

Clyde    Beauty. 

"  Origin,  Wayne  County,  New  York.     Tree  vigorous, 
upright,  very  productive. 

"  Fruit  large,  roundish,  conic,  angular ;  Skin  greenish, 


Fig.  292.— CLYDE  BEAUTY. 

oily,  sprinkled  and  mottled  with  dull  red,  and  bright  red 
in  the  sun  •  Stem  short,  slander,  inserted  in  an  acute  cavi- 


CLASS  IV. — OBLONG  APPLES. II.  II.  II.       695 

ty ;  Calyx  closed,  set  in  a  small  corrugated  basin ;  Flesh 
white,  tender,  juicy,  with  a  brisk  sub-acid  flavor  ;  October 
to  January." — [Downing.] 

Frank    or    Che  nan  go. 

CHBNANGO  STKAWBEKKT. 

This  beautiful  apple  has  been  called  also  the  Late 
Strawberry.  So,  to  avoid  confusion,  perhaps,  it  were  bet 
ter  to  adopt  its  local  name  Frank.  It  is  a  native  of  New 
York. 

Fruit  medium  to  large  oblong,  tapering,  irregular;  Sur- 
face smooth,  beautifully  striped  on  waxen  yellow. 

Basin  folded  and  plaited,  abrupt ;    Eye  medium,  closed. 

Cavity  acuminate ;  Stem  medium. 

Flesh  tender,  juicy ;  Flavor  sub-acid,  aromatic ;  Quality 
very  good ;  Use,  dessert ;  Season,  autumn. 

Minister. 

This  New  England  apple  was  introduced  by  Mr.  Man- 
ning ;  when  he  brought  it  before  the  American  Pomologi- 
cal  Society,  it  met  with  so  much  favor  from  the  members 
of  that  body  that  it  was  adopted  and  recommended.  In 
the  Western  States  it  has  failed  to  give  satisfaction  and  is 
generally  discarded,  but  further  North  it  may  do  as  well 
as  in  New  England.  In  Ohio  it  becomes  an  autumn  apple, 
and  is  only  used  for  cooking,  when  we  have  plenty  of 
others  that  are  preferred. 

Tree  healthy,  vigorous,  early  bearer,  and  constantly 
productive. 

Fruit  full  medium  to  large,  oblong,  tapering  to  the  eye, 
ribbed,  irregular;  Surface  smooth,  yellow, covered  bright 
red  mixed,  splashed  carmine,  often  handsome;  Dots  minute. 

Basin  very  narrow,  folded,  plaited  ;  Eye  small,  closed. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  sometimes  brown ;  Stem  long, 
slender. 

Flesh  yellowish,  breaking,  juicy  ;  Flavor  acid  ;  Quality 
only  good j  Use,  kitchen;  Season,  September  and  later; 
not  a  winter  fruit  in  latitude  forty. 


696 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    APPLES. 


Striped    Oilliflowci*. 

Fruit  quite  large,  oblong,  conical,  truncated,  ribbed ; 
Surface  smooth,  yellowish  white,  mixed  red,  splashed  car- 
mine; Dots  rare,  gray. 

Basin  abrupt,  folded ;  Eye  large,  closed. 

Cavity  wide,  wavy,  brown ;  Stem  short,  curved. 

Core  large,  round,  very  open,  meeting  the  eye ;  Seeds 


Fig.  293. — STRIPED   GILLIFLOWER. 

small,  plump,  black;  Flesh  yellowish  white,  breaking; 
Flavor  sub-acid ;  Quality  scarcely  good ;  U^e,  market 
only ;  Season,  September. 

Less  ribbed  than  the  Scalloped  Gilliflower. 


CLASS   IV. — OBLONG    APPLES. II.    II.    III.  697 

Toccoa. 

"From  Toccoa  Falls,  Habersham  County,  Georgia. 

"Fruit  rather  large,  conical,  irregular  or  oblong;  £kin 
whitish  yellow,  considerably  shaded  with  carmine,  and 
sprinkled  with  a  few  brown  dots ;  Stem  short,  inserted  in 
a  deep  cavity;  Calyx  partially  closed,  set  in  a  rather  large 
'basin;  Flesh  whitish,  juicy,  tender,  pleasant,  mild  sub- 
acid  ;  November  to  February." — [Downing.] 

Perhaps  not  an  early  bearer;  my  trees,  set  six  years, 
have  not  yet  fruited. 


CLASS    IV.— OBLONG    APPLES. 
ORDER    II.— IRREGULAR. 

SECTION    2.— SOUR. 
SUB-SECTION    3.— RUSSET. 

Bonrrassa. 

Foreign.  Said  to  do  well  in  the  North  ;  have  seen  it 
handsome  at  Detroit. 

Fruit  medium,  oblong,  ovate,  somewhat  angular  and 
ribbed;  Surface  yellow,  covered  lightly  with  a  rich  red 
russet,  giving  it  an  orange  hue. 

Basin  small ;  Eye  small,  closed  ;  Segments  very  long. 

Cavity  deep,  acute,  wavy ;  Stem  long. 

Flesh  whit",  or  stained,  tender;  Flavor  acid, spicy, aro- 
matic; Quality  pretty  good,  but  apt  to  be  tough  and 
wilted;  Season,  November  to  December. 

Not  worth  trying  in  the  South. 


30 


CHAPTER   XVII. 

FRUIT    LISTS. 


EVERT  PLANTER  MUST  JUDGE  FOR  HIMSELF  AND  OBSERVE  THE  SORTS 
THAT  SUCCEED  IN  HIS  OWN  NEIGHBORHOOD  —  ATTEMPTS  TO  MAKE 
LISTS  FOR  GENERAL  CULTIVATION  ABORTIVE  —  STATE  AND  REGIONAL 
LISTS  MAT  APPROXIMATE  USEFULNESS  —  SO  MANT  ELEMENTS  IN  MAK- 
ING A  DECISION  —  OUR  TASTES  DIFFER  —  REFERENCE  TO  THE  LISTS 
OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETT  AND  TO  THOSE  OF  LOCAL 
SOCIETIES  —  PRESENT  A  FEW  SELECTED  LISTS  —  THE  QUESTION  OF 
HARDINESS  IS  OF  GREAT  INTEREST — LISTS  OF  HARDT  AND  TENDER 
VARIETIES — LISTS  FOR  CIDER. 

Every  orchard  planter  who  examines  the  extended  va- 
riety of  fruits  presented  to  him  in  the  books,  and  by  the 
nurserymen,  must  feel  greatly  embarrassed  when  he  comes 
to  select  the  varieties  for  his  own  orchards.  Almost 
every  one  of  the  long  lists  is  recommended  for  some  good 
quality,  and  the  number  of  best,  which  he  is  apt  to  con- 
clude means  indispensable  for  him,  is  wonderfully  large. 
Some  persons  are  bewildered  by  the  array  presented  in 
the  catalogue,  and  fall  back  upon  their  own  slender  stock 
of  information,  selecting  only  one  well  known  variety ; 
but  most  persons  commit  a  far  greater  fault  by  attempt- 
ing to  grasp  all  the  varieties  that  are  offered  and  com- 
mended, which  is  very  well  for  some  one  person  in  every 
region  to  do.  It  is  a  labor  of  love  for  the  benefit  of  his 
fellow  townsmen  ;  but  it  is  far  better  for  him  who  is  about 
698 


FRUIT   LISTS.  699 

to  plant  an  orchard,  either  large  or  small,  to  determine 
which  varieties  are  best  adapted  for  his  purposes.  For 
the  small  planter,  who  is  providing  for  the  wants  of  his 
family,  a  number  of  varieties  that  will  ripen  in  succession 
will  be  best,  and  the  sorts  should  be  selected  with  regard 
to  their  qualities  for  household  uses.  The  planter  of  exten- 
sive commercial  orchards,  on  the  contrary,  will  need  but 
a  limited  number  of  varieties,  which  should  be  selected 
with  &  view  to  the  wants  of  the  markets  he  intends  to 
supply,  as  well  as  to  the  productiveness  of  the  fruit,  and 
its  ability  to  bear  transportation.  While  it  is  desirable 
to  have  but  a  few  well  selected  varieties  in  such  an  orch- 
ard, it  must  be  recollected  that  even  when  there  is  a  gen- 
eral failure  of  the  crop,  there  are  always  some  sorts  that 
bear  fruit,  and  this  is  an  argument  against  making  the 
list  too  small. 

All  attempts  to  make  out  lists  of  fruits  for  general  cul- 
tivation over  the  great  extent  of  our  country  have  been 
abortive.  State  and  regional  lists  are  made  by  the  Porno- 
logical  and  other  societies,  which  are  useful  in  rendering 
approximate  information;  but,  at  last,  every  planter 
should  observe  the  fruits  that  succeed  in  his  own  neigh- 
borhood, and  upon  soil  similar  to  his  own,  and  select  his 
varieties  for  planting  accordingly. 

In  making  up  our  judgment  of  the  excellence  of  a  fruit, 
there  are  many  elements  that  enter  into  the  question  of 
what  constitutes  a  good  apple,  and  so  much  depends  upon 
the  tastes  of  the  individuals  who  have  the  question  to  de- 
cide, that  at  last  every  one  is  left  to  make  up  his  own 
mind  as  to  what  will  be  best  for  his  particular  case. 

The  American  Pomological  Society,  many  years  ago, 


700 


AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 


attempted  to  make  out  lists  that  would  be  applicable  to 
the  whole  country,  but  it  was  very  soon  discovered  that 
their  recommendations  were  by  no  means  of  universal 
application,  and  that  what  was  valuable  in  one  section 
was  worthless  in  another.  The  State  and  local  societies 
took  up  the  work,  and  the  result  of  their  labors  has  been 
of  great  value  to  persons  similarly  situated.  In  some 
States,  regions,  with  peculiar  soils  and  different  under- 
lying rocks,  were  found  to  be  more  or  less  fitted  for  the 
production  of  different  varieties,  and  partial  or  local  lists 
have  been  made  out  upon  this  principle.  The  greater 
value  of  the  data  thus  obtained  commended  'itself  to  the 
National  Society,  which  has  since  collated  these  lists  so 
far  as  possible  in  a  tabular  form,  which  shows  the  relative 
appreciation  in  which  many  varieties  are  held  in  the  sev- 
eral regions  that  have  reported  ;  to  these  the  reader  is  re- 
ferred.* At  present  I  propose  to  present  a  few  lists  which 
have  been  given  by  eminent  pomologists,  in  different  parts 
of  the  country,  as  the  result  of  their  extended  observa- 
tions, and  applicable  in  their  several  districts. 

Henry  Little  and  others  recommend  for  Maine  : 


Baldwin, 

Blue  Pearmain, 

Bough, 

Danvers, 

Duchess  of  Oldenhurgh, 

Fameuse, 

Golden  Ball, 

Golden  Sweet, 

Gravenstein, 

Hubbardston, 

Jewett's  Fine  Red, 

Minister, 

Mother, 


Northern  Spy, 

Porter, 

Red  Astrachan, 

Rhode  Island  Greening, 

Ribstone  Pippin, 

Roxbury  Russet, 

Sops  of  Wine, 

Tallman  Sweet, 

Vandervere  (Newtown  Spitzenberg), 

Vermont, 

Williams'  Favorite, 

Winthrop. 


*  See  Reports  of  American  Pomological  Society. 


FRUIT   LISTS. 


701 


Newtown  Pippin, 

Northern  Spy, 

Porter, 

Red  Astrachan, 

Rhode  Island  Greening, 

Roxbury  Russet. 


The  following  list  was  furnished  by  C.  Goodrich  for 
Vermont : 

Baldwin, 

Bough, 

Duchess  of  Oldenburgh, 

Early  Harvest, 

Esopus  Spiuenberg, 

Gravenstein, 

Recommended  by  Thomas  Hancock  for  New  Jersey  : 

Monmouth  Pippin, 
Newtown  Pippin, 
Rhode  Island  Greening, 
Summer  Rose, 
Striped  Harvest, 
Tewksbury  Blush, 
White  Seek-no-further. 

Wm.  Parry,  of  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey,  an 
excellent  judge  of  market  qualities,  recommends,  after 
thorough  trial,  the  following  for  profit : 

Bachelor's  Blush,  I     Hagloe, 

Bough,  |      Maiden's  Blush, 

Jno.  Diehl  gave  this  list  as  desirable  for  Delaware : 


American  Golden  Russet, 

Bough, 

Early  Harvest, 

Fall  Pippin, 

Hagloe, 

Juneating, 

Maiden's  Blush, 


American  Summer  Pearmain, 

Baldwin, 

Bough, 

Caleb, 

Danvers'  Winter, 

Early  Harvest, 

Early  Red  Margaret, 

Early  Red  Streak, 

English  Russet, 

Fallawater, 

Fall  Pippin, 

Gilpiu, 

Greening, 

Mr.  Robey,  of  Fredericksburgh,  recommends  for  that 
part  of  Virginia : 


Herefordshire  Pearmain, 

Lady, 

Maiden's  Blush, 

Newtowu  Pippin, 

Rambo, 

Roman  Stem, 

Smokehouse, 

Summer  Golden  Pippin, 

Summer  Queen, 

White  Juneating, 

Winesap, 

Yellow  Bellflower. 


Abram, 

Baltimore  Pippin, 

Bowling  Sweet, 

Brooke's  Pippin, 

Carter, 

Garden, 

Gloucester  White, 

Green  Newtown  Pippin, 

Hollady, 


Ladies'  Favorite, 
Leather  Coat, 
Limbertwig, 
Milam, 
Ogleby, 
Pryor's  Red, 
Rawle's  Janet, 
Red  Cathead, 
Roberson's  White, 


702 


AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 


Russet  (?), 
Spice  (Va.), 
Strawn's  Seedling, 
Summer  Cheese, 
Summer  Golden  Pippin, 


Vandervere, 
Waugh's  Crab, 
Winesap, 
Winter  Cheese, 
Winter  Queen. 


Daniel  K.  Underwood,  Michigan,  gives  the  following 
extended  catalogue : 


SUMMER. 

Early  Harvest, 
Early  Joe, 
Early  Strawberry, 
Golden  Sweet, 
Maiden's  Blush, 
Red  Astrachan, 
Sweet  Bough, 
Sine-qua-non, 
Summer  Queeif, 
Summer  Rose. 

AUTUMN. 
Alexander, 
Daniel, 

Duchess  of  Oldenburgh, 
Dyer, 

Fall  Pippin, 
Fameuse, 
Gravenstein, 
Hawley, 
Jersey  Sweet, 
Keswick  Codling, 
Late  Strawberry, 
Porter, 
Rambo, 

Cayuga  Red  Streak, 
Fall  Wine. 


WINTER, 

Baldwin, 

Belmont, 

Black  Detroit, 

Blue  Pearmain, 

Bourrassa, 

Cornish  Gilliflower, 

Domine, 

English  Russet, 

Esopus, 

Green  Newtown, 

Golden  Russet, 

Herefordshire, 

Hubbardston, 

Jonathan, 

Ladies'  Sweeting, 

Lady, 

Northern  Spy, 

Peck's  Pleasant, 

Red  Canada, 

Rawle's  Janet, 

Roxbury, 

Swaar, 

Stone, 

Twenty  Ounce  Pippin, 

Rhode  Island  Greening, 

Vandervere  (Newtown  Spitzenberg), 

Westfield, 

Yellow  Bellflower. 


J.  D.  G.  Nelson,  President  of  the  Indiana  State  Society, 
an  extensive  orchardist  at  Fort  Wayne,  presented  the 
following  list  as  the  result  of  long  experience  in  Northern 
Indiana : 


SUMMER. 

Red  Astrachan,  less  profitable. 
Early  Harvest,  less  profitable. 
Duchess  of  Oldenburgh,  more  profita- 
ble. 

Keswick  Codling,  more  profitable. 
Sweet  Bough. 
High-top  Sweet,  for  profit. 


FALL. 

Maiden's  Blush, 
Porter, 
Rambo, 
Trenton  Early, 
'  Dyer, 
Lowell, 
Hawley, 


FRUIT   LISTS. 


703 


PALL. 

Golden  Sweet. 

•WINTER  APPLES  FOB  EXTENSIVE  CULTI- 
VATION FOB  MARKET. 

DARK.— Ben  Davis,  500  trees. 

Smith's  Cider,  300  trees. 

Jersey  Black,  200  trees. 
LIGHT.— Belmont,  need  careful  handling 

Wagener,        •'       .   " 

Yellow  Bellflower,     " 


SWEET. — Bentley  Sweet,  keeps  well. 
London  Sweet,  '  " 

Talman  Sweet,  " 

AMATEUR  LIST. 

American  Summer  Pearmain, 

American  Golden  Russet, 

Evening  Party, 

King  of  Tompkins  County, 

Swaar, 

Newtown  Pippin. 


Dr.  Cornett,  of  Versailles,  Indiana,  advised  to  plant 


American  Summer  Pearmain, 

Bohanon, 

Carolina  Red  June, 

Cooper, 

Early  Harvest, 

Fall  Pippin, 

Fall  Wine, 


Golden  Russet  (American  ?), 

Newtown  Pippin, 

Pryor's  Red, 

Rambo, 

Rawle's  Janet, 

Winesap, 

Yellow  Bellflower. 


Messrs.  Lawyer,  of  South  Pass,  Union  County,  Illinois, 
recommends  of  1,000  trees,  for  profit : 


250  Ben  Davis, 
100  Early  Harvest, 
50  Nickajack, 
50  Pry  or1  s  Red, 
150  Rawle's  Janet, 


150  Red  Astrachan, 
50  Rome  Beauty, 
50  Smith's  Cider, 
50  White  Pippin, 

100  Winesap. 


Parker  Earle,  President  of  the  Illinois  State  Horticul- 
tural Society,  an  intelligent  fruit  cultivator  in  the  South- 
ern portion  of  that  State  (called  Egypt),  recommends  the 
following  list  as  being  well  adapted  for  profit : 


Ben  Davis, 
Buckingham, 
Carolina  Red  June, 
Early  Harvest, 
Golden  Sweet, 
Jonathan, 
Keswick  Codling, 
Newtown  Pippin, 


Rambo, 

Rawle's  Janet, 

Red  Astrachan, 

White  Pippin, 

White  Winter  Pearmain, 

Winesap, 

Yellow  Bellflower. 


Wm.  C.  Hampton,  Hardin  County,  Ohio,  recommends 
for  a  select  list  of  winter  apples  : 


Broadwell, 
Hubbardston, 
Michael  Henry, 
Ortley, 


Rome  Beauty, 
Seedling  Jersey  Sweet, 
Yellow  Bellflower, 
Yellow  Newtown  Pippin. 


704 


AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 


H.  B.  Spencer,  of  Rockport,  Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio, 
recommends  the  following : 

Baldwin, 

Baltimore, 

Belmont, 

Esopus  Spitzenberg, 

Mr.  G.  W.  Dean,  oi  Welshfield,  Geauga  County,  Ohio, 
gives  the  following  list  of  ten  : 


Peck's  Pleasant, 
Red  Canada, 
Roxbury  Russet. 


Baldwin, 
Baltimore, 
Canada  Red, 
Hubbardston, 
Ladies1  Sweeting, 


Peck's  Pleasant, 

Rambo, 

Rhode  Island  Greening, 

Swaar, 

Westfield  Seek-no-further. 


Recommended  by  M.  B.  Bateham,  Secretary  Ohio  Po- 
mological  Society,  for  the  Central  and  Southern  portion 
of  the  State : 


SUMMER. 

American  Summer  Peannain, 

Bough, 

Early  Harvest, 

Early  Pennock. 

Early  Strawberry, 

Golden  Sweeting, 

High-top  Sweet, 

Keswick  Codling, 

Red  Astrachan, 

Summer  Queen, 

TetofsM. 

AUTUMN. 

Cooper, 
Fall  Pippin, 
Gravenstein, 
Jersey  Sweet, 
Lowell, 

Maiden's  Blush, 
Ohio  Nonpariel, 
Orange  Sweet, 


Rambo, 
Smokehouse. 

WINTER. 

Bullock's  Pippin, 

Domine, 

Fallawater, 

London  Sweet, 

Milam, 

Mount  Pleasant  Sweet, 

Newtown  Spitzenberg, 

Pryor's  Red, 

Rawle's  Janet,          ^ 

Rome  Beauty, 

Smith's  Cider, 

Tallman, 

Western  Spy, 

White  Pippin, 

Willow, 

Winesap, 

Yellow  Bellflower. 


Select  lists  from  H.  N".  Gillett  for  Southern  Ohio,  West- 
ern Virginia  and  Kentucky : 


SUMMER  VARIETIES. 

Benoni, 
Early  Harvest, 
Early  Chandler, 
Primate, 
Pound  Royal, 


Red  Astrachan, 
Summer  Rose, 
Summer  Queen, 
Summer  Seek-no-further, 
Sine-qua-non. 


FRUIT   LISTS. 


705 


PALL  VARIETIES. 

Corse's  Favorite, 
Cooper, 
Favorite, 
Fall  Pippin, 
Fall  Wine, 
Fallawater, 
Gravenstein, 
Maiden's  Blush, 
King  of  Pippins, 
Porter. 

WINTER  VARIETIES. 

Ben  Davis, 
Black  Coal, 
Broadwell, 


Buckingham  [Autumn], 

Bullock's  Pippin, 

Carolina  Bed  [Nickajack?], 

Defiance, 

Harrison, 

Hewes'  Crab, 

Lady, 

Pryor's  Red, 

Rawle's  Janet, 

Red  Cedar, 

Rolen' s  Keeper, 

Rome  Beauty, 

Roxbury  Russet, 

Smith's  Cider, 

Winesap, 

Yellow  Bellflower. 


By  Henry  Hefflebower,  an  extensive  orchardist  at  Mont- 
clovia,  Lucas  County,  Ohio: 


American  Golden  Russet, 

Baldwin, 

Bellflower, 

Belmont, 

Bough, 

Early  Harvest, 

Fallawater, 

Fall  Pippin, 

King  of  Tompkins, 

Maiden's  Blush, 

Newtown  Pippin, 

Newtown  Spitzenberg, 

None  Such, 


Porter, 

Primate, 

Rambo, 

Rawle's  Janet, 

Red  Astrachan, 

Seek-no-further, 

Smokehouse, 

Summer  Queen, 

Summer  Rose, 

Swaar, 

Sweet  Bellflower, 

Tallow  Pippin, 

Twenty  Ounce. 


HARDY    AND    TENDER. 

After  the  sad  experiences  in  many  portions  of  the 
Northwest,  where  in  some  severe  winters  whole  orchards 
of  trees  and  extensive  nurseries  were  ruined  by  the  cold, 
it  has  become  a  most  important  question  for  planters  to 
ask  whether  the  varieties  recommended  are  hardy.  The 
testimony  of  some  of  our  best  observers  has  been  col- 
lected, and  will  be  of  value,  though  it  may  be  observed 
that  there  is  some  discrepancy  as  to  certain  sorts. 

The  following  list  of  hardy  and  tender  varieties  was 
prepared  by  Reuben  Ragan,  Putnam  County,  Indiana,  and 
has  since  been  carefully  revised.  Soil  a  rich  argillaceous 
loam  on  lime  stone : 


706 


AMERICAN    POMOLOGY. 


Fall  Queen. 

Fall  Wine, 

Farley  Red, 

Hannah, 

Hoops, 

Horse, 

Lewis  (of  Ragan), 

McAffee, 

Newtown  Pippin, 

Northern  Spy, 

Pennock, 

Pottinger, 

President, 

Priestley, 

Ragan1  s  Red, 

Red  Astrachan, 

Red  Streak, 

Rome  Beauty, 

Sine-qua-non, 

Transport, 

Vandervere  Pippin, 

Winesap, 

Yellow  Bellflower, 

Yellow  Juneating. 

A.  L.  Benedict,  of  Monroe  County,  has  taken  great 
pains  in  making  out  lists  of  those  that  were  entirely 
destroyed,  partially  injured,  and  slightly  affected  by  the 
terribly  severe  winter  of  1855-6 : 


TENDER.   • 

Baldwin, 

Bullock's  Pippin, 

Early  Harvest, 

Esopus, 

Fall  Pippin, 

Gravenstein, 

Michael  Henry, 

*Newtown  Spitzenberg, 

Ortley, 

Pryor's  Red, 

Rambo, 

Rawle's  Janet, 

Rhode  Island  Greening, 

*Roxbury  Russet, 

*Summer  Queen. 

HARDY. 

American  Summer  Pearmain. 

Carolina  June  (Red), 

Carolina  June  (Striped), 

Chronicle, 

Danvers'  Winter  Sweet, 

Early  Strawberry, 


ENTIRELY  DESTROYED. 

Baldwin  Sweet, 
Blue  Pearmain, 
Cheeseboro  Russet, 
Egg  Top, 
English  Russett, 
Esopus  Spitzenberg, 
Fall  Pippin, 
French  Pippin, 
Lowre  Queen, 
Newtown  Spitzenberg, 
Red  Juneating, 
Rhode  Island  Greening, 
Robinson, 
Romanite, 
Spice  Sweeting, 
Wing  Sweet, 
Yellow  Vandervere. 

PARTIALLY  INJURED. 

American  Golden  Russet, 
Belmont, 

*  These  suffered  in  the  nursery  especially. 


Black, 

Bough, 

Butter, 

Colvert, 

Detroit  Black, 

Early  Harvest, 

Fall  Wine, 

Golden  Sweet, 

Gray  Vandervere, 

Hoops, 

Kaighn's  Spitzenberg, 

London  Winter  Sweet, 

Newtown  Pippin, 

Ortley, 

Peck's  Pleasant, 

Pennock, 

Pine, 

Rambo, 

Raritan  Sweet, 

Roxbury  Russet, 

Scallop  Gilliflower, 

Streaked  Vandervere, 


FRUIT   LISTS. 


707 


PARTIAULY  INJURED. 

Swaar, 

Sweet  GiUiflower, 

Tiffs  Sweet, 

Tulpehocken, 

White  Pippin, 

Winesap, 

Yellow  Bellflower. 


May, 
Molasses, 

Pennsylvania  Red  Streak, 
Pound  Pippin, 
Pumpkin  Sweet, 
Red  Winter  Sweet, 
Roman  Stem, 
Saint  Lawrence, 
Saner's  Early  Sweet, 
Summer  Queen, 
Summer  Rose, 
Sweet  Vandervere, 
Tallman  Sweet. 
Westfield  Seek-iio-further, 
White  Rambo, 
Whitmore's  Sweeting, 
Yellow  Newtown  Pippin. 


BABDT  OK  BUT  SLIGHTLY  INJURED. 

Bethlemite, 

Black  GiUiflower, 

Blockley, 

Gloria  Mundi, 

Grindstone, 

Harrison  (Newark  King), 

Jersey  King, 

Maiden's  Blush, 

M.  L.  Comstock,  of  Iowa,  gives  the  following  list  of 
apples  that  are  found  to  bo  tender  in  that  region  : 

Baldwin,  Ladies'  Sweet, 

Esopus  Spitzenberg,  Newtown  Spitzenberg, 

Fall  Pippin,  Peck's  Pleasant, 

Fameuse,  Pomme  Grise, 

Gravenstein,  Rawle's  Janet, 

Golden  Russet,  Red  Canada, 

Hubbardston,  Rhode  Island  Greening, 

Jonathan,  White  Winter  Peannain. 

F.   W.    Landon,   Janesville,   Wisconsin,  thinking   the 
hardy  list  would  be  too  long,  gives  the  following  as  tender : 


Lady, 

Newtown  Spitzenberg, 
Northern  Spy, 
Norton's  Melon, 
Westfield  Seek-no-further. 


Autumn  Strawberry, 
Baldwin,- 
Cloth  of  Gold, 
Early  Strawberry, 
Esopus  Spitzenberg, 

J.  C.  Brayton,  Azatlan,  Wisconsin,  gives  the  following 
list  of  hardy  and  valuable  fruits  for  the  rich  lands  in  the 
western  part  of  the  State : 

Fall  Orange, 

Fall  Winesap, 

Fameuse, 

Late  Strawberry, 

Red  Streak, 

Roseau, 

Saint  Lawrence, 


American  Summer  Peannain, 

Benoni, 

Early  Harvest, 

Early  Pennock, 

Early  Red, 

Fall  Stripe, 

High-top  Sweet. 

AUTUMN. 

Bailey  Sweet, 


Sweet  Pear, 
Trenton  Early, 
Utter's  Large, 


708 


AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 


AUTUMN. 

White  Gilliflower. 

WINTER. 

Broadwell, 

Domine, 

Flushing  Spitzenberg, 

Golden  Russet, 

Hoops  ? 

Limbertwig, 

Northern  Spy, 

Perry  Russet, 

Rawle's  Janet, 

Red  Spitzenberg, 

Tallinan's  Sweet, 

Wagener, 

Westfield  Seek-no-further, 


White  Winter  Pearmain, 

Winesap. 

Yellow  Bellflower. 

HAEDT,  IF  TOP-GRAFTED. 

Autumn  Swaar, 

Belmont, 

English  Russet, 

Pulton, 

Golden  Sweet, 

Herefordshire  Pearmain, 

Jonathan, 

Lowell, 

Maiden's  Blush, 

Red  June, 

Sops  of  Wine. 


SWEET  APPLES  FOR  BAKING  AND  FOR  STOCK  FEEDING. 

With  many  persons  the  consumption  of  sweet  apples 
becomes  an  important  item  .of  household  economy;  for 
the  feeding  and  fattening  of  stock  sweet  apples  have 
deservedly  attracted  the  attention  of  intelligent  farmers, 
and  they  may  yet  be  much  more  extensively  planted  in 
many  places  where  the  land  is  not  well  adapted  to  the 
production  of  grain  and  other  staple  crops  for  the  support 
of  man  and  the  animals  under  his  care. 

With  a  view  to  aid  the  planter  the  following  lists  have 
been  collated : 

Sweet  apples  to  be  planted  for  stock  feeding.  Recom- 
mended by  T.  S.  Humrickhouse,  of  Coshocton,  Ohio,  in 
Ohio  Cultivator,  vol.  vi,  page  283  : 


SUMMER. 

*Duling  Sweet, 
Golden  Sweet, 
*Jersey  Sweet, 
Pumpkin  Sweet, 
Red  and  Green  Sweet, 
Summer  Sweet, 
*Summer  Sweet  Paradise, 
*Sweet  Bough. 

AUTUMN. 

*Haskell  Sweet, 
*Kinsey's  Sweet, 
Lyman's  Pumpkin, 


Ramsdell's, 
Spice  Sweet, 
*Superb  Sweet. 

WINTER. 

Baldwin  Sweet, 
Broadwell, 
Butter  Sweet, 
*Danvers'  Winter, 
Honey  Sweeting, 
*Ladies'  Sweeting, 
Late  Pound  Sweet, 
May, 
McKay's  Favorite, 


FEU  IT   LISTS. 


709 


*Phillips'  Sweeting, 
*Tallman's  Sweeting, 
Wells'  Sweeting, 
Winter  Sweeting. 

ALSO,  LESS  KNOWN, 

Acid  Sweet, 
Akeson's  Sweet, 
Beauty  of  the  West, 
Cash  Sweet, 


Charlotte  Sweet, 
Climb  Sweet, 
Ling  Sweet, 
London  Sweet, 
Merritt's  Sweet, 
Mt.  Pleasant  Sweet, 
Morgan's  Favorite, 
Red  Sweet  Pippin, 
Stone  Sweet. 


Planted  by  A.  L.  Benedict,  Morrow  County,  Ohio,  in  a 
lot  to  be  devoted  to  hogs.  The  numbers  of  each  might 
be  varied : 

2  Bough,  8  Raritan  Sweet, 

3  Golden  Sweet,*  17  Spice  Sweet, 
6  Jersey  Sweet,*  1  Tiffs  Sweet, 

16  May  of  Myers,  19  Tallman  Sweet, 

10  Moore's  Sweeting,  30  Whitmore  Sweet, 

32  Pumpkin  Sweet,  14  Wing  Sweet. 

L.  Hampton's  listf  for  a  succession  through  the  year : 

Bentley  Sweet,  Kentucky  Sweet, 

Bough,  Paradise  Winter, 

Broad  well,  Scarlet  Sweet, 

Fall  Sweet,  Simpson's, 

Federal  Sweet,  Smith's  Sweet, 

Golden  Sweet,  Sweet  Favorite, 

Hightop  Sweet,  Winter  Sweet. 
Honey  Greening, 

For  Illinois,  by  W.  Cutter,  in  Prairie  Farmer  : 

Broadwell,  Ramsdell  Sweet, 

Golden  Sweet,  Sweet  June, 

Paradise  Winter,  Sweet  Nonesuch. 

Sweet  apples  arranged  in  succession  for  stock.  Those 
marked  T.  are  also  fine  for  the  dessert ;  those  marked  B. 
are  superior  for  baking  : 

Stillwater  Sweeting,  B. 

Higby  Sweet,  B. 

Dr.  Watson,  T. 

Molasses, 

Fall  Queen,  B.  T. 

Buckingham, 

Baltimore, 


Hightop,  B. 
Bough,  T. 

Golden  Sweeting,  B. 
Victuals  and  Drink,  B.  T. 
Jersey  Sweet. 
Lyman's  Pumpkin,  B. 
Bailey  Sweet,  B.  T. 
Ramsdell's,  B. 
Mote's  Sweet,  B.  T. 


Fallawater, 
Michael  Henry, 


*  My  friends  write  that  they  would  have  preferred  more  of  these  sorts,  and  that 
they  planted  such  trees  as  were  at  hand  at  that  time, 
t  Ohio  Cultivator,  vol.  vi,  page  269. 


710 


AMERICAN   POMOLOGY. 


Broadwell,  T.  B. 

Sweet  Bellflower, 

Sweet  Janet,  B. 

London  Sweet,  B. 

Winter  Sweet  Paradise,  T.  B. 

Jersey  Black, 

Ladies'  Sweeting,  T.  B. 

Tallman's,  B. 


Holton's, 

Moore's  Sweeting, 

Gilpin, 

Campfleld, 

Sweet  Vandervere, 

Red  Winter  Pearmain, 

Swaar, 

Black  Gilliflower, 


In  giving  selections  of  Cider  Apples  I  will  begin  with 
the  veteran  Coxa's  list: 


American  Pippin, 
Campfield, 
Cooper's  Russeting, 
Gloucester  White, 
Golden  Reinette, 
Hagloe  Crab, 
Harrison, 


Hewes'  Crab, 

House,  or  Gray-House, 

Red  Streak, 

Roane's  White  Crab, 

Ruckman's  Pearmain, 

Styre, 

Winesap. 


A  select  list  of  Cider  Apples  that  may  be  found  in  many 
collections,  all  good  bearers  : 


Campfield. 
Gilpin. 
Harrison, 
Hewes'  Crab, 
Newtown  Pippin, 


Priestley, 
Rawle's  Janet, 
Waugh's  Crab 
Winesap. 


CATALOGUE  AND  INDEX  OF  APPLES. 


EXPLANATION. 

The  first  column  presents  the  name,  of  the  apple,  next  its  size,  then  its 
origin ;  or,  if  in  brackets,  the  place  where  the  variety  is  cultivated  and 
was  found.  The  Roman  numerals  indicate  the  Class  and  Order  to  which 
it  is  referred,  and  the  Arabics,  the  Section  and  Sub-section,  according  to 
the  classification  adopted  in  this  work.  After  this  comes  the  season  of 
maturity,  Summer,  Autumn,  Winter,  Spring,  and  the  estimate  of  qual- 
ity, from  very  best,  best,  very  good,  good  ;  good  ?  meaning  almost  good  ; 
poor  ?  meaning  rather  so,  and  last  plainly  poor,  when  considered  decid- 
edly inferior.  The  names  of  varieties  described  in  this  volume  are  given 
in  full  facecl  type,  with  reference  to  the  pages,  while  synonyms 
are  printed  in  Italics.  Abbreviations  will  explain  themselves. 


Name. 

Size. 

Grig. 

Class. 

Season.  Quality. 

P. 

Abbott  Sweet 

N  H 

n   i  i  2 

Winter  good 

A  bra  in        

small 

Va  ? 

I      I.    I.  2.  2.   } 

Sprint*    good 

•11') 

Adams 

lar^e 

Penn 

i  m.  i.  2.  2.  f 

I     I  2  2 

L  Wint  good 

Agnes  

small 

Penn  . 

I.  H.  2.  2. 

Autumn  good 

Ailes              

lar^e 

Penn 

I.    I.  2.  2. 

L.Wint  good 

Akeson's  Winter  Sweet 

South 

Winter 

Alabama  Winter 

Ala 

Winter 

Albemarle.     ,  

large 

Va. 

ni.  n.  2.  i. 

Winter  good 

Alexander      

larcre 

Russ. 

II.    I.  2.  2. 

Summ'  r  good 

*>m 

Alexander 

large 

9 

ni  ii  2  2 

Autumn  good 

Ga 

II     I  2  2 

Allen's  Sweeting  

med. 

Mass. 

IH.    1.1.1. 
I    I  2  1 

Winter  good 

All  Summer  Sweeting  

m.  1.  1.  1. 

Summ'r  

Allum  

med. 

N.  C. 

I.  II.  2.  2. 

Spring  'good 

Alsace                  

n.  i.  2.  i. 

Amber  Crab 

small 

Eur 

n   i  2  i. 

Autumn  good 

American  Beauty  

large 

Mass. 

m.  i.  2.  2. 

Winter  good 

American  Black  
American  Black  
Am.  Golden  Pippin  .  .  . 
Ain.  Golden  Russet... 
American  Marygold  
American  Pippin 

small 
med. 
med. 
med. 

small 

? 
? 
Am. 
Am. 

Am. 

I.    1.2.1. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 

m.  n.  2.  i. 

II.    1.2.3. 
I.    1.2.1. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 

Wint'r?good 
Winter  good 
Winter  v.  good 
E.Wint.  best 
Autumn  
Spring    poor 

63(5 
521 

•IT) 

Am.  Sum.  Pearmain.. 
Angle  Sweet      

med. 
med. 

N.  J. 

? 

(    II.    I.  2.  2.    I 
Jill.    1.2.2.   f 

i.  n.  i.  2. 

Summ'r  best 
Winter  !good 

582 
47tt 

An"!  o-American 

med 

Can. 

j  n.  n.  i.  2.  i 

Autumn  v.  good 

Annette  

small 

Va. 

i  ni.  n.  i.  2.  f 

I.    1.2.2. 

Winter  v.  good 

Apple  Butter  

small 

9 

I.    I.  1.  2. 

Autumn  good 

Aromatic  

med. 

South 

m.  i.  2.  2. 

Aromatic  .. 

large 

Car. 

I.    I.  2.  2. 

Summ'r  good 

Ashland 

laro-e 

? 

n  11.  2.  2 

Winter  good 

Axli  m  ore  

med. 

Am. 

m.  i.  2.  i. 

Autumn  good 

fM 

Ashmore  Striped  

med. 

Am. 

m.  i.  2.  2. 

Autumn  good 

August  

Ohio 

Summ'r  good 

Augustine..        ... 

large 

Am. 

n.  n.  1.  1.    i 

Summ'r  poor 

711 

712 


CATALOGUE    AND    INDEX    OF    APPLES. 


Name. 

Size. 

Orig. 

Class.         \  Season. 

Quality. 

P. 

504 

471 

583 

005 
033 

421 
391 

584 

021 
52G 

529 

5a5 

050 

August  Stripe      

med. 
med. 
arge 
med. 
large 
large 
med. 

V 

9 

and.) 
Ohio 

Mass. 
? 
Am. 

n.  i.  2.  2. 

II.    1.2.1. 
II.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
HI.    I.  2.  1. 
I.    1.2.2. 

ni.  1.  1.  1. 
I.  1.1.1. 

fatson. 
t 
I.    I.  1.  1. 
I.  II.  1.  1. 
IV.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.1.1. 
II.  II.  2.  2. 
{HI.    1.2.2.   ) 

1  1.  1.  2.  i.  r 

I.    1.2.1. 
IV.    1.2.2. 
IH.    1.2.2. 

IV.    1.2.1. 
H.    1.2.1. 

j  in.  n.  i.  2.  ) 

1    II.    I.  1.  2.  f 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.1. 
III.    I.  1.  1. 
j     I.    1.2.2.  | 
}  III.  II.  2.  2.  f 
I.    1.2.2. 

m.  1.  1.  2. 

j      I,    I.  1.  2.  ) 

1  in.  1.  1.  2.  f 
i.  i.  i.  i. 

Summ'r 
Summ'r 
Summ'r 
Autumn 
Winter 
E.Wint. 
Autumn 
Autumn 

Autumn 
Autumn 
Winter 
Autumn 
Spring 

L.Wint. 

Summ'r 
Winter 

Spring 

L.Wint. 
Autumn 

Winter 
Autumn 

good  ? 
good 
poor 
good  ? 
good? 
good  ? 
good 
good 

good 
<;ood 
good 
good 
good 
good 

good 
good 
p'v.  gd." 

good 
good 

good 
good? 

A.u°'iist  Tart 

August  Vandervere  

Aunt  Anna  
Aunt  Hannah 

Aunt's  Apple 

Autumnal  Bough  

Autumnal  Paradise  

Autumn  Seek-no-further,  Syno 
Autumn  Swaar,  see  Fall  Swas 
Autumnal  Sweet  
Autumnal  Sw.  Swaar 

Autumn  Pearmain  

oym  oi 
r  of  th 
large 
large 
med. 

Dr.  ¥ 

e  Wes 

? 

9 

9 

Autumn  Sweet 

Averill  

large 
small 

large 
large 
small 
rptian 
large 
med. 

large 
small 

Conn. 
South 

N.  J. 

Ohio? 
Penn. 
Russet 
Maine 
N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 

(N.Y.) 
Penn? 
Conn. 

Mass. 
N.  C. 

ppin. 

? 

Baccaliiius  

Bachelor  is  Equineteley. 
Bachelor's  Blush  

Badger's  Bellflower  

Baer 

Sac/by  Russet,  Synonym  of  Egj 
Bailey's  Goldeu  

Bailey's  Spice      

Bailey's  Sweet  

Bake  Apple     ... 

Baker 

Baker's  Sweet  

med. 
large 

large 
large 
oth  Pi 

med. 

E.Wint. 
Winter 

Winter 
Winter 

Winter 

good 
good 

good 
good 

good 

Baldwin 

Baldwin,  N.  C... 
Baldwin  Sweet  
Baltimore,  Synonym  of  Mamm 

Baltimore,  (Elliott)  
Baltzley  

Barbour 

med.    Penn. 
med.  jConn. 
large  lR.  I. 

....    Penn 

I.    I  2.  2. 
II.    1.2.2. 
III.    1.2.2. 

good 
good 
good 

Barrett 

Winter 
Summ'r 

Bars  

Barttett,  Synonym  of  Priestley 
Barton  

Basom  Sweet  

mill 



Bassett  Sweet  .  .  . 

small 
Wrigb 

Ohio, 
t's  Jai 
South 
Ohio 

Engl. 
Eui?l. 
Am. 

S11-1' 
Mass. 

(Ind.) 
Conn. 
Conn? 
Ind. 

Va. 
Mass. 
Ky. 
South 
Mass. 

n.  1.1.1. 

tet. 
I.   1.1.1. 

m.  n.  2.  2. 

I.    1.2.2. 

in.  i.  2.  2. 
in.  1.1.2. 
iv.  n.  2.  i. 

I.    1.  2.  2. 

m.  i.  2.  3. 

IV.    1.2.1. 

II.  II.  1.  1. 
m.  1.2.1. 
(  n.  n.  2.  i.  ) 
1  in.  H.  2.  i.  f 

IV.    1.2.2. 

(in.  1.2.2.  j 

]IV.    1.2.2.   f 
I.    I.  2.  2. 

j  in.  n.  2.  2.  ) 

1lV.    1.2.2.    f 

Autumn 

good 

Bastard  Geneton.  Synonym  of 
Battlefield  

Beard's  Seedling  

med. 
med. 
large 
large 
large 
med. 
med. 
large 
small 
large 

large 
large 
large 

Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 
E.Wint. 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
E.Wint. 
Winter 
Autumn 

E.Wint. 
E.Wint. 
Winter 
Winter 
Summ'r 

good 
poor 
only  gd. 
poor 
good? 
poor 
hest 
good? 
good 
good 

best 
good? 
good 

Beaufin  Norfolk 

Beauty  of  Kent  

Beauty  of  the  West  

Bedfordshire  Foundling  
Beefsteak  

Beeler's  Russet  

Belle  et  Bonne  

Belden  Sweet  

Bellflower  Pippin  

ltd  ill  out     .. 

Ben  or  Eustis  

Ben  Davis  

Ben  Harris 

small 

best 

CATALOGUE    AND    INDEX    OF    APPLES. 


713 


Name. 

Size. 

Orig.           Class. 

Season. 

Duality. 

P. 

lieu  t  I<'Y  Sivoet 

large 

Va.? 

South 
Va.? 

Ohio 

9 

Penn. 

N.  J. 

j  III.    I.  1.  2.   ) 
(TV.  n.  1.  2.   j 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
j      I.      .2.2.   ) 
1  III.      .  2.  2.   f 
I.      .2.2. 
I.      .  2.  1. 
I.      .  2.  2. 

Spring 

good 

~>58 

486 
423 

400 

5SG 
062 

508 

478 

424 
424 

548 
1575 

400 
424 

491 
(597 

559 

178 

•125 

051 

Berkely  Red  

Berry                .            . 

large 
med. 

med. 
med. 
med. 

E.Wint. 
Winter 

Winter 
E.Wint. 
Summ'r 

good 
v.  good 

good 
good 
good 

Bethlemite  

Betsey's  Fancy  
Better  than  Good 

Bevan's  Favorite  
Beverley  Red  

Big  Hill,  Synonym  of  Pryor's  Red. 
Big  Rambo,  Synonym  of  Western  Be 
Big  Red  Sweet  

auty. 
South 
South 
Penn? 

(Ky.) 
Ky.? 

Can.  ? 
? 
Can.? 

? 
Ohio 
Eur. 
Can.  ? 
South 
South 
Md. 
Vt. 

Ky. 

Eng. 
Penn. 
y. 
Ind. 

Eng. 

His. 

9 
? 

Ind. 
Penn. 
Penn. 
Va.  ? 
N.  C. 
Russ. 
Germ. 

Am. 

Eur.? 
Ohio 

Va.' 
Holl. 
White 
Ky. 

in.  1.  1.  2. 

Bigger's  Late  Red  

Birmingham  
Black,  Synonym  of  Jersey  Bla 
Black's  Annette  

Blackburn  

Black  Canada    .  . 

med. 
;k. 
med. 

large 

med. 
large 
large 

36. 

large 
small 
small 
med. 

i.  i.2.i. 
n.  ii.  2.  i. 

(HI.    1.2.2.   } 
\     I.    I.  2.  2.   f 

n.  1.2.1. 
in.  i.  2.  2. 
n.  n.  2.  i. 

IV.    1.1.2. 
I.      .  1.  2. 
I.      .  2.  1. 
I.      .  2.  1. 
I.      .  2.  1. 

Autumn 

Summ'r 
Autumn 

E.Wint. 
Winter 
Autumn 

Spring 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

good 

v.  good 
good? 

good? 
good  ? 
poor 

poor 
poor 
poor 
poor 

Black  Coal 

Black  Detroit  
Black  Eyes,  Synonym  of  Chee 
Black  Giliiflower  

Blackjack  
Black  Lady  Apple  
Black  of  Michigan 

Blackshear 

Black's  Late  Sweet  
Black  Tom  

med. 
large 

med. 
large 
large 
ilockle 
large 

large 

med. 
med. 
large 
med. 
large 

med. 
med. 
med. 
small 
>xbtiry 

large 
large 

med. 
med. 
large 
ym  of 
small 

Winter 
Autumn 
Winter 

Winter 
Autumn 
Winter 

E.Wint. 

Autumn 

Winter 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Winter 
Autumn 

Autumn 
Autumn 
Summ'r 
Winter 

Summ'r 
Winter 

Autumn 
Winter 
E.Wint. 

Summ'r 

I.      .  2.  1. 
I.      .  2.  1. 
(HI.      .  2.  1.   ) 

1  i.   .2.1.  r 

HI.      .  1.  2. 
j     I.  I  .  2.  1.    i 

IHI.  n.2.i.  f 

j     I.      .2.2.   ) 
1III.      .2.2.   f 
j     I.      .2.  2.   j 
1III.      .2.1.   f 
IV.      .1.2. 
II.      .  2.  2. 
HI.      .  2.  2. 
HI.      .  1.  1. 
IV.      .  2.  2. 
I.      .  2.  1. 
I.      .  2.  1. 
I.      .  2.  2. 
HI.  II.  2.  2. 
I.  II.  2.  1. 

jHI.    1.1.1.   ) 
1    II.    1.1.1.   f 
IV.  II.  2.  3. 

"i.'n.'2."iV 

HI.    I.  1.  2. 
HI.  II.  2.  2. 

Seek-no-further 
I.  H.  2.  1. 

poor 
good 

good  ? 
good 
v.  good 

good 

v.  good 

good 
good  ? 
good? 
good 
good 

Blakeley  

Bledsoe  

Blpnhp.im  Orangfi,    ....",, 

Block  ley 

BlocJdey  Pippin,  Synonym  of  ] 
Blond  in.     . 

Bloomiiisr  Orange  

Bloomington  r  
Blue  Bloom 

Blue  Pearmain  

Bluff  Sweet  
Boalsburgh 

Boas  or  Kelter 

Bohanoii  

v.  good 
v.  good 
poor 
good 

v.  good 
poor 

good 
good 
good? 

v.  good 

Bonum  

Boravitski  

Borsdorffer 

Boston  Russet,  Synonym  of  R< 
Bough  
Bourrassa 

Bowback  Sweet 

Bowker  

Bowling  Sweet  

Brabant  Bellflower.  . 

Brace's  Seek-no-further,  Synon 
Bracken.. 

Bradford  s  Best 

Brandy  wine  med.   Del. 
lire  ii  ua  Elian  large  !Penn  . 

j     I.    I.  2.  2.   ) 
1  III.    I.  2.  2.   f 
III.  II.  2.  2. 

Winter 
Autumn 

good? 
v.  good 

714 


CATALOGUE    AND    INDEX    OF   APPLES. 


Name.                     Size. 

Orlg. 

Class. 

Season.  |  Quality 

P. 

Brief's  Auburn 

med. 
med. 
large 
large 
large 
large 
med. 
large 
large 
large 
v.  lar. 
small 
large 
med. 
Ameri 
small 
large 
med. 
large 

Me. 
1      ' 
Ohio 
Va. 
Ohio  ? 
? 
Ohio 
Ga. 
Conn. 
Penn  . 
N.  C. 
Penn. 
Penn. 
Ohio? 
:an  Go 
Ohio 
Ind. 
Penn. 
? 

I.    I.  2.  1. 

ni.  n.  i.  2. 
III.  1.1.1. 
m.  n.  2.  i. 
in.  ii.  2.  2. 

II.    I.  1.  2. 

I.    1.2.2. 

n.  n.  2.  2. 

III.    I.  2.  2. 
I.  II.  2.  1. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
I.  II.  2.  1. 

m.  i.  2.  i. 

II.  II.  2.  2. 
den  Russet. 
I.    I.  1.  2. 
III.    I.  1.  2. 
III.    I.  1.  1. 
IV.    1.2.1. 

Autumn  v.  gooc 
Autumn  v.  good 
Winter   best 
Winter  v.  gooc 
Winter  good 
summ'r  good  ? 
Spring    good  ? 
Autumn  v.  good 
Winter  good 
?       good 
E.Wint.  good  ? 
Summ'r  
Autumn  v.  gooc 
Autumn  poor 

Autumn  'good 
Winter  good 
Autumn  good 
Autumn  good  ? 

034 

,->!;) 
037 

4-20 

537 

l£6 

508 

392 

549 

>81 
382 

479 

570 
587 

127 
j(50 

>87 
88 

Brittle  Sweet  

Broad  well  
Brooke's  Pippin.. 

Brown's  Superior 

Bruce  

Buchanan's  
Buckingham 

Buck  Meadow 

Buck's  County 

Buff  

Bumii°'ton's  Early      .  .   .  . 

Bush 

Bush's  Beauty  

Bullock's  Pippin,  Synonym  of 
Butter        

Butter  . 

Butter 

Butter  

Butter  Sweet      .     ... 

Button 

I.    I.  1.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 

I.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
II.  H.  2.  1. 
I.    1.2.2. 
III.    1.1.1. 

m.  n.  2.  i. 

I     I  1   1 

Button  Core 

med. 
ee. 
large 
med. 
med. 
med. 
med. 
med. 
med. 
med. 
large 
large 
large 

large" 
med. 
med. 
med. 
mod. 
large 
large 

Mass. 

9 
? 

Oils.) 

Conn. 
Penn. 
Fr. 

N  C 

Winter 

Winter 
Winter 
L.Wint, 
Winter 
Summ'r 
Winter 
Spring 
Spring 
E.Wint. 
Winter 
Winter 

Winter' 
Autumn 
Spring 
Winter 
Autumn 

good  ? 

poor 
poor 

good 
good  ? 
good 
poor 
good  ? 
poor 
poor 
best 
v.  good 

good  V  ' 

Byer's,  Synonym  of  Equinete 
Cabashea. 

Cabin 

Cache  .  .  . 

Cake  

Caleb. 

Calville  White  Winter  
Camack  Sweet  
Campfield     

N.  J. 

Can.  ? 

Eur.  ? 

South 

v 

South 
Va. 
Ind. 

9 
? 

Ohio 
N.  Y. 
Ohio 
South 
South' 
South1 
South 
South 

N.  C. 

N.  C. 

N.  C.? 
N.  J.   | 

Ohio  '  | 

Mass. 

N  C 

I.    1.1.1. 

m.  i.  2.  i. 
n.  1.2.2. 
i.  n.  2.  i. 

IV.    1.1.1. 

n.  1.  1.  1. 
i.  i.  i.  i. 

IV.    1.2.2. 

m.  1.2.1. 

I.    I.  2.  1. 

n.  1.  1.  1. 
HI.  1.1.1.. 
i.  1.1.1. 
m.  1.1.2. 

I.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.2.1. 

m.  1.2.1. 

III.    I.  2.  2. 
j  IV.    I.  2.  1.    \ 

1  ii.  n.  2.1.  i 

(HI.    1.2.3.    \ 
1      I.    1.2.3.   f 
j  IV.    I.  2,  2.    \ 

\  n.  ii.  2.  2.  fi 

I.  II.  2.1. 

m.  1.2.2. 

III.    I.  2.  1. 
(III.    1.2.2.   ) 

IHLII.  2.  2.  fl 

Canada  Black. 

Canada  Red  

Canada  Keinette  

Cane  Creek   Sweeting  
Cann 

Canon 

Canon  Pearmain  
Capital  

Caprou's  Pleasant 

good 
good 
?ood 
aoor 
v.  good 

"'best''' 
good 

good 

Garbage 

Carey's  Pippin  

Winter 

Autumn 
Winter 

Autumn 

Carmell  Sweet  

Carnahan's  Favorite.  
Carnation 

large 
med. 
large 

Carolina  Baldwin  
Carolina  Greening  

Carolina  Horse 

large 
large 

small 
med. 

small 
med. 

Carolina  Pippin  

Carolina  Red  June.... 

Carolina  Russet 

Summ'r 
L.Wint. 

Summ'r 
Winter 

Winter' 
Winter 

Winter 

good 
v.  good 

good 
good 

good 
good 

Carolina  Striped  June  
Caroline  

Caroline  Watson  

Carpenter's  No  1 

med. 
med. 

Carter 

Carter,  Synonym  of  Patton. 
Carter  

Carter'  tj  Blue 

South 

I.    I.  2.  2. 

Carver  

Cary's  Summer  llarge 

? 

ill.    i.  2.  2.      Summ'r  good 

CATALOGUE    AND    INDEX    OF    APPLES, 


715 


Name. 

Size.   Orig. 

Class.         ,  Season. 

quality 

P. 

510 
530 

47-2 
637 

427 
522 

552 

511 
511 

580 
094 

589 

522 

127 
393 
394 

428 

Cash  Sweet 

med. 

? 
.... 

Md. 
Ohio" 

Conn. 
N.  Y. 

Ohio 

N   C 

II.   1.1.1. 
II.    I.  2.  2. 
II.    I.  1.  1. 
I.    1.2.2. 
III.    1.2.1. 

Autumn  poor 

'Autumn  poor 
E.Wiut.igood 
Autumn  good  ? 
Autumn  good 

'Autumn^ood 
Spring  igood  ? 
Autumn  'Best 

Cataliii"" 

CatheacI  Sweet  
Catliue               

large 
small 
large 
small 
pareil. 
large 
med. 
large 

Cat's-head  
Cattel  

Cattett.  Synonym  of  Ohio  Non 
Cayuga  Kedstreak  
Cavwood 

II.    1.2.2. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
II.  II.  2.  1. 

Celestia  

Centers  

Challenge  
<  li  a  in  i»la  i  11 

med. 
large 
large 

Ohio 
(Vt.) 
Conn. 

I.  H.  1.  1. 

m.  1.2.1. 

III.  II.  2.  2. 

Autumn 
Autumn 
Winter 

v.  good 
good 
v.  gooc 

Chandler  

Charlotte  Sweet  
Chattahoochie  Greening 

Ga 

I  II  2  1 

Cheese  

Cheese  .                           ... 

med. 

large 
large 

Va. 
and.) 

South 
? 
South 
Penn. 
Sou  ? 

j     I.    I.  2.  2.    | 
1     I.  II.  2.  2.    I 
I.    1.2.1. 
II.    1.2.3. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 

E.Wint. 

Winter 
E.Wiut. 

good? 

good 
poor 

Cheese  bo  ro 

Cheltenham  

Cherokee  Red    

Cherry  Crab 

small 
med!' 

III.    1.2.1. 
II.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 

Autumn 
E.Wint. 

good 

Chestatee  

Chester  

"  good" 

Chester  Red          

Chillicothe 

large 
large 
med. 
med. 
large 

Ohio 
Ohio 
Del. 
Ind. 

? 

I.    I.  2.  1. 
II.    1.2.2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 
I.  II.  2.  1. 
IV.  II.  2.  1. 

Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 
Spring 
Winter 

good 
good 
?-  v.gd." 
goo3? 
good 

Chillicothe  Redstreak  
Christiana  
Chronicle       

Churchhill  Greenin«- 

Clark's  

Clark's  Greening  
Clark's  Pearmain  
Clavbank 

Va. 

I     121 

med. 
med. 

large 

N.  C. 
Ohio 
Ind. 

II.    1.2.2. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 

n.  1.2.2. 

Winter 
Autumn 
Winter 

good 
v.  good 
good 

Clayton  
Climb  Sweet  

Close  Set  (Lindsley) 

med. 
large 

£J. 

South 
? 

Ind. 
N.  Y. 

at 

iii.  ii.  2.  2. 

II.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    1.1.2. 
(III.    1.2.2.   1 
1      I.    1.2.2.   f 
IV.  II.  2.  2. 

Autumn 
Autumn 

good 
good 

Cloth  of  Gold  

Cloud  

Cluster          

small 
med. 

large 
Keswic 

Winter 
Autumn 
Autumn 

| 

good 
v.  good 
good 

Cluster  I  Va  mi  a  in  

Clyde  Beauty  

Codling  Keswick,  Synonym  of 
Coe. 

Co0"  ""swell 

large 
large 

med. 

Mass? 
Engl. 

Mass? 

III.    1.2.2. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 
j  III.  II.  2.  1.   ) 
{  IV.  II.  2.  1.    f 

Autumn 
Summ'r 

Autumn 

v.  good 
poor 

good 

Cole 

Cole's  Quince  

Columbia 

Columbian  Russet  
Columbus  Red  

small 
med. 
large 

Sou.? 

N.Y'.? 

South 

? 

III.    1.2.3. 
III.    L2.  2. 
I.    L  2.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
I.    1.1.2. 

Winter 
L.Wint. 
Autumn 

v.  good 
good 
good? 

Colvert  

Companion. 

Conaiit's  Red 

med. 

Winter 

good 

Congress  

Connett  Sweet  

med. 

med. 
med. 
large 

large 
small 

Ind.? 
? 
? 
Ind. 

•  '  V  " 
? 

I.    1.1.2. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
I.  II.  2.  1. 
II.  II.  2.  1. 
'   III.    1.2.1. 
II.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 

Winter  'good 

Conrad's  Eating  

Con  way         .   .          .   . 

Winter  good 
Summ'r  good 
Winter  good  ? 

Autumn  best 
Summ'r  good 

Cook's  Favorite 

Cook's  Greenimr  
Cook's  Red  —  T  
Cooper  
Cooper's  Early  White  

716 


CATALOGUE    AND    INDEX    OF    APPI 


Name.                     Size. 

Ortff. 

Class.           /Season.  \QucUUy. 

P. 

Cooper's  Ulajrfcet. 

ined. 

Coope 
small 
small 
small 
med. 

ined!' 
med. 
med. 

? 

r's  Mai 
N.  Y. 
Ohio 
Ohio 
Penn. 
South 
Ohio 
Engl. 
Engl. 

j    II.    1.2.2.    1 
1  IV.    I.  2.  2.   f 
•ket. 
IV.    I.  2.  3. 
IV.    1.1.2. 
III.    I.  1.  2. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.1. 
IV.    1.2.2. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
II.  II.  2.  2. 
I     121 

Winter 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

good 

good 
good 
good  ? 
good 

513 

401 
5(39 

623 

401 

402 
491 
0(57 

590 

«24 
55!) 

480 
E68 

GG8 

103 

487 
5!>1 

-y.u 

550 

Kill 
5111 

473 
505 

532 

Cooper's  Bedling,  Synonym  of 
Cooper's  Russeting  
Cope's  Red  Sweet  

Cornfield        

Cornfield                    

good? 
v.  good 
good 

<  '«»  rn  isli   \  roiiiii  t  ic 

Cornish  Gilliflower  

Cos                                 

large 
small 
med. 
large 

large 

med. 
med. 
small 
small 
atson' 

med. 
med. 

N.T. 

Engl. 
Eur. 
Ohio 

N.T. 

Ohio 
Sou.  ? 
Ohio 
Ohio 
3  Dum 

Ills. 

Ind. 

South 
Ohio 
S.  C. 
South 
South 
Ohio 
N.  J. 
Ills. 
Ills. 
? 
South 

III.  II.  2.  2. 
f  III.    I.  2.  3.    I 
Jill.    1.2.1.   f 
I.    1.2.1. 
j     I.    I.  2.  1.    I 

1  m.  n.  2.  i.  r 

J     I.    I.  2.  1.    1 
1     I.  II.  2.1.    f 
I.  II.  2.  3. 
IV.    I.  2.  1. 
I.    1.2.2. 

in.  1.2.2. 

ling. 
I  III.    I.  2.  2.   | 
1IV.-I.  2.  2.    f 
IV.  II.  1.  2. 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 

Winter 

Winter 
Winter 
Summ'r 
Winter 

Winter 
Winter 

good 
good  ? 
"gd." 
good 

good? 

good  ? 
"gd" 
good 
poor  ? 

good 
poor? 

Court  of  Wyck:  

Court  Pendu  Plat  

Crackin01' 

Cranberry  Pippin  
Cranberry  Ru*set 

Crawford's  Keeper  
Creighton  
Crib                                   

Crooked  Limb,  Synonym  of  W 
Cropsey's  Favorite  

Crow's  E^er 

Crow  s  Eg"1 

Crownest    

large 
med. 

III.    I.  2.  3. 
III.    I.  1.  2. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 
II.    I.  2.  2. 
III.  II.  2.  1. 
IV.    I.  2.  1. 
IV.    I.  2.  1. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 
IV.  II.  1.  2. 
IV.    1.2.2. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.2. 
III.    1.1.1. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.3. 
IV.    1.2.2. 
IV.    1.2.1. 

Winter 
Winter 

good 
jood 

Cullasaga  

Cullavvhee 

Culloden 

good  ? 
?ood 
good 
good 
good 

Culp  
Cumberland  Spice  
Curtis  <«  r«MMi  i  nix 

large 
large 
med. 
med. 
large 

E.Wint. 
Winter 
Winter 

Winter 
Autumn 

Curtis  Sweet  

Dalton 

Ga. 

? 

9 

Ind. 
Mass  . 
Peun. 
Penn? 
Mich. 
Ind. 
Miss. 

small 
med. 
med. 
large 
large 

Summ'r 
Autumn 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

Winter 
Winter 

good 
v.  good 
good 
good? 

good 
good 

Daniel  
Dan.  Pearma-n  
Danvers  Wint.    Sweet 

Darby  Pippin 

Davis  °    

small 
large 

Davis'  Ortley                  

Davis 

Dawsoii's  Cluster 

med. 
large 
large 
med. 
med. 

large 

Ohio 
Ind. 
Ky. 
(Ind  ) 
(Ind.) 

Ga. 

South 
South 
Ohio 
(0.) 
South 
N.  H. 
Can.  ? 
Can.? 
Engl. 

IV.    I.  2.  1. 
III.    1.2.2, 
III.  II.  2.  3, 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
(    II.  II.  2.  2.   ) 
1    II.  II.  1.2.   f 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

Summ'r 

good 
jood  ? 
jood 
goodf 
good 

good 

Day  

Deacon's  Pryor  

Deal's  Red 

Dean's  Sweeting 

Defiance  

Defasure 

III.    I.  2.  1. 
I.  II.  1.  1. 
II.    1.2.1. 

Delight 

med. 
med. 

large 
large 
large 
small 

Winter 
E.Wint. 

good 
good 

Democrat  

Derry  Nonsuch             

IV.  II.  2.  2. 
II.  II.  2.  1. 
II.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    1.2.2. 

L.Wint.good 
Autumn  good  ? 
Autumn  good  ? 
Autumn  good  ? 

Detroit  Black  

Detroit  Red  

Devonshire  Quarrenden  

CATALOGUE  AND  INDEX  OF  APPLES. 


71? 


Name. 

Size. 

Orig. 

Class. 

Season. 

quality. 

'•• 

383 

59-2 
1-29 

430 

058 

038 

m 

570 

-,93 
039 

103 
513 

594 

514 
5-23 

Dewees  'med. 
Dewiti,  Synonym  of  Doctor  Dewitt. 
Dick's  Seedling 

Ind. 

? 
Ohio 

Ohio 

Ga. 
Penn. 
Ky. 
Penn? 
>re? 

9 

Ohio 
N.  Y. 

Ills. 
Engl. 

Ear. 

n.  n.  2.  2. 
in.  i.  2.  2. 

E.Wint. 

good? 

JUilliiigham  

med. 

med. 

large 
med. 
me<l. 
Ashm( 
med. 
med. 
large 
large 
small 

large 

(III.  1.1.1.  I 
1  II.  1.1.1.  f 

j    II.    I.  2.  1.    / 

im.  1.2.1.  f 

I.    1.2.2. 

ni.  i.  2.  2. 

I.    I.  2.  2. 

m.  1.2.2. 

III.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
IV.    I.  1.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
(III.  II.  2.1.   ) 
"I    II.  II.  2.  1.   f 

Spring 

E.Wint. 

E.Wint. 
Winter 
E.Wint. 

Summ'r 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 

Autumn 

good 

good 

good 
good 
v.  good 

good 
good? 
v.  good 
good 
good 

v.  good 

Doctor  Dewitt           

Doct.  Fulclier  
Doct.  Watson  

Dodge's  Crimton,  Synonym  of 
Dodge's  Early                    .  .   .  . 

Dole%Red  

Do  mine  
Ho  \v  11  i  iiii**  Paragon.  .  . 

Do  wiiton  Pippin 

Drap  d'Or  

Drumore 

Ducuess  of  Oldenburg 

Duckett       *                     .     . 

large 

large 
large 

Eur. 

South 
Penu. 

j      I.    1.2.2.   i 

1m.  1.2.2.  f 

I.    I.  2.  1. 
HI.    1.2.1. 

Summ'r 

Autumn 
Winter 

good 

good 
v.  good 

Dtiffield  Pippin  

DumeTow                     

large 
n's  Du 

Engl. 
mplim 
(0.\ 

in.  i.2.i. 

;• 

Winter 

good 

Dumpling,  Synonym  of  Wateo 
Dunlevy  

Durable  Keeper  large   (Ind.) 
Durham  Winter  Pearmain 

III.    I.  2.  2. 

m.  1.  1.  1. 
m.  n.  2.  i. 
m.  1.2.2. 
in.  n.  2.  i. 

I.    1.2.1. 

n.  i.  2.  2. 

I.    1.2.1. 
j    II.    1.2.2.    1 
1      I.    1.2.2.   f 
IV.  II.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
(  III.    I.  2.  2.    ) 
}    II.    1.2.2.   f 
I.    1.2.2. 
(  III.  H.  2.  2.    | 

1  ii.  n.  2.  2.  [ 

treak. 

ri."i."2.2.' 

III.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.1. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 
IV.  II.  2.  2. 

in.  i.  2.  2. 

I.    1.2.2. 
II.    1.2.3. 
II.    I.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
II.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.1.2. 

m.  1.2.2. 

Spring    poor  ? 

Dutch  Codling  

large 
large 
large 
small 
med. 
)rge. 
large 

med. 

small 
small 

large 
med. 
med. 

Elarves 
RedS 

med. 

Eur. 
Eur. 
Fr. 

9 

N.  Y. 

N.  Y. 
? 
? 
Am. 
Penn. 
Engl. 

t  Reds 
tripe. 
Penn? 
N.  Y. 

Autumn 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Summ'r 
Summ'r 

Summ'r 
Summ'r 

Summ'r 
Summ'r 

Summ'r. 
Summ'r 
Summ'r 

Summ'r 
Summ'r 
Summ'r 

iPffi 

E.Wiut. 
Summ'r 
Winter 
Winter 

good  ? 
good? 
best 
good 
good... 

best 
best 

good? 
good 

good? 

Dutch.  .VI  iixu  oniic  
Dyer                          

Early  Chandler 

Early  Cider  

Early  George,  Synonym  of  Ge< 
Early  Harvest 

Early  Joe  

Early  Lon°rstem      

Early  Nonsuch 

Early'*Peimoclt  

Early  Greening 

Early  Red  Margaret  

Early  Redstreak,  Synonym  of 
Early  Bed  Stripe,  Synonym  of 
Early  Ripe  
Early  Strawberry  
Early  York 

good 

v.  good 

good?" 
good 
poor? 
good? 
good? 
v.  good 

Easter  Pippin  

med. 
med. 
med. 
med. 
med. 
med. 

Engl. 
N.Y. 
1 

(Hie.) 

Ills. 

mis.) 

South 
South 
Miss. 
Penn. 
Conn. 
South 
Ohio? 

Eaton  

Egg  Top 

E°*vpt  Red  Summer 

Egypt  Red  Winter  

Egyptian  Russet  

Elarkee 

Eldorado          * 

Elgin  Pippin  
Eticke's  Winter  

Ellis 

large 
med. 
small 

Winter 
Winter 
Spring 
Winter 
Winter  1 

v.   good 
good? 
good? 

good  ? 

Ellwill's  Late                .     . 

Ernersine  Sweet 

med. 

I.    1.1.1. 

Emperor,  see  Alexander. 

718 


CATALOGUE    AND    INDEX    OF    APPLES. 


Name.                     Size.    Orig.  t         Class.           Season.  Quality. 

P. 

Emperor  
Emperor,  (Dickson's)  
Erie's  Winter  Sweet.  .. 

Enfield  

large 

(111.) 
Scotl. 
Ky. 

I.  II.  2.  2. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  1.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  1.  2. 
III.    1.2.1. 
Ill     I.  2.  1 
III.    I.  2.  3. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
IV.    I.  1.  2. 
III.    1.2.3. 
II     I  1   2 

Winter  good 

384 

;-^4 

025 

432 

539 

133 
540 

l!)5 

i'VT 

-.33 
182 

571 

TT2 

134 

->95 
-.15 
550 
595 

404 

med. 

Winter  good 

Enfield  Peannain  

English  Codling.              

small        ? 
large    Engl. 
Engl. 
med.    Engl  ? 
large        ? 
large    (Ind.^  ; 
large    Engl. 
Engl. 
med.    Engl  ? 

Ell  0-1      ! 

Winter  good 
Autumn  good 
Winter  good 
Winter   v.  good 
Autumn  good 
Winter   v.  good 
Winter  good? 

English  Golden  Pippin 

E  11  gl.  Golden  Russet.. 

English  Pearmain  
English  Redstreak  
English  Redstreak 

Enslish  Red  Sweeting  
English  Russet  

English  Sweetiii"- 

Winter  poor 

Epse  Sweeting,  Synonym  of  Danvers. 
Epsy  small 

Ec|ii  iiietelcc 

Vt. 
Ga.  ? 
)iu. 
N.  Y. 
R.  I. 

Penn. 

Penn. 
Conn. 

Ills. 

Me. 

Penn 

n.  1.  1.  1. 

j     I.    1.2.2.    | 
1     I.  II.  2.  2.   f 

II.  II.  2.  2. 

iv.  n.  2.  i. 

j     I.  II.  2.  2.    ) 
1     I.    1.2.2.    \ 
III.  II.  2.  1. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
j     I.    I.  1.  2.    | 
1     I.    I.  2.  2.   f 
1     I.    I.  2.  2.    I 
/    II.    I.  2.  2.   f 
I     I  2  1 

Winter 

E.Wint. 

Winter 
Autumn 

Winter 

Winter 
Winter 

Autumn 
Autumn 

good 

best 
good 

)est 

good? 
*ood 

v.  good 
good 

Ernst's  Pippin,  Synonym  of  Oh 
Esopus  Spitzenberg.  .  . 

Esten 

io  Pip] 
med. 
large 

med. 

large 
large 

small 
med. 

Eustis,  Synonym  of  Ben. 
Evening  Party 

Evvalt  

Excel  
Exquisite 

Fairbanks  

Fair  Maid 

Fair  Winter.  .  . 

large 
large 

large 

large 
large 
large 
large 

Large 

large 
large 
large 

large 

med. 
med. 
med. 

Penn. 
Peiin. 
Ind. 

Conn. 

? 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Conn. 
Am. 

(Ky.) 
South 
(Con.) 
? 

(0.) 

Am. 

? 
Can. 
South 
South 

Ky. 

III.    1.2.2. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 
11.    1.1.1. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 
II.  II.  2.  1. 
II.  II.  2.  1. 
I.  II.  2.  1. 
I.  II.  2.  1. 
III.  H.  2.  1. 
II.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.1. 
j  IV.  II.  2.  1.    J 
1  III.  II.  2.  1.   f 
j    II.    1.2.2.   | 
IIV.    1.2.1.    f 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
j  III.    I.  2.  1     ) 
1  III.  II.  2.  1  .    f 
j     I.    1.2.2.    | 
|  HI.    I.  2.  2.   f 
I.    1.2.2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.2. 

n.  i.  2.  2. 

III.    I.  1.  1. 
(III.    1.2.2.   | 
1  IV.  II.  2.  2.   f 
III.  II.  2.  1. 
j     I.    I.  2.  2.    | 
1m.    1.2.2.    f 
)     I.    I.  2.  1.    1 
•Jill.    1.2.1.   f 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
II.    1.2.3. 

Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Autumn 

Autumn 

Autumn 
Autumn 
Autumn 

Autumn 

Autumn 
Autumn 
Autumn 

Falder  
Fallawater. 

)Oor  ? 
good 

good 

Fall  Butter  

Fall  Chandler  
Fall  Geiietiiig. 

Fall  Greening 

Fall  Harvey  

good 
good 
*ood 

best 

good 

v.  good 
good 
good 

good 

:>est 
good  ? 
v.  good 

Fall  Orange  
Fall  Pearmain. 

Fall  Pippin  

Fall  Pippin  

Fall  Queen 

Fall  Seek-no-further  
Fall  Siva  a  r  of  West... 
Fall  Vandervere  
Fall  Wine 

Fall  Winesap  

Fameuse  
Family     .. 

Faiiclfcer 

large 
small 

Autumn 
Winter 
Summer 
Spring 

Spring 

E.  Wint. 
Spring: 

good 
good 

Farley  Red  
Farrcr's  Summer    

Father  Abraham 

med. 

small 
small 

Va. 

N.  C. 

ft 

good 

v.'  good 

good 
good 

Faust  

Favorite. 

Fay's  Russet... 

email 

CATALOGUE  AND  INDEX  OF  APPLES. 


19 


Name. 

Size.  '  Orvj.           Class.           Season.  Quality. 

P 

Fay's  Sweet                

Ohio? 
V.Y. 

5y. 
r£? 

weet. 

vi 

Ohio 
N.  H. 
South 
Am. 
Eur. 
South 

Pfc 

Penn. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio 
Ohio 

Ohio 
Ohio 
Mass. 

Teto: 
Tnd.) 

N.  Y. 

Am. 
Penn? 
Pn.  1 

I.    I.  1.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
II.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.2.1. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 

H.  II.  2.  1.      1 
I.    1.2.1. 
I.    I.  1.  2. 

m.  1.1.2. 

I.  II.  1.  1. 
IV.    I.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 
II.    1.2.2. 
I.  II.  2.  1. 
III.    1.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  1.  1. 
I.    1.2.2 
(    II.  II.  2.  3    1 
"jIV.    1.2.3.    f 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
j  III.  II.  2.  2.    [ 
1      I.  II.  2.  2.   j 
ski. 
III.    1.2.1. 
IV.  II.  2.  2. 
j     I.    I.  1.  2.    | 

iiv.  1.2.1.  r 

II.    1.2.1. 
II.    I.  2.  2. 
HI     I  2  1 

m 

33 

OG 

15 

A1 
)53 

!)5 

70 

06 
jla 

435 

182 
J8G 

559 
590 

Federal  

large  •' 
large  '] 
large 
med.   '. 
mbull  5 
large 
small 
med. 

large' 
large 

Winter  good? 
Sumin'iv"  v.gd." 
Summ'r  good 
Autumn:  

Winter  good? 
Spring    good  ? 
Autumn  good 

Fenley  
Fenouillet  Rouge  
Fenton  Sweet,  Synonym  of  Tru 
Ferdinand  
Fink                  

Fisk's 

Flat  Sweet  
Fleiner                              

Winter   good 
Summ'r  poor 
Summ'r    
Winter  good? 
Winter  'good 
E.Wint.good 
E.Wint.  good 
Winter  Igood? 
Winter  good 

Winter  v.  good 
Autumn  'good 
Autumn  good 

Autumn'good  ? 
Autumn  good 

Flora 

Flower  of  Kent  
Flushing  Spitzenberg. 

Focht 

large   . 
med. 
large 
large 
med. 
med.  . 

med. 
med. 

large 

nym  ol 
large 
large 

large 

Ford 

Forest  Sweet  
Fort  Mei^s..           

Fort  Miami 

Foster  
Foundling 

Fourth  of  July,  supposed  Sync 
Foxite  
Frank  or  Chenaiigo.  .  . 

Franklin  

Franklin  Golden  
Freeze  and  Thaw 

Winter   good 
Winter    

French  Pippin  
French  Pippin 

large   (Pa.?) 
large   N.  J. 
large    (O.) 
med.         ? 
large   Mass. 
med.    Penn  . 

Snn    V 

IV.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
I.  II.  2.  1. 
IV.    1.2.1. 
III.    1.1.1. 
III.    1.2.2. 

i  n  2.  i 

Winter  good 
E.Wint.good 
E.Wint.  v.  good 
Winter   poor 
Autumn  good 
Igood 

French  Pippin 

French  Royal  
French's  Sweet  
Fronclin 

Fuller 

Fulton  
Fulton  Strawberry  
Gabriel 

large 
med. 
med. 

Ills. 
Ills. 

9 

South 
(0.) 

(His.) 

(0.) 
Mass. 

N.  J. 

Ohio. 
N.  Y. 
Ohio 

Penn. 

Conn 
Ohio 
Ohio 
Ohio 
Va. 
Ills. 
? 
South 
Ohio 

I.    1.2.1. 
III.    1.2.2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
II.    I.  2.  2. 
II.    1.2.3. 
III.    1.2.1. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
J      I.  II.  2.1.    I 

IIIL  n.  2.  i.  f 

II.    I.  2.  2. 
IV.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 

j     I.    I.  2.  1.    \ 

1  in.  i.  2.  i.  i 

II.    1.2.2. 

Winter  good 
E.Wint.  good 
Autumn  v.  good 

Winter   poor 
Winter  good? 
Autumn  v.  good 
Autumn  good 

Summ'r  good 

Winter  good? 
Summ'r  poor 
Summ'r  igood 

j  Winter  good 
Autumn  "  v.gd." 

Gabriel  

Gallup's  Russet  
Galusha 

large 
med. 
large 
small 

small 

med. 
large 
med. 
nite. 

med. 
med. 

Garden  Royal  

Garretson's  Early  

Gatch  

Genesee  Chief.  
George                               ... 

Germanite,  Synonym  of  Jarmi 
Gewiss  Good      

Giles 

Gillett^s  Winosap 

.   ...  |  

Gil  pin 

med. 
ined. 
med. 

III.    I.  1.  2. 
III.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.2.2. 
II.  II.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 

Spring    good  ? 
Spring    good  ? 
Autumn  good 

Gilpin  Seedling 

Glendale...                        ..large 

Autumn  good 

Gloria  Mundi,  Synonym  of  Mammoth  Pippin 


720 


CATALOGUE    AND    INDEX    OF    APPLES. 


Name.                     Size.    Orig.           Class. 

Season. 

Quality.  P. 

Gloucester  White  
Goff 

med. 
large 

med. 

large 

lit  Of  1 

Va. 
Ohio 

Ind. 

Conn. 

fVyck. 

South 
Engl. 

(Ky.) 
Eng.  ? 

Am. 

Eur. 
Sou.  ? 

9 

Mass. 
Mo. 
Conn. 
(N.Y.) 
(0.) 
N.  C. 
Vt. 
Ohio 

N.  E. 

etroit. 

Mass. 
N.  J. 
Germ. 

Tenn. 
Peim  . 

South 

Pen.? 
rican  F 

9 

Penn. 

m.  1.2.1. 

III.  H.  2.  2. 
j     I.    1.2.2. 
1  II.    1.2.2. 

j  in.  n.  2.  i. 
1m.  i.a.1. 

Autumn  good 
Atmumnjgood 

Winter  good 
Winter  (good 

573 

436 

(HO 

058 
025 

407 
551 

394 

487 

408 

G26 

385 

G70 
596 

Oolay  
Golden  ifall 

Golden  Drop,  Synonym  of  Coi 
Golden  Drop 

Golden  Harvey  

Golden  Pearmain  
Golden  Fearinaln  

Golden  Pippin 

small 
small 
small 
small 

m.  n.  2.  3. 

III.    I.  2.  3. 
m.  I.  2.  1.  or  3. 
III.    1.2.1. 

I   i.  n.  2.  i.  ) 
1  m.  n.  2.  i.  j 

j     I.    I.  2.  2.   i 

im.  1.2.2.  f 

m."i.'2.3. 
m.  1.2.3. 

I.    1.2.1. 

III.  1.  1.  1. 
I.  1.1.1. 

III.    1.2.3. 
II.    I.  2.  2. 

m.  1.2.1. 

I.    1.2.2. 

i    i.  n.  2.  2.  i 

}  III.  II.  2.  2.   f 

IV.  H.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  1.  2. 

i.  n.  2.  2. 

I.    1,2.3. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
III.    1.2.2. 
»     I.    1.2.1.   ) 

1m.  1.2.1.  f 

I.    I.  L.  2. 
ippin. 
I.    1.2.1. 

n.  1.2.1. 
n   i  i.  i. 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

Winter 
Winter 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Summ'r 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
E.Wint. 
Winter 

Autumn 

Winter 
E.Whit. 
Summ'r 
Spring 
Winter 
Sirmm'r 

Winter 
Winter 

good? 
good 
T.  good 
good? 

good 
good? 

good? 
good 
good 
good 

poor  ? 
good 
good 
good 

good? 

good 
good 
v.  good 

good? 
good 

good 
good? 

Golden  Pippin—  American  
Golden  Reinette. 

small 

Golden  Rose  

Golden  Russet  
Golden  Russet  of  Mass 

med. 
med. 
large, 
large 

med. 
med. 
large 
med. 

large 

lackD 
large 
med. 
large 

med. 
med. 

large 

med. 
f  Ame 

Golden  Seedling  
Golden  Sweet  
Golden  Winter  Sweet  
Good  Russet  

Gordon's  Seedling  
Governor 

Gov  Morrow 

Grandfather  

Grand  Sachem,  Synonym  of  B 
Granite  Beauty  
Graniiiwinkle  
Gravensteiu 

Great  Keeper  

Green  Cheese  
Green's  Choice 

G  reen  Crank  
Green  Domine  . 

Green  Everlasting,  Synonym  o 
Green  Flat  
Green  Flour        

Green  Gilliflower. 

G^een  Horse 

med. 
large 

large 
large 
large 
med. 
med. 
large 

med. 

South 
Ga. 

L.  Is. 

Sou.  ? 
(Ind.) 

k  c. 

L.  Is. 

N.  C. 
Mass? 
(0.) 

? 
Penn. 

Va. 

Penn  . 
Eur. 

Green  Mountain  Pippin  

Green  Newtown  Pippin  
Green  Pearmain  
Green  Pippin. 

j     I.    I.  2.  1.   ) 

1  m.  i.  2.  i.  f 
m.  i.  2.  i. 

I.    1.2.1. 

m.  1.2.1. 
m.  1.2.3. 
n.  1.2.1. 

I.    1.2.1. 

i.  1.1.1. 
n.  1.1.1. 

m.  1.2.2. 

HL    1.2.2. 

IV.    1.2.1. 
I.    1.2.2. 

m.  i.  2.  2. 

Winter 
Winter 

good 
v.  good 

Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 
E.Wint. 
Spring 
Winter 

Winter 

good 

Green  Russet 

Green  Seek-no-further  

good 
good 

2[OOd 

v.  good 
poor  ? 

Green  Skin  
Green  Sweet  . 

Green  Winter  

Gtvqsan,  Synonym  of  Catliu. 
Grevhouse..          

Griest's  Favorite 

Griffith,  Synonjm  of  Clay  Bank. 
Grimes'  Golden  med. 

Grosh      ' 

Winter 
Stunm'r 

best 
good?" 

Grosser  Erdbeere 

med. 

Gullfctt 

Gully  
Gutty,  Synonym  of  Mangmn. 
Gully 

small 
large 

N.  C. 

Penn. 
N.  J. 

good 
good 

Ha&loe.... 

m.  i.  2.  2. 

Summer 

CATALOGUE    A XI)    INDEX    OF    APPLES. 


721 


Name. 

Size. 

Chi,g.            Class.         j  Season.   Quality. 

P. 

Hagloe  Crab  
Hague 

small 
large 

large 
med. 

Engl. 
Ind. 

Penn. 
N.  C.? 

(0.) 
Va. 
N.  C. 
South 
(Ind.) 
Ohio 
Ohio 

Ohio 

9 

Penn. 
Ills. 
N.  C.« 
N.  J. 

Conn. 

Penn. 
Mass. 

N.  Y. 

Bcott. 

(0.) 

Penn  . 
Penn. 
Ohio 

N.  C. 
Sou.  ? 

VtV  ' 
Ind. 
Penn. 
Engl. 

Penn. 

IV.  II.  2.  1. 
J  IV.    I.  2.  2.    {. 
1  HI.    I.  2.  2.   j 

III.    1.1.2. 

I.    I.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  1.  1. 
III.    I.  1.  2. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 
II.    I.  2.  1. 
I.    1.1.1. 
I.  H.  1.  2. 

j  m.  i.  2.  3.  ) 

1     I.    I.  2.  3.    ( 
j  III.    I.  2.  2.   1 
1    II.  II.  2.  2.   f 
IV.  II.  1.  2. 
I.    I.  1.  2. 
I.  II.  2.  1. 
II.  II.  2.  1. 
j     I."  I.  1.  2.   1 

1m.  1.1.2.  f 

I.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  1.  1. 
j     I.    I.  2.  1.    I 
1    II.  II.  2.1.    f 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
I.    1.1.1. 

IV.    1.2.2. 

iri.'  i.'  2.  2.' 

III.    1.2.1. 
II.    I.  1.  1. 
I.    I.  1.  2. 
II.  II.  2.1. 

iv.  n.  2.  i. 

I.    I.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
j  IV.    I.  2.  2.    I 
1    II.    1.2.2.   f 
III     122 
III!    I.S.2. 

m.  i.  2.  2. 

Wint.  ? 
Winter 

Winter 

Autumn 
Winter 
Winter 

Winter' 
Winter 
Winter 

Winter 

Winter 

Autumn 
Autumn 
E.Wint. 

Winter 

Winter 

Summ'r 
Summ'r 

Summ'r 

Autumn 
Summ'r 

Winter 

'good  ? 
good 

good 
good? 

677 
5fiO 
62fi 

r,07 

68,-, 

4S3 
531 

430 

385 

410 

410 
385 

587 

598 

678 

599 
552 

437 
5515 

438 
500 

Hain  

Halleck's  Favorite. 

Hall  i  day 

Hall  

small 

best? 

good"" 
good 
good? 

good? 

good 

good  ? 
good 
good 
good 

good 

good  ? 
good 

best 

good 
good 

"  v.gd." 

Hamilton..   

Hamilton's  
Hampton's  Honev  

large 
med. 
med. 

small 

large 

med. 
med. 
large 
med. 

med. 

large 
large 

large 

large 
large 

large 

med. 
med.? 

Hampton's  Red  Winter  Sweet 
Hampton's  Russet  

Han  nail  

Harnish  
Harper  Sweet 

Harris  

Harrison  
Hartford  Sweet. 

Harvest  Kedstreak  
Haskell  Sweet  

Hawley. 

Hawthornden  

Hayboys  
Hays,  Synonym  of  Wine. 
Hector  ".  

Heister  
Helen's  Favorite 

Winter 
Winter 

"  v.gd." 
good 

Hemphill  

Henley  
Henrick  Sweet  
Henry 

med. 
large 
large 
med. 
med. 

med. 

Winter 
E.Wint. 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

Winter 

good  ? 
good 
v.  good 
good  ? 
best  ? 

good 

Henwood..  . 

Hc-pler  
Herefordshire  Pearm. 

Herman  

Hersey  Keeper  

Hess.. 

med. 
small 

Penn  . 
Va. 
Penn 

Winter 
Winter 

k-v.gd." 
best 

Hewes'  Crab.  .  . 

Hick's  

Hi^by  Sweet  

med. 

med. 
large 
small 

med. 

med. 

large 
large  ! 
large 

arge 
med. 
med. 
med.  i 

large 
med. 

Ohio 

Vt. 
Ind. 
Con.  ? 

Ky. 

Mass. 
N.  Y. 
(Ind.) 
Engl. 
South 
? 
West? 
N.  Y. 
N.  C. 

Ear.  ? 
(0.) 

(III.    1.1.1.    } 

1  n.  1.1.1.  \ 

I.    1.2.2. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  1.  1. 
J      I.    1.2.2.   } 

1in.  1.2.2.  f 

111.  II.  2.  2. 

m.  i.  2.  i. 

I.    1.1.2. 
I.    1.2.2. 

m.  i.  2.  2. 

I.    I.  2.  2. 
II.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.1.1. 

m.  1.2.2. 

(    II.    I.  2.  1.   i 
I  HI.    I.  2t  1.   1 

'ri.'  i."i'.2.' 

Autumn 

Autumn 
Winter 
Summ'r 

Spring 

Summ'r 
Autumn 
Winter 
E.Wint. 

Summ'r 
Winter 
Autumn 
Winter 

Autumn 
Winter 

good 

good 
*ood 
good 

good 

good 
jood 
poor 
good  ? 

good?' 
jood 
good 
good? 

good? 

Highlander  

Hip  h  to  p,  (Jones)  
Higlitop  Sweet  . 

Hiker's  

Hill's  Favorite  
Hilton. 

Hinesley 

Hoary  Morning  

Hockett  Sweet  
I  look  i  iiii  

Hodge's  Limbertwig.. 

Hog  Island  Sweet  

Hog  Snout 

Holland  Pippin  

Holland's  Red  Winter.  .  . 
Holland's  Sweet.  .  . 

31 


722 


CATALOGUE  AND  INDEX  OF  APPLES. 


Name. 

Size. 

Ortg. 

Class. 

Season. 

Quality. 

P. 

553 
(159 

"573 

(500 

(!.T) 
•574 
488 

OS5 

(178 
138 

Hollow  Crown 

med. 

9 

South 

? 
Penn. 

South 

? 
Penn 

I.    1.2.2. 
III.    1.1.2. 

m.  1.  1.  1. 
m.  1.2.1. 
j  n.  i.  2.  2.  ) 
liv.  n.  2.  2.  f 

I.    1.1.2. 
IV     I  1  1 

E.Wint.  good 

Hollv 

IJolman,  ?  Synonym  of  Nicka; 
Holston  Sweet  
Hommacher       .           ... 

ack. 
med. 

large 

large 

Winter 
Winter 

Summ'r 

good 
good 

good 

Homony 

Hovey  

Honey  

Honey  Greenino* 

large 

West. 

(O.)"' 
Penn 

IV.  H.  1.  1. 
II.    1.1.2. 

ni,  1.  1.  1. 

Winter 
Winter' 

good 
good 

Honey  Pippin 

Honey  Sweet  
Honiker  

large 

Hooker 

med. 
small 

med. 
med. 
med. 

Targe 
of  Mo 

Conn. 
(0.) 
Penn  . 
Ind. 
Ind. 

S.  C. 

nmout 
South 

Ga. 
Penn  . 
N.  C. 

(O  ) 

II,    1.2.2. 

j  m.  i.  2.  2.  ) 

1      I.    I.  2.  2.   f 
I.    I.  1.  2. 
IV.    1.2.2. 
III.    1.2.1. 
(    II.    I.  2.  1.   | 

IIH.  1.2.1.  f 

i  Pippin. 
II.    1.2.2. 
j      I.  II.  2.  2. 
1      I.    1.2.1. 

Winter 
Winter 

Spring 
Winter 

Winter 

Winter 

Winter 
Autumn 
Autumn 

good  ? 
good 

poor 
good 
good? 

good  ? 

good  ? 
good 
good 

Hoopbole1  

iioops. 

Hooeier 

Hoosier  Red  

Hoover  

HopMn'8  Red  Cheek,  Synonym 
Hopper  

Horn        

med. 
large 
large 

Hornet 

Horse  

Horton  Sweet 

jIII.    1.2.1.   I 
\  IV.  II.  2.  1.   f 

Housnm  Red  

large 

Penn. 

Mass. 
Sou  ? 

j  IV.    I.  2.  2.    ) 
1  IV.  II.  2.  2.   f 
I.  II.  2.  3. 
I  II  2  2 

E.Wint. 

k'v.  gd." 

Howe's  Russet 

Hoyle's  Nonpareil 

11  n  b  b:i  rd*  to  ii  
Hubbardton 

large 

large 
large 
large 
small 
large 
med. 
med. 

Mass. 

N.H? 
Penn. 
Am. 

N.  E. 
N.  C. 
Ind. 
Penn. 
(O.) 

j  III.    I.  2.  2.    \ 
1IV.    1.2.2.   f 

in.  n.  2.  2. 

III.    I.  2.  1. 
III.    1.2.1. 
III.  II.  1.  2. 

m.  i.  2.  i. 

I.    I.  2.  2. 
HI.    1.2.2. 

E.Wint. 

Winter 
Spring 
Winter 
E.Wint 
Autumn 
Winter 
Autumn 

v.  good 

good 
?ood 
v.  good 
good 
good  ? 
^ood 
?ood 

Hughes- 

Hughes1  Am.  Golden  Pippin.  . 
Hull  Blossom  
Huiige 

Hunt  

Hunter  
Hunter's  Sweet             ... 

Huntsman  Russet 

II.    I.  2.  3. 

n.  i.  2.  3. 
]    Ln.'k2;  [ 

f  Pippin. 
I    1.2.1. 
I.    1.2.1. 
HI.    I.  2.  1. 

m.  i.  2.  i. 
rv.  11.  i.  2. 

IV.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.2.2. 

in.  i.  2.  i. 

II.    I.  2.  1. 
I.    1.2.2. 

m.  n.  2.  2. 
in.  1.2.1. 
m.  i.  2.  i. 
in.  1.2.2. 

I.    1.2.1. 

Hunt's  Russet  

small 
med. 
of  Sug 

med. 
med. 
med. 
med. 
piceR 
large 
med. 
med. 

Mass. 
Conn. 

ar  Loa 
Sou.  ? 
Ky. 
Ills. 
Ills. 
Ills, 
usset. 
Ind. 
Ind. 
Am. 
South 
? 

Ear. 
South 
Mo. 

Ky? 

Winter 
E.Wint. 

good 
good 

Hurlbutt              

Hutchinq's  Seedling,  Synonym 
Hyatt's  Wonderful  
Ice  Cream  
Illinois  Greening  
Illinois  Pippin 

Autumn 
Winter 
Winter 
L.Wint. 

E.Wint. 
Winter 
Autumn 

good  ? 
good  ? 
good  ? 
good 

poor 

good 
good? 

Ills.  Pumpkin  Sweet.. 

Imperial  Ru&tet,  Synonym  of  S 
Indiana  Beauty  
Indiana  Favorite  
Indian  Prince 

Indian  Winter 

Ida,  Synonym  of  Equinetelee 
Irish  Peach. 

med. 

Summ'rlgood  ? 

Winter  good 
Witter  poor 

Iron. 

Iron  Mountain  

med. 
med. 

Iron  Pippin  
Isom... 

CATALOGUE    AND    INDEX    OF    APPLES. 


723 


Wame.                si 

ze.   Orig. 

Class.           Season. 

Duality. 

P. 

439 
440 

(553 
395 

679 

411 

.81 
411 

488 
141 

•m 

688 
155 
671 

Jabez                                          me 

d.  IConn. 
Penn 

III.   1.1.1. 

in.  1.  1.  1. 

I.    I.  2.  1. 

j    II.    1.2.1.    | 
1  III.    I.  2.  2.   f 
III.  II.  2.  2. 
j     I.    1:2.2.   i 
\    II.    1.2.2.   f 
I.   I.  2.  2. 

m.  i.  2.  2. 

III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.1.1. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
II.    1.2.2. 
III.    1.2.2. 
j      I.    I.  1.  2.   I 
1    II.    I.  1.  2.   f 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 

IV.    I.  1.  2. 
III.    I.  1.  2. 
IV.    I.  1.  1. 
IV.    1.2.2. 
j    II.    I.  2.  2.    | 
1  III.    I.  2.  2.   j 
II.    I.  2.  2. 
j      I.    I.  2.  3.    1 
1      I.    1.2.1.   f 
II.    1.1.1. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.1. 
III.    1.1.2. 
IV.    I.  2.  1. 
J      I.  II.  2.  2.   ) 

1m.  1.2.2.  f 

I.    I.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
III.    1.2.2. 
III.    1.2.2. 
III.  II.  2.  1. 
IV.    I.  2.  1. 

m.  1.2.1. 

II.    1.2.2. 

Winter 
E.Wint. 

Winter 

good 

Jackman's  Sweet 

Jackson  

Ga 

"v.  gd." 

J  ackson                                        me 

d.    Penn. 

Jacksonian  

.la  riiii  Elite  me 
Jefferies                                me 

d.    Ohio  ' 

d.    Penn. 
Ky. 

Winter 
Summ'r 

Winter' 
L.Wint. 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

Summ'r 

Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 

L.Wint. 
Summ'r 
Winter 
Winter 

Summ'r 
Spring 

good 
best 

good 
"v.  gd." 
good 
good  ? 
good  ? 
»ood 

v.  good 

good 
good 
good? 

good? 
good 
good 
best 

good 
poor 

Jefferson  

Jefferson  County  me 

Jenkins                                        sm 

d.    N.  Y. 
all  Penn. 
d.  IN.  J.? 
se  |N.  J. 
d.    (O.) 
d.    Eur. 

d.    N.  J. 

?e   Vt. 
d.   N.  H. 

_'e    (Con.) 
l. 
d.   N.  H. 
ge    Conn, 
d.    Ohio 
d.   N.  Y. 

d.    N.  C. 
d.    (0.) 

?e  N.  C. 

d.   Va. 
?e   N.  J. 
d.   Del. 
all  (O.) 
d.    Penn. 

d.    Ohio 

d.    Penn. 
Penn 

Jersey  Black                      me 

Jersey  Greening  lar 

Jersey  King     me 

Jersey  Pippin  me 
Jersey  Sweet  me 

Jewett  s  Best  lar 
Jewett's  Fine  Red.                    |me 

John  Carter  liar 

John  Snepp1^  Synonym  of  Snepp 
John's  Sweet  .         me 

Johnson.                                      lar 

Johnson's  Sweet                         me 

Jonathan  me 
Julien.            .                              me 

July  mt 

Juiialiska  lar 
June  me 

Summ'r 
Winter 
Autumn 
Spring 
Winter 

Winter 
L.Wint. 

Autumn 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Winter 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Winter 
Autumn 
Winter 

good 
v.  good 
poor? 
v.  good 

good? 
v.  good 

good  '?'  ' 
good 
poor 
good 
good? 

Kaighn's  Spitzenberg  lar 

Kane  me 
Keepwell.                                     gm 

Keim  me 

Keiser  me 

Kelsey                                          me 

Kelter,  or  Boas  

Kennedy  lar 
Kenrick's  Autumn  lar 

?e   Ga. 
?e    
ge  Engl. 
?e   Ky. 
d.    Ky. 
...Ky. 
.  .  .  (Ark) 
d.    Ky.  ? 
d.    Irel'd 
?e   Engl. 
cl.    Vt 
?e   Mass, 
-re    (Ipd.) 
.?e   N.  J. 
cl.    Engl. 
?e   N.  Y. 
Smith 

Kentish  Fillbasket  lar 

Kentucky  lar 
Kentucky  Cream..                       me 

Kentucky  King  ... 

Kentucky  Streak  
Kentucky  Sweet  me 
Kerry  Pippin  me 
KeMwick  Codling             lar 

II. 
IV. 

rv. 
n. 
in. 
i. 

IV. 

i. 
m. 

I.  1.  2. 

i.  i.  i. 

II.  2.  1. 
II.  2.  1. 
II.  2.  2. 
II.  2.  1. 
I.  2.  2. 
I.  2.  2. 
II.  2.  2. 

good 
good? 
good 
good 
poor 
poor 
v.  good 
poor 
v.  good 

Ketchum's  Favorite.  .=          .  .  me 
Kil  ham  Hill...                        ..lar 
Kin-  lar 
King  —  Newark       •                     lar 

King  of  Pippins                         me 

King  of  Toinpkiiis  lar 

King  Solomon  

Kingtiley  med.    N.  Y.  .  ILL 
King's  Winter.  . 

I.  2.  2. 

Winter 

good 

King  Torn  me 

d.    Mo.          II. 

I.  2.  1. 

Winter 

poor 

Kinsey's  Sweet 

Kirk  bridge  White  sm 

Kirke's  Lord  Nelson  lar 

all       ?         IV. 
?e   Engl.      III. 
d.    (0.1            I. 
d.    Ohio        II. 

I.  2.  1. 
I.  2.  2. 
I.  2.  1. 
U.  2.  1. 

Summ'r 
Autumn 
Winter 
Winter 

good 
good? 
poor 
good? 

Kitchen.                                      me 

Kitchmor's  Favorite  me 

724 


CATALOGUE  AND  IXDEX  OF  APPLES. 


Name. 

Size.  \Orig.            Class. 

Season.  Quality. 

— 

Kittagesgee  

South         I.    I.  2.  1. 
Penn.         I.    I.  2.  2. 

N  Y   j  ni.  ii.  2.  i.  ) 
1N>  r  1  1   i.  n.  2.  i.  f 

Ky  

Klaprotii  

med. 
med. 
med. 

Summ'rgood       442 
Autuimrv.  good  575 
Summ'rgood       575 

Summ'rgood       682 

Winter  good       626 
Winter    

K.  ii  ickerbocker 

Knight's  Red  June  

K  110  wles'  Early  

Kiiox's  Russet  

Kolb's  Winter 

small 
small 

Penn  . 

Peun  . 

Sou   9 

JIV.    I. 
1  III.    I. 

m   i. 

2.  2.    (. 
2.  2.   f 
2.3. 

Kratz  

Peun. 
Pen  u. 

Penn. 
N.  Y. 
Fr. 

South 
i  Wint 
Engl. 

leen. 
N.  Y. 

Ohio 

Ohio 

(Va.) 
Penu. 
Ind. 
Vt. 
Ga. 
Ills. 
Mass. 
Eur. 
N.Y.? 

Am. 

1  ••  rowser           

med. 

med. 
med. 
small 

(in.  i. 

]  '1:  !: 

IV.  II. 
I.    I. 
II.  II. 

er  Pippin 

III.'    I.' 

m.  i. 
i.  i. 
j  ii.  i. 
1iv.  i. 
in.  i. 

IV.    I. 

i.  i. 
i.  i. 
in.  i. 
u.  i. 
ii.  i. 
i.  i. 
in.  i. 
ii.  ii. 
ni.  i. 
ii.  i. 
i  ii.  ii. 
1  in.  ii. 
m.  i. 

2.2.   ) 
2.2.   f 
2.2. 
2.  1. 
2.  1. 
2.  1. 

2.'  1.' 

1.2. 
2.  1. 
2.2.    | 
2.  2.    ( 
1.  1. 
2.  1. 
2.  t 
1.  1. 
2.  2. 
1.  1. 
2.2. 
1.  1. 
2.  1. 
2.2. 
2.2. 
1.1. 
2.  2.   ) 

2.2.  r 

1.1. 

Winter  good 

Winter  good 
Winter  good  ? 
Winter  good 

r,oi 
4i;j 

411 
501 

Ml 
t'.U 

143 
516 

Lacker 

Lad  iee'  Ear  Drop  
Lady           .   

Lady  Blush 

Lady  Finger  Pippin,  Synonym 
Lady  Healy's  Nonsuch  
Lady  Washington 

of  Re 
med. 
large 
FalfQi 
large 
small 

med. 

Autumn  1  good  ? 
Winter  Igood 

Winter   v.  good 
Autumn  good  ? 

Autumn  good 

Ladies'  Favorite,  Synonym  of 
Ladies'  Sweeting  

Lake  
Lake 

Lancaster  
Lancaster         

Lancaster  Greenin^. 

med. 
med. 
med. 
med. 
large 
med. 

med. 
large 
large 

med. 
med. 

L.Wint.  good? 
Autumn  good 
L.Wint.  good 
Autumn  good  ? 
Autumn  good  ? 
Winter   poor 

Spring    poor 
Winter   good? 
Summ'r  good 
Winter   poor 
Autumn  v.  good 

Lancaster  Sweet  
Landon  
Laiidrnm 

Lane's  Redstreak 

Lane's  Sweet  

Lansrendorifer  
Lansiiigbu  rglt  
Lar.  Striped  Pearmain 
Large  fEougli  

Late  Chandler  

Late  Golden  Sweet  
Late  Pound  Sweet  
Late  Straw  berry  

Laurence.  .  .  . 

med. 
large 

large 

large 
large 
nn. 
med. 
large 

N.  Y. 
Ohio? 
South 

N.  H. 

Mass. 
Ohio 

Engl. 

Mass. 

u.  n. 

2.2. 

Autumn  best 
Winter  poor  ? 

La  wrens'  Greening  '.  .  . 
Ledge  Sweet.. 

I    i.  1.1.1.  i 
1m.  i.i.i.  f 
m.  1.2.2. 
i.  1.1.1. 

II.    1.2.1. 

I.  1.1.1. 

II.    I.  2.  2. 

Spring    good  ? 

Autumn  good 
Summ'rgood 

Winter   poor 
Winter  v.  good 

Leland  Spice  
Leming  Sweet  
Lemon,  Synonym  of  Rock  Pip 
Lemon  Pippin  

Lester  Sweet  •  
Lever  

Levett'  s  . 

Ky 

Lewis 

med.   Ind. 
med.   Ind. 
large   Ind. 

m.  1.2.2. 

j      I.    I.  2.  2.    ) 
1  III.  II.  2.  1.    f 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
IV  II  2  2 

Summ'r  best 
Winter  v.  goof; 
Winter   poor 

Lewis,  (Ragan's)  

Lewis  Jones'  Seedling  
Lexington 

Liberty.  
Limber  Limb  

large 
large  ' 
med  . 
med. 

Ohio 

(0.) 
South 
South 

Ohio' 
OHo 
ner  Ro 

III.    I. 
III.    I. 

n.  i. 
i.  i. 

'  i.'  '  L 
i.  i. 

se. 

2.  2. 

2.  1. 
2  2 
2'.  2! 

Spring    good 
Winter  good 
Spring    good 
Summ'r  v.  good 

Limbertwig  
Limbertwig  —  Summer  
Liny  Sweet. 

Linisley's  Favorite  

2.  1. 
1.  2. 

Linsley's  Swcwt 

Sprin0' 

Lippencott's  Early,  Synonym  of  Sumr 

CATALOGUE  AND  INDEX  OF  APPLES. 


725 


Name. 

Size. 

Orig. 

Glass.          Season.  \  Quality. 

£: 

387 
(ih-2 
575 

517 

483 

576 

527 
605 

412 

488 

665 
605 

6S2 

473 

553 

576 

Lipsey's  Russet 

med. 
small 
med. 
large 
large 
med. 
large 
med. 
large 
large 
med  . 
med. 
med. 
small 
small 
med. 

med. 
large 
ndori. 
large 
med. 

large 
large 
v.  Inr. 

med. 
large 
med. 

med. 
Bonun 

large 
med. 
large 
large 
large 

v!  iar 
med. 
med. 
small 
small 
large 

Ohio 
Ohio 

9 

N/C. 
Ohio 
L.  Isl. 
N.  Y. 
L   Isl. 
L.  Isl. 
Ohio 
Ky. 
Ind. 
Mass. 
Penn. 
Engl. 
Ohio 
Va. 
Mass. 
Va. 

Ohio? 

Mass. 

Am. 
Engl. 
Conn. 

(Ky.) 

Mass. 
Me. 

v 

Mass, 
i. 

N    J 

IV.    I.  2.  3. 
III.    1.2.3. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  1.  1. 
I.    I.  1.  1. 
IV.    1.2.2. 
III.    1.2.1. 
IV.    I.  2.  3. 
II.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.2. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.1. 
III.    1.2.2. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 

Winter  v.  good 
Winter  v.  good 
Winter  good? 
Autumn  good 
Winter  igood 
Winter  Igood 
Winter  good 
Winter  good 
Autumn  v.   good 
Winter  ipoor 
Winter    
Autumnjgood 
Autumn  good 
Winter  v.  good 
Autumn  poor 
Winter  Igood 

Little  Pearmain  

Locy  
Loijian  Berry. 

London  S\v<'Ot 

Long  Inland  Pearmaiii 
Loiiii  Island  Pippin  

Long  Island  Kuaset  
L.  I.  Seek-no-furtlier.. 

Long  Limb  

Long1  Stem  

Long  Stem,  (L.  Jones)  
Lou  •  '-stem  

Longstem  

Lon  -"'viHe's  Kernel  . 

Lopside 

Lorick's  Cluster  

Loriug's  Swaet  

I.    1.1.2. 
I.  II.  2.  1. 

I.    1.2.2. 
II.    I.  1.  1. 
(  III.  II.  2.  1.   (_ 

1  m.  n.  2.  i.  } 

III.  II.  2.  2. 
j    II.  II.  1.  1.    I 
1  III.  II.  1.1.  A 
I.    1,2.2. 
III.    1.2.2. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.2. 

I     I  2  1. 

Winter  Igood 
Winter  Iv.  good 

Winter  good 
Winter  good? 

Autumn  v.  good 
Autumn  good  ? 
E.Wint.good 

Winter  good 
Autumn  good 
Winter  good? 

London    . 

London,  Pippmfiynonym.  of  Lo 
Loure  Queen  

Lovett's  Sweet  

Lowell 

Lucombe's  Seedling  
Lyman's  P'pkin  S\vt. 

Lynn  f   

Lyscom  

Macomber  . 

Madison  Red  
Magnolia  

Autumn  good  ? 

Autumn  v.  good 
Winter  good 

Magnum  Bonum,  Synonym  of 
Maiden's  Bluslir.  .  .  . 

Maiden1  s  Favorite  .  .  . 

N.  Y. 

Penn. 
South 
Eur. 
South 
Am. 
Ala. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Engl 
Penn  . 
Va. 
Penn  . 
(0.) 
N.  H. 
South 
South 

IV.  II.  2.  1. 
I     I  2  2 

Major 

Malatnuskeet 

I.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.1. 

in.'ri."  2.'i. 

I.  II.  2.  2. 

in.  i.i.i. 

IV.    1.1.3. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.2. 
III.    1.2.2. 
II.    I.  1.  2. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.1.2. 

j   i.  n.  1.  1.  i 
1  m.  1.  1.  1.  f 
j  m.  1.  1.  1.  I 

)IV.    I.I.I,  f 

Winter  good? 
E.Wint.  good? 
Summ'r  
E.Wint.  poor 
Winter  iv.  good 
Autumn  good 
L.Wint.  good? 
Winter  good 
Autumn  good 

Male  Carle  

Mammoth  June  

Mammoth  Pippin. 

Maiigum  

Manomet  

Mansfield  Russet  

Mary.  11  

Maria  Bush  

Market  

Marks 

med. 

L.Wint.  v.  good 
Winter 

Marshall's  Sweet  Favorite 

Marstoii's  Red  Winter  large 

Mary  Chester 

Winter  good 

Mary  Moyer                                I 

Mary  Womack  

med. 

yscom 
large 

med. 

Ky. 

South 

S.  C. 

Va. 
Va  ? 

Autumn  good  ? 
Winter    

Massey's  Winter  
Matthew  Stripe,  Synonym  of  L 

Maverick  Sweet  

Winter  'good 
Spring  'good 

May,  (of  Myers)  

Mayberry  Seedling 

Maynard's  No  1 

small 
small 
large 

$ 

(0.) 
South 

"i.  "i."2.iV 

(  III.    I.  2.  1.   ) 
1   II.    1.2.2.   f 
III.    1.2.2. 
II.  U.  1.  1. 

Summ'r  good 
Summ'r  good 
Winter  good? 

May  Queen 

M^cAdow's  June. 

McAffee.... 

McBridu's  Waxen... 

726 


CATALOGUE    AND    INDEX    OF    APPLES. 


Name. 

Size. 

Oriff. 

Class.         j  Season.  Quality 

P. 

413 

600 
606 

488 

(507 
4UO 

570 

507 
583 
503 

$95 

444 

056 

607 
577 

396 
641 

j54 

131 
i(J3 

McCloud's  Family 

South 
Ohio 
Ohio 
Va.  ? 
South 
Ohio 
Ohio 

McCormack'  8  

large 
med. 

med. 
med. 

n.  II.  2.  1.       Winter  good 
I.    I.  2.  2.      Autumn  v.  gooc 

MeDaiiiel  
McDowell's  Red  
McDowell's  Sweet  
McHenry  

in.  n.  i.  2. 

I.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 

Autumn  good 
'E.Wint.  good  ? 

McHenry's  White  
Mf'  Kay's  Sweeting  

ITIcKiiiley 

large 

Ind. 

III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
j      I.    1.1.2.    | 
1  III.    I.  1.  2.   f 
III.    1.2.2. 

Winter  v.  gooc 

McLean 

McLelan       

med. 
large 

Penn. 
Vt. 

Winter 

Autumn 
Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 

Autumn 

Autumn 
Winter 
|  Winter 
Summ'r 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Winter 
Winter 

Winter 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 
Autumn 

Winter 

good 

good  ? 

Meach 

Mead's  Keeper 

Mear's  Seedling  

'Meister                        .... 

small 
small 

large 

med. 
med. 
v.  lar. 
med. 
med. 
med. 
ined. 
med. 

large 

arge 
med. 
small 
small 
arge 
arge 

Ohio 
Penn. 

N.  Y. 

Penn. 
Mass. 
Ear. 
? 
Conn. 
Conn. 
N.  J. 
Ohio? 

Mich? 

Mich? 
N.  Y. 
Penn. 
South 
Penn. 
N.  Y. 

Ohio? 

I.  H.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
j     I.  II.  2.  2.    | 
1    II.  II.  2.  2.   f 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  1.  2. 
I.    1.2.1. 
III.    1.1.2. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
II.    I.  1.  1. 
III.    I.  1.  2. 
(  III.    I.  2.  1.   | 
\  III.  II.  2.  1.    | 
I.    1.2.1. 
II.    I.  2.  1. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 
II.    I.  1.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 

III.  II.  1.  1. 

good 
v.  good 

v.  good 

good 
good? 
good? 
good 
good  ? 
v.  good 
good? 
good? 

good 

good 
v.  good 
v.  good 
good 
good 
good 

good 

Vi  <>|OII 

Melt  in  "Mouth  

Melville  Sweet 

Menagere  

Merritt's  Sweet  
Methodist  
Mexico 

Michael  Henry  Pippiu 

Michenor's  Red  Sweet  

jTl  i<-!i  iii«i  n   Golden 

Michigan  Winter  Pippin  
Middle           

ITlUiliii  King 

Miluin  

Miller  
Miller's  Apple      .    ... 

Miller's,  Synonym  of  Powers. 
Milliken's  Sweet  

large 

Milwood  Green  

Minister 

large 
med. 
med. 
small 
small 
med. 

med. 

large 
large 

Mass. 
Ills. 
Ills. 
Mo. 

£1 
(W.) 

Ind. 
N.  J. 

(0.) 
aothP 
Conn. 
Ohio 

? 
Ills.? 

IV.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.1.1. 

ni.  n.  2.  2. 

II.    I.  1.  1. 
I.  II.  1.  2. 
j     I.    I.  2.  2.    I 
1    II.  II.  2.  2.   j 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.1. 

"SfeTii" 

III.    1.2.2. 
j     I.    I.  1.  2.    ) 
1  III.    I.  1.  2.   f 

in.  ii.  2.  i. 

Autumn 
Winter 
Winter 
Spring 
Winter 
L.Wint. 

Summ'r 

Autumn 
Winter 

good? 
good? 
good  ? 
good 
good? 
good 

good 

good 
v.  good 

Miiikler 

Minkler's  Molasses  
Missouri  Keeper.  .. 

Molasses  

Monarch                

Monk's  Favorite  

Moiimouth  Pippin  
Monroe 

Monstrous  Pippin,  Synonym  of 
Moore's  Greening  
Moore's  Seedling  

Moore's  Sweeting  
Morgan  "White  

Mamn 
large 
large 

large 
med. 

Winter 
Winter 

Spring 
Winter 

good 
v.  good 

good 
good 

Morris                         

large 
med. 
large 

(Ills.) 
Mass. 
Ohio 

IV.    1.2.3. 
II.  II.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  1.  1. 
I     I  1   2 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

good 
good? 
good 

Morrison  Red 

Moses  Wood        

med. 
large 
med. 

it  He* 
Fallaw 

Me. 
Ohio 

Mass. 
South 
isant  S 
ater. 

III.    1.2.2. 
III.  II.  1.1.   I 
II.  II.  1.  1.   j 
IV.    I.  1.  2. 
III.    1.2.2. 
weet,  or  Weaver 

Autumn 
Autumn 
Autumn 

good 
v.  good 
v.  good 

Miote  S%veet 

Mother             

Mountain  Belle  
Mcntntttffiefir,  Synonym  of  Mou 
Mountain  Fipjrin,  Synonym  of 

Sweet. 

CATALOGUE    AND    INDEX    OF   APPLES. 


727 


Name. 

Size. 

Orig. 

Class. 

Season. 

Quality. 

P. 

388 

388 
489 

(JOS 
MS 
(590 

578 
<U9 
445 
415 

<!56 

541 
632 

446 

447 
184 

Mountain  Sprout  

large 
large 
large 
med. 
large 

N.  C. 

Penn. 
Ohio 
Mass? 
N.  Y. 
South 

II.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  1.  1. 
I.  II.  1.  1. 
III.    1.2.1. 
IV.    1.2.1. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
II     121 

Autumn 
Winter 
Autumn 
Winter 

good 
good 
good 
poor 
good? 

Mountain  Sweet.  ...  — 

Mount  Pleasant  Sweet  
Mount  Swaa^er 

Mous  e  

Mrs.  De  Caracleuc  
MudcTs  Market 

Mudd's  No  1 

large 
med. 

large 

f  Wes 
med  . 
med. 
Ohio 
large 
small 

Ills. 

Mass. 

Mass. 

tern  Bt 
Ohio 
Ind. 
^onpa 
Ala. 
(W.) 
Penn. 
Ga. 
N.  C. 

III.    1.2.1. 
j      I.    I.  1.  1.    | 
}  IV.    I.  1.  1.   f 
j  III.    I.  2.  2.    | 
j    II.    1.2.2.   f 
;auty. 
I.    1.2.2. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
reil. 
II.  II.  2.  1. 
II.    1.2.3. 

"i.  iL2.i.' 

I.    1.1.2. 
II     122 

Autumn 
E.Wint. 

Autumn 

Spring 
Autumn 

Summ'r 
Winter 

Autumn 
Winter 

good 
good? 

good? 

good  ? 
v.  good 

good 
good 

good 
good? 

Muiison  Sweet  

Murphy  Red 

Musrurave's  Cooper,  Synonym  c 
Muskingnm  Keeper  
HI  uster  
Myer's  Nonpareil.  Synonym  of 
Nantahalee  
Neat  Russet  
Ned 

Ne  Plus  -Ultra  v.  lar. 
Nequassa  large 
Neverfail  (of  Tenn  ) 

Neverfa'L  Synonym  of  Rawle' 
Neversink  
Newark  King 

*  Janet 
large 
large 
large 

large 
large 

large 
large 
large 

Penn. 
N.  J. 
N.  J. 

(Va.) 
(Ky.) 
L.  Isl. 

L.  Isl. 
L.  Isl. 
N.  C. 

Ga. 

(0.) 

(W.) 
Engl. 

Engl. 
Engl. 
N.  Y. 
N.  Y. 

(Ind.) 

N.   Y. 
Ohio 

South 

Va. 

eauty. 
Ohio 
Ohio 
Ohio 
(Ills.) 
Penn. 

Engl. 
Conn. 
Penn. 
N    V 

III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
IV.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
(III.  II.  2.1.    I 
\     I.  II.  2.1.    f 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
1      I.    1.2.2.   | 
1  III.    I.  2.  2.   f 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
II.    I.  2.  2. 
(III.  II.  2.  2.   ) 
}    II.  II.  2.  2.   f 

in.  i.  2.  3. 

III.    1.2.2. 
L    1.2.2, 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
II.  II.  2.  2. 
III.  II.  1.  1. 

(    II.    1.1.2.   | 

1  m.  1.  1.  2.  r 

I.    1.2.2. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
(III.    1.2.1.    | 
1      I.    1.2.1.   f 
III.    1.2.1. 

I.    I.  2.  2. 
I.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.2. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
II.    I.  2.  2. 
IV.  H.  2.  1. 
I.    1.2.1. 
I.    1.2.1. 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

v.  good 
v.  good 
v.  good 

;\'<*  \va  rK  Pippin 

Newcomer  
New  England  Red  
Newtown    Pippin    Gr. 

Newtown  Pippin  Yell. 
Neivlown  Spitzeiiberg 
Nickajack 

Autumn 
Winter 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

good? 
best 

best 
best 
poor? 

Nix's  Green  Winter... 
Noble      .            

Nonpareil  

Nonpareil—  Old  

small 

small 
med. 
med. 
large 
large 
f.  med 
elon. 

small 

large 
small 

v.  lar. 

Autumn 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Spring 
Autumn 

Autumn 

Winter 
Summ'r 

good 

good? 
good 
good? 
^oor 
v.  good 
v.  good 

v.  good 

good 
good 

best 

Nonpareil  —  Scarlet  
Nonsuch 

Norfolk  Beaufin  
Northern  Spy 

Northern  Sweet  

Norton's  Melon,  Synonym  of  16 

Nutmeg  

N  y  ack  Pippin  
Oats  Harvest  

Oconee  Greening  

O<"leny  . 

Ohio  Beauty,  Synonym  of  Wes 
Ohio  Nonpareil  
Ohio  Pippin  
Ohio  Redstreak  
Ohio  Winter. 

tern  B 
large 
large 
v.  lar. 
med. 

Autumn 
Winter 
L.Wint. 
L.Wint, 

E.Wint. 
Autumn 
L.Wint. 
Winter 

v.  good 
good 
good 
good 

Ohlin^cr 

Old  Dapple  

med. 
large 
med. 
med. 

poor 
good? 
good 
v.  good 

Old  English  Codling  
Old  Field  
Old  House 

Oncida  Chief 

Oraiyje,  Syn  onym  of  Lowell. 

728 


CATALOGUE    A]STD   INDEX    OF    APPLES. 


Name. 

Size. 

Orig.  \          Class. 

Season.  Quality. 

P. 

Orange  

large 

large 
Men  S 
large 
med. 
large 
large 
med  . 

N.  J. 

Penn  . 
Conn. 
,veet. 
(Mas.) 
Ohio 
Eur. 
N.  J. 
Ind. 
? 

Ind. 

Scotl. 
Ills. 

Penn  . 
Penn. 
Eur. 
<  Swee 
Ala. 
Mich. 

N.  Y. 

It" 

Engl. 

Penn. 

Wine. 
Pen.  ? 
Pen.  ? 
Penn. 

Penn. 

South 
(Ills.) 
(Mas'.) 
Eur. 
Penn  . 
Penn. 
Ohio 

Ind. 

Mass. 
(0.) 
Eur. 
Eur. 

Eur.? 
South 

Penn  . 

Va. 

Fr.? 

Pr'ch 

9 

(6V)" 

Mass. 
Conn? 
South 
N.  Y. 

I.    1.2.1. 
I.  n.  2.  1. 
III.    1.2.1. 

III.    I.  1.  3. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 
III.  II.  2.  1. 
IV.    I.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  1.  1. 
j      I.    1.2.1.   | 
Till.    1.2.2.   f 
I.    1.  2.  1. 
II.    I.  1.  2. 

III.    1.1.1. 
III.    I.  1.  1. 

m.  n.  2.  2. 
"  m.  1.2.2. 

III.    I.  2.  2. 
f      I.  II.  1.  2.    ) 
1  III.  II.  1.  2.   f 

m.  1.2.3. 
I.  I.  1.  1. 

III.  II.  2.  1. 
I.  II.  2.  1. 
I      I.    1.2.2.    I 
j  III.  II.  2.  2.   f 

IV.    I.  1.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 

J      I.    1.2.2.    } 

'/m.  1.2.2.  f 

III.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  3. 
IV.    I.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 

n.  ii.  i.  2. 

j      I.    I.  2.  1.    I 
1  III.    I.  2.  1.   f 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
TV.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.2. 
II.    I.  2.  2. 
II.    I.  2.  3. 
II.  H.  2.  3. 

Autumn  good 

500 
073 

4-18 

.",5 
556 

010 
470 

041 
449 

(559 

M9 
190 

108 

177 
41-3 

517 
109 

f»39 

no 

573 

150 
•>»4 

Orange  

Orange 

E.Wint. 

Winter 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Winter 
Autumn 

good 

good? 
v.  good 
good 
v.   good 
v.  good 

Oranrje  Sweet,  Synonym  of  Go 
Orange  Sweeting  

Ornclorff.  

Orne's  Early. 

Ortley 

Osborn's  Rambo  
Osburn  Sweet  .  .  '.   

Osceola 

med. 

small 
med 

. 
large 
large 
large 
Jailey's 
med. 
large 

med. 

small 
small 
large 
med. 

large 

ym  of 
large 
med. 
med. 

med. 

small 
med. 
med. 
small 
small 

Winter 

Summ'r 
Winter 

Summ'r 
Winter 
Winter 

Winter 

Winter 

Autumn 

Winter 
Winter? 
Winter 
Winter 

Winter 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

Winter 

Winter 
Winter 
Sumrn'r 
Winter 
Summ'r 
Winter 
Winter 

Winter 

Winter 
Autumn 

v.  good 

good 
good 

good 
good 
good  ? 

v.  good 

good  ? 

v.  good 

v.  good 
v.  good? 
v.  good 
good? 

poor 

poor 
good 
jood 

good 

good? 
good 
poor 
good? 

v.  good 
good? 

v.  good 

good? 
aoor 

Oslin  

O\  erman's  Sweeting  
Paper,  Synonym  of  Champlair 
Paradise  NII  miner 

Paradise  Winter  
Parrot  Reinette  

Patterson  Sweet,  Synonym  of  ] 
Patton 

Pawpaw  

Peach  Pond  Sweet  
Pearmain  Russet  . 

Pearson's  Plate  
Peck's  Pleasant  
Pennin<Tton 

Pennock    

Pennsylvania  Redstreak,  Synon 
Pennsylvania  Sweetg. 
!'*•  n  n.  Vandervere 

Peua.  Wiuesap  
People's  Choice 

Perkins  

Perry  Russet  
Peter  
Petit  Api  Noir. 

Pfeiffer 

Phillippi  

large 
large 

large 

med. 
large 

Phillip's  Sweet  
Pickard's  Reserve  

Pickman  
Pie  

Pigeon  Hill 

Pigeon  Rou^e 

small 
small 
med. 

Autumn 
Winter 
Autumn 

good? 
good 
good? 

Pine  Apple  
Pine  Apple  Russet  
Pine  Strawberry 

Pink  Sweeting  

small 
large 

large 
small 

large 
med. 

iii.  i.  i.  2. 

j      I,    1.2.1.   ) 
1      I.  II.  2.1.   f 
II.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.2.3. 
j  III.  II.  2.  1.    I 
1    II.  II.  2.  1.   j 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  1.  1. 
IV.    I.  2.  1. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    L2.2. 
II.    1.2.3. 

Autumn 
Winter 

Autumn 
Winter 

Autumn 
Autumn 

good 
good 

good 
best 

v.  good 
good 

Pittsburgh  Pippin  
Polly  ItriuJit 

Pomme  f  •  rise  

Pomme  Royale  

Pomme  "Water  
Poplar  Bluff 

Poppy  Quamp  
Porter  
Porter  Spitzenberg  
Pottiiiii'er  
Poug-hkcepsie  Russet 

large 
large 
large 
large 

mod  . 

Autumn 
Autumn 
Winter 
E.Wint. 
Winter 

poor 
v.   good 
good 
good? 
loor 

CATALOGUE    AND    INDEX    OF    APPLES. 


729 


Name. 

Size.    Orig.           Class.          Season,  j  Quality. 

r. 

Poll  ud  Royal  

Pound  Roval 

large 
large 
large 
large 
large 
med. 
med. 

(W.) 

Mich? 
(Ind.) 
Ohio 

Ohio' 

Ala. 
(Ind.) 
Mass. 
Mich. 
Penn. 
Ky. 

II.  II.  2.  1.      E.   Aut.  v.   good 
III.    I.  2.  1.      .Winter  good 
III.    1.  1.  1.      Winter  good 
III.    I.  2.  2.      jWinter  |v.  good 
I.    I.  2.  2.      Autumn  v.  good 
I.    I.  2.  2.      jWinter  |good 
II.    I.  1.  1.      Autumn  good 

535 

452 
497 

461 
643 

044 

454 

627 
566 
504 

397 

645 

611 

454 

664 

517 

456 

542 

Pound  Sweet  

Pound  Sweet  

Powers                   

Pownal  Spitzenberg  
Premium 

Premium     

President  

President 

large 
large 
large 

med. 

iii.  i.  2.  2. 

III.    1.2.1. 
IV.    I.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.2. 

Winter"  poor 
Autumn  good? 
Winter  good 
L.Wint.  good? 
Winter  '  v.  gooc 

President... 

Press  
Press  Ew  in  g  

Price 

Priestly 

med. 
med. 

med. 

large 
large 

Penn. 
Mass. 

N.  Y. 

? 
Eur. 
Penn. 

Penn. 
Con.? 
Ohio 

Conn. 

South 

Va. 

N.  E. 
? 

Eur. 
Ohio 

v  Russ 
Ohio 
Penn 

IV.  II.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
(III.  II.  2.1.   ) 
}    II.  II.  2.1.   f 
III.  II.  2.  1. 
IV.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
j    II.  II.  2.  2.    ) 
1  IV.  H.  2.  2.   j 

in.  n.  2.]. 

j      I.    1.2.2.   | 
1  III.    I.  2.  2.   f 
11.    1.1.1. 
II.  II.  2.  1. 
J  III.    I.  2.  3.    | 
1  III.  II.  2.  3.   i 
UI.    1.1.3. 
j    II.    1.1.3.    } 

1i.  1.  1.  s.  f 

I.    I.  2.  1. 
I.    1.2.2. 
et. 
I.    I.  1.  2. 
I     I  2  2 

Spring 
Spring 

Summ'r 

Autumn 
Autumn 

poor 
good? 

best 

good 
good? 

Priest's  Sweet  

Primate                .   . 

Prince's  Fall  Pippin  

Prince  

Princely 

Priuz  

Progress                  .  . 

large 
large 
med. 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

good 
poor 
good? 

Prolific  Beauty 

Prolific  Sweet           

Pi-other's  Winter 

Pryor's  Red  
Pumpkin  Russet  
Pumpkin  Sweet  

large 
large 
large 

small 
large 
oxbur 
large 

Winter 
Autumn 
Autumn 

Autumn 

Spring 

Winter 

v.  gooc 
good? 
good? 

good 
poor 

good? 

Purple  Siberian  Crab  .   . 

Putnam  Keeper 

Putnam  fiwwf.  Synonym  of  R 
Putnam  Sweet  

Quaker 

Quaker  Harvest 

small 
med. 

(0.) 
Am. 
Va. 
n  shire 

9 

South 
Ind. 
Ind. 

I.    1.  2.  1. 
IV.    I.  1.  1. 

m.  i.  2.  i. 

Quarrenden. 
jHI.II.  2.1.   { 
1     I.  II.  2.  1.   r 
III.    1.2.1. 
IV.  II.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.2 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
I     I  2  1 

Summ'r 
Autumn 

good 
poor  ? 

Quaker  Pippin  
Quaker  —  Virginia 

Quarreriden  —  Red,  Synonym  o: 
Quince  

'  Devo 
med. 
med. 

Autumn 
Autumn 

good 
v.  good 

Quince  —  Coles. 

Rabum 

Ragan's  Red  

Raman's  Seedling 

large 

Autumn 

v.  good 

Ralph 

Rambo  

med. 
mod. 
large 
med. 
large 
large 
med. 
large 

large 

large 
large 
med. 
large 
med. 
Monn 

Penn. 
Eur. 
Con.  ? 
Ohio? 
N.  J. 
Mo. 
Va. 
Del. 
? 

Russ. 
Fr.  ? 

Mass. 
Va, 
Ohio? 

lOUtll  ] 

I.    1.2.2. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
IV.    I.  1.  2. 

in.  1.1.2. 
i.  n.  1.  1. 

I.    I.  2.  1. 
II.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.1. 

j  n.  n.  i.  2.  i 

1  IV.    I.  1.  2.   j 
I.    1.2.2. 
II.  II.  2.  2. 
II.  II.  2.  2. 
III.  II.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
Pippin. 

E.Wint. 
Summ'r 
Autumn 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
L.Wint. 
Summ'r 

Summ'r 

Summ'r 
Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 
Spring 

v.  good 
good? 
^ood 
?ood 
good 
good 
v.  good 
good 

good? 

good 
joor 

36  8t 

good? 
good 

Rambour  Franc  
Ramsdell  Red 

Randall's  Best  

Raritan  Sweet.  

Rasche  
RawJe's  Janet  
Rebecca  

Red  and  Green  Sweet  
Red  Astracliau. 

Red  Bellftower 

Red  Canada  

Red  Cathead.   

Red  Cedar  
Ked  Clieek  Pipixu,  Synonym  of 

730 


CATALOGUE   AND    INDEX    OF   APPLES. 


Name. 

Size. 

Orig. 

Class.           Season. 

Quality. 

r. 

Red  Detroit 

large 
large 
small 

Can.  ? 
South 

Engl. 
Car. 
dMar 
nter  P 
Penn 

II.  II.  2.  2. 
j    II.    I.  2.  2.   | 
1  IV.  II.  2.  2.    f 
IV.    1.2.2. 
IV.    1.2.1. 
?aret. 
earmain. 

Autumn 
Winter 

Suinm'r 
Summ'r 

poor 
good? 

good? 
good 

(528 
542 

519 

414 
<512 
457 

397 
536 

(591 

629 

579 
158 

524 

Red  Gilliflower  

Red  Ingestrie           

Red  June 

Red  Juneating,  Synonym  of  Early  R< 
Red  Ladyfinger,  Synonym  of  Red  W 
Red  Ox 

Red  Pound  Sweet 

v.  lar. 
Devon 
small 
large 

V 

shire  < 
? 
Penu. 

N.'H! 

Ohio 

II.    1.1.2. 
Juarrendeu. 
IV.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.2. 

m.  i.  2.  2. 

III.    I.  2.  3. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.2. 
III.    1.2.2. 
(    II.  II.  2.  2.   ) 
1  IV.  II.  2.  2.   ( 
I.  II.  1.2. 
III.    1.1.2. 
I.    I.  1.  2. 

Autumn 

Winter 
E.Wint. 

good 
poor 

Red  Quarrenden,  Synonym  of 
Red  Ranee  
Red  Republican 

Red  Robinson  

Red  Russet  

Red  Seedling  

large 
large 

Winter 
Autumn 
Winter 
Winter 

Summ'r 

Winter 
E.Wint. 
Autumn 

good? 
poor 

Rpd  Streak 

Red  Streak—  English.  ........ 
Red  Stripe    

large 
med. 

mcd. 
med. 
small 

Eur.  ? 
(Ind.) 

Ohio 
Ohio 
(0.) 
South 
Penn. 

South 

Eur. 
lada  R 
Germ. 
Eur. 
Penn 
R.Isl 
Engl. 
N.f. 
Mass 
Mass 
Ohio 
Ohio 
Ohio 
Ohio 
Ohio 
Ohio 
in. 

Penn. 

Penn. 

Mass. 
N  J 

good? 
good 

good  ? 
v.  good 
good 

Red  Sweet 

Red  Sweet  

Red  Sweet  Spice  
Red  Warrior 

Red  Winesap  

med. 
med. 

med. 
of  Car 
large 
small 
large 
large 
med. 
large 
large 

j  'ii."i.  2".  2.'  | 
1  IV.    I.  2.  2.   f 
II.    1.2.2. 
einette. 
IV.    1.2.1. 
I.  II.  2.  3. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.2. 
III.    1.2.1. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  1.  2. 
III.    1.1.2. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.1. 

(    II.  H.  2.  1.   ) 
1  IV.  II.  2.1.   f 
III.  H.  2.  1. 
IV.  II.  2.  2. 
I     I  2  1 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

E.Wint. 
Winter 
Autumn 
E.Wint. 
E.Wint, 
Autumn 
Summ'r 
Winter 
Autumn 
Winter 
Autumn 
Winter 
Autumn 
Autumn 

Winter 

Summ'r 
Summ'r 
Spring 
Winter 
E.Wint 
E.Wint. 
Autumn 
Winter 
Spring 
Autumn 

L.Wint. 
Spring 
E.Wint. 

Winter 

Winter 

Winter' 

good 
good 
good 

good? 
poor  ? 
good 
v.  good 
good  ? 
good 
good 
good? 
v.  good 
good 
ijood 
good 
good 
good 

good 

v.  good 
good? 
good 
poor 
good? 
v.  good 
poor 

poor 
good? 

good 
good 
v.  good 

good 
good? 

v.  good 

Red   \Viut.   Pearmain 

Reine  des  Reinettes  

Reinette  du  Canada,  Synonym 
Reinette  Triomphante  
Reinette  Van  Mons  
Republican  Pippin  

Rhode  I  si.  Greening... 
Ribston  Pippin  
Richard's  Graft 

Richardson  

Richardson  Winter  

Richmond  . 

large 
med. 

Richmond's  No.  1  

Richmond's  No.  4  

Richmond's  No.  5  

Richmond's  No  6 

Richmond's  Red  
Rich  Pippin,  Synonym  of  Rocl 

Ridge  Pippin 

large 

£  Pipp 

large 

large 
med. 
large 
med. 
med. 
large 
med. 
large 
large 
med. 
RedS 
med. 
med. 
med. 
and  of 
med. 

large 

Riest  

River     

Roadstown  Pippin  
Robertson's  Red  
Robertson's  White  
Robey's 

Ky. 
Va. 
Va. 

g'k 

? 
Mass. 
tripe. 
Mass. 
Ohio? 
N.  C. 
Penno 
N.  J. 

Ohio 

(Va.) 
Irld? 

IV.    I.  2.  2. 
IV.    I.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
II.    1.2.2. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
IV.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  1.  2. 

I.    1.1.1.      1 
III.    I.  2.  3. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
ck. 
III.    1.2.1. 
J      I.    I.  2.  2.    1 
1  HI.    I.  2.  2.   f 
I.    1.2.1. 
II.    1.2.3. 

Robinson  Stripe 

Rock  Apple  
Rock  Pippin  

Rock  Sweet 

Rockhitt  Summer,  Synonym  of 
Rockport  Sweet  

Rolen's  Keeper  

Rollin 

Romanite,  Synonym  of  Gilpiri 
Roman  Stem  

Rome  Iteauty. 

R/)s#'  Green 

Ross'  Nonpareil  small 

CATALOGUE    AND    INDEX    OF    APPLES. 


•31 


jyarne. 

Size. 

Orig.            Class. 

Season. 

Winter 
Winter 

Winter 
Winter 

Spring 
Autumn 
Winter 
L.Wint. 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Winter 

Quality 

P. 

520 
491 
580 

f>30 

543 

562 
^43 

646 

r>45 

451) 
498 

Rosy  Red  
Roxbury  Russet  

Royal  Pearmain  

Royal  Pearinain 

med. 
large 

large 
large 

T> 

large 
med. 
med. 
med. 
med. 
med. 
small 
large 
med. 
large 
large 

Ind. 

Mass. 

(6V)" 

Va. 

Ills. 
? 
N.  C. 
Vt. 

J. 

N.  Y. 
Can.  ? 
Mo. 

ire'd 
South 
South 
Va.  ? 

II.    I.  2.  2. 
j     I.  II.  2.  3.   { 
(    II.    1.2.3.   f 
I.    1.2.1. 

m.  ii.  2.  i. 

m.  1.1.1. 
n.  i.  2.  2. 

m."i.'2.2.' 

I.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  3. 
III.    1.2.3. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
IV.    1.2.1. 
II.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.2.3. 
IV.  II.  2.  1. 
II.  II.  2.  1. 

good 
good? 

good 
v.  good 

good 
good? 
poor 
good 
good  ? 
good? 
good? 
poor  ? 
good 
good? 
good 

Royal  Pippin,  Synonym  of  Da 
Royal  Pippin  
Roval  Red                   

Ruckman's  Pearmain 

Ruckman's  

Rum  Apple  

Russet  Pearmain.. 

Rusticoat  itlilaiii  

Rvmer  

Sailly  Autumn  
Saint  I^awri'iico 

St  Louis  Ortley 

Salem  Seedling  

Sam  Young  

small 

Winter 

good? 

Santa 

Santauchee 

Sassafrass  Sweet  
Sawyer  Sweet 

Sumni'r 

Scalloped  Oilliflower.. 

Scarlet  Nonpareil  

Scarlet  Pearmain 

med. 
small 

med. 
med. 
med. 
med. 
large 
med. 
med. 
med. 

Eur. 
(0.) 
Engl. 
Ohio 
Mass. 
Ohio 
Ind. 
Ind. 
Ills.  ? 
Ind. 

II.  II.  2.  2. 
j      I.    1.2.2.   | 
(    II.    1.2.2.   f 
11.    1.2.2. 
III.    1.1.2. 
II.  II.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    1.1.1. 
II.  H.  2.  2. 
HI.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.1. 
I.    L  2.  2. 
iVatson. 

m.  n.  i.  2 

II.    1.2.2. 
II.    1.2.2. 

in.  ii.  2.  i. 

I.    I.  2.  1. 
III.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    1.2.1. 
IV.  II.  2.  2. 

E.Wint. 
Snmm'r 

Snmm'r 
E.Wint. 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Winter 
Winter 
L.Wint. 
Winter 

poor 
poor.  ? 

good 
good 
?ood 
good 
v.  good 
poor 
poor 
?ood 

Scarlet  Sweet  

Seager  

Seaver  

Secrist's 

Seedling  Janet  

Seedling  Gilpin  

Seedling  Nevcrfail. 

Seedlino-  Paul 

Seek-no-further  —  Autumn,  Sync 
Seek-no-further  —  Summer  
Seek-no-further  —  Westchester 
Seek-no-further—  Westfield.  .  . 
Seek-no-further—  White  
Seek-no-further  —  White 

>nym  c 
large 
large 
med. 
large 
large 
large 
med. 
large 

f  Dr.  1 
.  j 

? 
Conn. 
L.  Isl. 

9 
9 

Ohio 
Ala. 

NY  ? 

Summ'r 
Autumn 
Winter 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Winter 
E.Wint. 
Winter 

good 
good 
»ood 
s;ood 
v.  good 
good 
f'v.  gd." 
"v.gd." 

Selby  Bellflower 

Selma.  .  . 

Selma  

Seneca  Favorite     .    . 

September  

Shaker,  Synonym  of  Early  Pen 
Shaker  Redstreak  
Shannon,  Synonym  of  Ohio  Pi 
Sharke's  Greenin^ 

large 

nock, 
large  | 
ppin. 

Penn. 

9 

Mo'.  '  ' 
Ohio? 

Ohio? 
Conn. 
Mich. 
(Va.). 
Ga. 
Penn. 

j  in.  ii.  2.  i.  i 

JIV.  II.  2.1.   f 
II.    1.2.2.      | 

II.    1.2.1. 
II.    I.  2.  1. 
j  III.  II.  2.  1.   ) 
1  IV.  II.  2.  1.   f 
II.    1.2.1. 

rv.  ii.  i.  2. 

I.    I.  2.  2. 

ni.  i.  2.  i.    , 
II.  1.  1.  1. 

III.    1.2.2. 

in.  i.  2.  i. 

III.  II.  2.  1. 

I.  1.1.1. 

Autumn  good 
Autumn  Igood 

Sheepuose,  (Sigerson)  
Slieepnose,  (Mears)  
Sheepnose,  (Ohio)  

med. 

small 
med. 
med. 
med. 
med. 

Winter 

Winter 

Winter 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Winter 
Spring 

1 
Autumn 

good 

good 
good 
v.  good 
poor? 
good 

good 
joor 
good 

Sheppard  Sweet  

Sliiawassee  Reauty... 

Shipley's  Green  

Sliockley 

Shop 

Shreeve,  Synonym  of  Hannah. 
Siberian  Crabs  :                         | 
'    Cherry                                     small 

Double  Flowering  

small   
small  1  

Lady  Crab  

732 


CATALOGUE    AND    INDEX    OF    APPLES. 


Name. 

Size,  \0rig. 

Class.          j  Season.  ;  Quality. 

P. 

(312 

013 
014 

389 
015 

533 
074 

474 
544 
057 

Siberian  Crabs: 
Larire  Yellow  

small  I  

III.    1.2.1. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
III.  II.  2.  1. 
IV.    I.  2.  1. 
I.  II.  2.  1. 
III.    1.2.2. 
j  IV.    I.  1.  1.    j 

"jm.  1.2.1.  f 

III.    I.  2.  1. 
I  II  2  1 

Autumn  good 

Winter  good? 
E.Wint.  good  ? 
Autumn  good 

Montreal  Beauty  —  
Powers'  

small   
small   

Yellow 

small   
large   Mo. 
v.  lar.  Ohio 
med.    Ohio 

Penn. 

large   L.  Isl. 
lar<re   N  J 

Si'^erson's  Ortley  

Si  gl  IT'S  Pound  
Sio-ler's  Red      

Sillix 

Sine  qua  non  

Summ'r  v.   good 
Autumn  pooi- 
Winter   good? 
Winter  good 
Autumn  good 
Winter  good? 
Autumn  good 
Winter  poor 

Winter  good? 
Autumn  good  ? 

Skuink 

Sleathe's  Ivory 

small  Ohio 
large    N.  Y. 
med.    R.  I. 
small       ? 
med.    Conn, 
small       t 

large   Penn. 

large   Peun. 
Ky 

I.    1.2.1. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
II.  II.  1.  1. 
III.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.2.2. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 
j  HI.    I.  2.  2.   \ 
\  IV.    I.  2.  2.    \ 
I.    1.2.2. 

Slin<'erland  Pippin  

Slug  Sweeting  
Small  Black 

Smalley  

Small's  Pippin  
Smith's 

Smokehouse  

Smokytwig  

Snepp's 

large   Ind. 
.."..(0.) 
med.    Enr. 
(O  ) 

I.    1.1.1. 
III.    I.  2.'  2. 

Winter  v.  good 
L.  Aut  
Summ'r  good 

Somerton  Sweet  

Sops-of-Wine  

Sour  Rambo 

Southern  Golden  Pippin  
Southern  Greening  
South  Mountain  

South 
med.    Ga. 
Penn 

III.    1.2.1. 
I.    1.2.1. 

Winter  good 
Winter 

SpafTord   Russet..  
Spark's  

med.    Ohio 
large    South 
Penn. 
med.    (O.) 
Va 

II.    1.2.3. 
IV.    1.2.1. 
III.    I.  2.  2, 
III.  II.  2.  1. 

Winter  good 
E.Wint.  v.  good 

Speckled  Oley  

Spice 

Winter  good  . 

Winter  good 
Winter   v.  good 
Autumn  good  ? 

Autumn  good  ? 

Winter  good 
Winter  good 
Winter  poor 
Autumn  poor 
Winter   v.  good 
Autumn  good  ? 
Spring    
Spring    poor 
Winter  good 
Winter  good 

Spice 

Spice  Pippin  

large   (O.) 
med.    (O.) 
med.        ? 
and.) 
med.    East. 

med.    Ind. 
med.    L.  Isl. 
med.    (Ills.) 
large        ? 
large    (11  Is.) 
small        ? 

III.  II.  2.  1. 
I.  II.  2.  3. 
I.    I.  1.  1. 
III.    I.  1.  1. 
j      I.  II.  1.  2.   ) 
j  III.  II.  1.  2.   f 
II.    1.1.2. 
II.    I.  1.  2. 
II.  II.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.1. 
IV.    1.2.1. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
II.    1.2.2. 
II.    1.2.2. 
II.  II.  2.  2. 
j  IV.    I.  2.  1.   } 
1   II.    I.  2.  1.    f 
III.  II.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
II  II  2  2 

Spice  Russet  
Spice  Sweet 

Spice  Sweeting  

Spice  Sweeting  
Spiceland  Sweet 

Spitzenberg  —  Flushing  

Spitzenberg  —  Red  
Sponge  . 

Spotted  Pippin 

Sprague  
Sprinf  Pippin            

Springer's  Seedlinf 

small  Ohio 
med.    Ind. 
large   N.  Y. 

South1 

Stack  

Stan  nard  

Stanley's 

Stansill 

South 

Winter'  good 
Winter  good 
Winter  good? 
L.Wint.  good 
L  Wiut. 

Stark  
Steele's  Red.                               ' 

large   Ohio 
med     Mass9 

Steele's  Sweet 

med.    Conn  . 
large   Penn  . 
med.    Miss. 

III.  II.  1.  1. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.1. 
II.  II.  2.  2. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
II.  II.  1.  1. 
II.    I.  1.  2. 

Stehley  '> 

Stevenson's  Winter  
Stewart  \ 

Stetvart's  Nonpareil... 

Stillman'a  Early  
Still  water  Sweet  
Stockade  Sweet 

small  (O.)     : 
small  N.  Y. 
,arge    Ohio  j 

Summ'r  good 
Summ'r  good 
Autumn  good 
Spring   ;  

Stock  Sweet. 

(O  ) 

Stone  .  .  . 

..  Mich.                              Winter  :.. 

CATALOGUE    AND    INDEX    OP    APPLES. 


733 


Name. 

Size. 

Orig. 

Class. 

Season. 

Quality. 

P. 

606 

616 
460 

646 
545 

616 
555 

390 

616 

632 

175 

683 

563 

Ohio 
Ala 

Stonewall     

iv  ii  2  2 

Straat 

med. 
med. 

large' 

large 
large 
small 
med. 
small 

small 
med. 
large 
f.  med 
small 
med. 

med. 

large 

med. 

large 

med. 
small 
med. 
lagloe 
med. 
med. 

med. 
med. 

small 
small 
large 
large 
large 
Bonun 
large 
f.med 

large 
small 

N.  Y. 
Penn. 

South 
South 
(0.) 
Ohio? 
Eur. 
Va. 
(O.) 
Penn. 
Va. 
Engl. 
Engl. 
(Mas.) 
L.  Isl. 

Penn. 
Engl. 

Mass. 

N.  Y. 

Penn. 

(Va.) 
Engl. 
Peun. 

Ind. 
Va. 

N.  Y 

N.Y.? 

Sou.  ? 
South 
N.  J. 

(0?) 
Ga. 
Penn. 
i. 

(Ills.) 

N.  C. 

Mass. 

Eur. 
Penn. 
Con.? 

Mass. 
South 
N.   Y. 

Ohio 

N.  Y. 

Mich. 
Ind. 

jet. 

IV.    I.  2.  1. 
(III.    1.2.2.   ) 
1    II.    I.  2.  2.   j 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
II.    1.2.2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
IV.  II.  2.  2. 
IV.  II.  2.  2. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  1.  2. 
IV.    1.2.1. 

"L'LSL'I.' 
in.  i.  2.  i. 

III.  II.  1.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
II.    I.  1.  1. 
-II.    1.1.2. 
IV.  II.  2.  1. 

rv.  ii.  2.  i. 
II.  II.  1.  1. 

II.    1.2.1.   I 
II.  II.  2.1.   f 
IV.    I.  2.  1.   1 

n.  n.  2.  i.  f 

I.    1.2.2. 
IV.    I.  2.  1. 

n.  1.2.2. 

III.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.2. 

jm.  1.2.1.  i 
IIIL  ii.  2.  i.  f 

II.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.2. 

in!  L  2!  3! 
m.  n.  i.  2. 
I.  I.  1.  1. 
III.  1.1.1. 

I.  I.  1.  1. 

I.    1.2.1. 
j     I.    1.1.1.   ( 
)  III.    I.  1.  1.    f 
III.    I.  2.  1. 

Autumn 
Autumn 

good  ? 
v.  good 

Strandt  

Strawu's  Seedling  
Striblin"1 

Striped  Ashmore  

Autumn 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Summ'r 
Autumn 
Autumn 

Spring 
E.Wint. 
Winter 
Autumn 
Winter 
Summ'r 

Summ'r 
Winter 

Summ'r 

Summ'r 

Summ'r 
Summ'r 
Summ'r 

Summ'r 
Summ'r 

Summ'r 
Summ'r 

Summ'r 
E.  Slim. 
Summ'r 
Summ'r 
Summ'r 
Summ'r 

Winter 
E.Wint. 

Autumn 
Winter 

v.  good 
good 
poor  ? 
good 
poor 
poor 

good  ? 
good 
good 
good 
poor  ? 
poor 

good  ? 
poor? 

good 

v.  good 

good? 
good? 
v.  good 

good? 
good 

good 
v.  good 

.!!!.'!!! 

Striped  Bellllower  
Striped  Gilliflower  

Striped  June  

Striped  Sweet  

Strode's  Birmingham  
Strother 

Stunner  Pippin  

Siyre  
Siii'lburv  Sweetiuo1 

Suffolk  Beauty 

Sugar  

Sivar  and  Water      

Sugarloaf  
Sugarloaf  Pippin  
Su°°ar  Sweet  

Summer  Bellflower  

Summer  Bellflower  . 

Summer  Cheese  

Summer  Golden  Pippin  
Summer  Green... 

Summer  Hagloe,  Synonym  of  I 
Summer  Janet  
Summer  Lltnbertwig.. 

Summer  Pippin.  

Summer  Queen  
Summer  Rambo  
Summer  Red  

Summer  Rose  
Summer  Russet  
Summer  Seek-no-further 

v.  good 

good 
good? 
good 

good 
v.  good 

good 
poor 

Summer  Sweet  
Sum'r  Sweet  Paradise 

Sumnum  Bonum,  Synonym  of 
Sunday  Sweet 

Superb  

Superb  Sweet  

Surprise 

Su^an  Spice 

Sutton  

large 
large 

III.    1.2.2. 
j  III.    I.  2.  2.   | 
III.  II.  2.  2.   ( 
III.    1.2.2. 
Jill.  II.  1.  1.    } 

1  i.  i.  i.  i.  r 

i.  n.  1.  1. 

IV.  II.  1.  1. 

I.  1.1.1. 
I.  1.  1.  1. 

III.    I.  1.  2. 
II.    1.1.2. 
(III.    1.1.2.   ) 
II.    I.  1.  2.    j 

Winter 
Winter 

good 
good 

Su  1  ton  Beauty  
Sutton's  Seedlino- 

Swaar    

large 

large 
large 

large 
med. 
med. 
med. 

large 
op  Sw 

Winter 

E.Wint. 
Winter 

Autumn 
Autumn 
Autumn 
Winter 

Winter 

v.  good 
poor 
good 

good 
good? 
good 
poor 

good 

Sweet  and  Sour 

Sweet  Bellflower  
Sweet  Bough.  Synonym  of  Bou 
Sweet  Fall  Pippin  
Sweet  Gate  
Sweet  Gilliflower 

Sweet  Gilliflower  
Sweet  Janet  
iSweet  Jwie,  Synonym  of  Hight 

734 


CATALOGUE    AND    INDEX    OF    APPLES. 


Name. 


Size.   Orig. 


Class. 


Sweet — Kentucky med.  'Ky. 

Sweetmeats . .  small  Ind. 


Sweet  Pear. 

Sweet  Pearmaln 

Sweet  Rambo 

Sweet  12  0111  a  ni  te 

Sweet  Russet 

Sweet  Russet... 


Sweet  Sponge 

Swreet  Vandervere 

Sweet  Wine... 


Sweet  Winesap 

Sweet  Winter  Pennock 

Sylvester 

Symmes'  Harvest 

Tallman's  Sweet 

Tart  Bough 

Taunton 

Taylor  Red 

Tender  Skin 

Tennessee  Red 

Tennessee  Wilding 

Ten-all's  Late 

Tetofski. . . 


med. 


med. 
med. 

small 
med. 


med. 
small 
med. 

large 
med. 


med. 

large 

med. 
small 
med. 
med. 
large 

small 

small 

med. 
med. 


Ohio 
(O.) 
Penn. 
West 

Ky. 


(O.) 

(W.) 
Ohio 
Pen.  ? 

(O.) 

N.  Y. 

Va. 

R.  I. 

Ohio? 

South 

Ohio? 

S.Car. 

Tenn. 

Tenn. 

South 

Eur. 
N.  J. 


IS  ^I    Winter  good* 


. 

III. 

III. 

III. 

I. 


Tewksbury  W.  Blush 

The  Cook's  Favorite.,  med.    (Ind.) 

Thos.  Gatch med.    Ohio 

Thomas'  Late South 

Thurmond, 'Synonym  of  Julien. 

Tiff  s  Sweeting med.  JMass. 

Tinmouth large  jVt. 

Titus  Pippin •. large  jOhio? 

Toccoa large   Ga. 

. .  '(Va.) 
med.  Penn. 
med.  IPenn. 

..South 


Topal 

To  wnseiid 

Trader's  Fancy 

Tranham 

Transparent 

Transport 

Trenton  Early 

Trenton  Pippin 

Trippes'  Horse 

Trippes'  Railroad 

Trumbull  Sweet 

Tucker 

Tudor  Sweeting 

Tuft's  Baldwin.... 


med.  Ind. 
large 


|Ohio 
South 

South 
med.    Ohio 


Penn. 

large    Mass? 


II.    I.  1.  2. 
II.  II.  1.  3. 
II.    1.1.1. 
__I.  II.  1.  2. 
(  III.    I.  1.  . 
I.    1.1.2. 
III.    I.  1.  2. 

j  ii.  n  i.  3. 

1    II.    1.1.3. 
j    II.  II.  1.  3. 
1 1ll.  II.  1.  3. 
J      I.  II.  1.  1. 
»    II.  II.  1.  1. 
j      I.    I.  1.  2. 
1  III.  II.  1.  2. 
III.    I.  1.  2. 
j      I.    1.1.2. 
"i    II.    1.1.2. 
III.    1.1.2. 
I.  2.  2. 
I.  2.  2. 
I.  1.  1. 
-.    I.  2.  1. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 

III.  1.2.2. 
II.    1.1.2. 

IV.  II.  2.  2. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 

j  III.  II.  2.  2. 
1  H.  1.2.2. 
j  I.  1.2.1. 
1III.  1.2.1. 

II.  II.  2.  1. 

II.  I.  2.  2. 
I.  1.2.2. 

j  I.  1.1.1. 
1  III.  I.  1.  1. 

I.    1.1.1. 

IV.    1.2.1. 

j  IV.  II.  2.  1. 

1    II.  II.  2.  2. 

I.    1.2.2. 

I.    1.2.2. 

I.    1.2.2. 


Winter  good 
Winter  good 
Winter  good 


E.Wint.  good  ? 
Winter  good 

j-  Winter   v.   good  527 
j-  Winter  good 
j-  Summ'rgood 

j-  Winter  good 

Autumn  good 

j-  E.Wint.  good 

Winter  poor  ? 
Autumn  good 

Summ'r 

Winter  good 
Summ'r  good 

Winter  good? 
Winter  v.   good 
Autumn  good 
Winter  good? 
Winter  good 

Summ'rgood 

Spring    good 

Autumn  good 
Summ'r  pool- 
Winter  [.., 


175 


657 

416 
536 


j-  j  Autumn 'good 

Winter  jpoor  ? 
E.Wint.  good  ? 

Summ'rgood 

Summ'r  good 
Winter  [good 


I.    1.1.1. 
j  III.  II.  2.  1. 

1  n.  n.  2.  i. 

II.  II.  2.  1. 


Tulpehocken,  Synonym  of  Fallawater. 

Turkey  Greening 'large    Conn. 

Turner's  Green ...  . .  me 


Turn-oft'-lane '. jmed.    N.  J. 

Tuscaloosa i j  Ala. 

Twenty  oz.  Pippin large  (W.) 


j    II.  II.  2.  1. 

(III.    1.2.2. 

III.  II.  2.  2. 

I.    1.1.1. 

III.    1.1.1. 

III.    I.  1.  1. 

I.  II.  2.  2. 

I.  1.2.1. 

II.  1.2.1. 

I.  1.2.2. 

I.  I.  2.  2. 

I.  1.2.2. 


Winter  jgood 
Autumn  best 


Autumn  good 

Winter 


'Autumn 

Winter 
Winter 
L.Wint. 


Winter  poor 


good? 

poor 
poor 
good 


697 


460 
461 


647 
536 


390 


1461 


CATALOGUE  AND  INDEX  OF  APPLES. 


735 


Name. 

Size. 

Orig. 

Class. 

Season. 

Quality. 

P. 

462 

462 
463 

499 

416 
50) 

580 
580 

490 

661 

464 
485 
520 

Twitchell  Sweet. 

med. 
mod. 
med. 
large 
small 
own  S 
large 
med. 
med. 
large 
large 

med. 

small 
Blush, 
large 
lied, 
large 
med. 
med. 
small 
small 
large 

large 
large 
med. 

N.  H. 
Ohio 
(Ills.) 
Ga.  ? 
Ills.? 
jitzen 
(Ind  .  ) 
(0.) 
Del. 
Penn. 
? 

Ky. 

(Ills.) 

N.  J. 

(0.) 
Va. 
Va.? 

(Ind.) 
Va. 
Va. 

(Va.) 
South 
N.  Y. 
South 
South 
Ga. 

Ky. 

Mass. 
N.  J. 
Ohio 

Mass. 

South 
Sf- 

(0.) 
South 

Va. 
Md. 

N.  Y. 
Va 

II.  II.  1.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 

m.  i.  2.  i. 

III.    I.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
aerg. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.2.2. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
j      I.    1.2.2.    I 
1      I.  II.  2.  2.    f 
HI.    1.2.3. 

II.    1.1.1. 

m.  1.  1.1. 

I.    I.  2.  1. 
II.    I.  1.1. 
III.    1.2.2. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
III.    1.2.1. 
IV.    1.2.2. 
I.  II.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  2  1. 
III.    1.2.1. 
II.    1.2.1. 

m."i."2.8.' 
m.  1.2.1. 

IV.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.2. 
II.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.2. 

I.  II.  1.  1. 
II.    1.2.2. 
j     I.    I.  2.  2.   | 
1  III.    I.  2.  2.    f 
III.    1.2.2. 

(in.  1.  1.1.  i 

1  i.  i.  i.  i.  r 

E.Wint. 
Summ'r 
Winter 
Winter 
Summ'r 

Summ'r 
Autumn 
Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 

Winter 
Autumn 

Autumn 
Autumn 
L.Wint. 
Autumn 
Summ'r 
E.  Sum. 
Summ'r 
Winter 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

Winter 
Summ'r 

if.  Wink 

Spring 

Winter 
Winter 

Winter 
Winter 

Spring 
Winter 

E.Wint. 

Winter 
Autumn 
E.Wint. 

Winter 

Winter 
Autumn 
Autumn 
E.Wint. 
E.Wint. 

good 
poor 
v.   good 
good? 
v.    good 

poor 
good 
good 
good 
good 

good 
poor 

good 
poor 
poor 
a;ood 

Union  

Uri  Manly  ,  
Van  Burcn  
Vance's  Harvest 

Vandervere,  Synonym  of  Newt 
Vandervere—  August  
Vandervere—  Fall  
Vandervere  —  Pennsylvania  
Vandervere  Pippin.... 
Vaudyne  

Vaughn's  Winter  

Veineal  Russet  
Vestal,  Synonym  of  Maiden's 
Victuals  and  Drink  

Vincent  Sweet  

Virginia  Greening  
Virginia  June  
Virginia  June 

Virginia  Mav  

good 
good? 
£ood 

good 
good 

good 

good 
good 

Virginia  Quaker  
Voss'  Winter  ..  . 

Waddell  Hall 

"Wagoner  

Walker's  Greening  
Walker's  Pippin. 

Walker's  Yellow 

Wall,  Synonym  of  Berry. 
Wallace's  Green  Pippin  

Walpole 

Walworth... 

Ward  
Washington  Royal  

Water 

v.  lar. 

large 

large 
small 

large 

Wateree  

Watson's  Dumpling  
Waugh's  Crab  
Waxen,  Synonym  of  Belmont. 
Weaver  Sweet  
Webb's  Winter. 

good  ' 
good 

good 

good 
good 

good 

good 
v.  good 

poor 

good 
good 
good? 
good 
good? 

Wellford's  Yellow  

small 
med. 

small 

Wells  
Wells,  Synonym  of  Domine. 

Wells'  Sweeting  
Westbrooke 

Westchester  Seek-no-further.  . 
Western  Beauty  

Western  Spy  

Westfield  Seek-no-fur. 

Weston  

large 
large 

large 

med. 
med. 
large 
large 
large 

N..  Y. 

Ohio 

Ohio 

Conn. 

Mass. 
N.  J. 
Ohio? 
? 

II.    1.2.2. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
j     I.  H.  2.  1.   ) 
1      I.    1.2.1.   f 
II.    1.2.2. 
III.  II.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  1.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    1.2.2. 
IV.  II.  1.  1. 
II.    1.2.1. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 
IV.    I.  1.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
II.    I.  2.  1. 

m.  1.2.1. 

t      I.    I.  2.  1.   | 
HII.    1.2.1.   f 

Wetherill's  White  
Wharton  
Wharton's  Favorite 

Wheeler's  Sweeting 

Whig  

med. 
small 
med. 
large 

large 

South 
? 
Ky. 

Russ. 
(0.) 

Penn. 

White  Alexander  
White  Apple  
White  /  ^tra^han 

Summ'r 
Winter 
Summ'r 
Autumn 

Autumn 

good? 

poor 
poor 

good? 

White  Baldwin 

White  Beauty  
White  Doctor  

736 


CATALOGUE   AND   INDEX    OF    APPLES. 


Name. 

Size. 

Orig. 

Class. 

Season. 

Duality.}  P. 

White  Fall  Pippin  .... 
White  J  n  ueatiij"-  

White  Paradise 

[arge 
small 
small 
large 

large 

med. 
large 
large 

med. 
med. 

(Ky.) 
Engl. 
Ky. 
? 

(Ky.) 

Ohio? 
Ind. 
L.I. 

Penn. 

Me. 
N.  J. 

Ohio 
Penn. 
Am. 

N.  y. 

Ills.  ? 

9 

Ind. 
Penn? 
Vt. 

Mass. 

Mass. 

L.I. 

(0.) 
Va. 
W.Va 
Mich. 
(Ind.) 

Ohio 
(0.) 
Del. 
? 
N.  J. 

I.    I.  2.  1. 
j      I.    1.2.1.   I 

1  m.  i.  2.  i.  f 

IV.    I.  2.  1. 
I  III.  II.  2.  1.    ) 
(III.    1.2.1.    f 

jni.  1.2.1.  I 

1     I.    1.2.1.   f 
I.    1.2.1. 

in.  1.2.2. 
m.  n.  2.  i. 

j  IV.    I.  2.  1.    | 
1  III.    I.  2.  1.   \ 

I.  1.1.1. 
III.  1.  1.  1. 
in.  1.2.1. 

III.    1.2.1. 
II.    I.  2.  1. 
UI.    I.  1.  1. 
I.  II.  2.  3. 
II.  II.  2.  2. 
III.  II.  1.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
III.  II.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
j      I.    I.  2.  3.    | 
1      I.  II.  2.  3.   f 
III.  II.  1.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.1. 
I.    I.  2.  1. 

j  in.  i.  2.  2.  ) 

1      I.  II.  2.  2.   f 
I     122 
j     L    lii!^   | 

im.  1.2.2.  F 

I.    1.2.2. 
(    II.  II.  2.  2.   > 
1    II.    1.2.2.   f 
III     121 

Autumn 
Summ'r 
E.Wint. 
Winter 

Winter 

E.WTint. 
Spring 
Autumn 

Winter 
Autumn 

good  ? 
good 
poor 
v.  good 

good? 

good? 
good? 
good 

good 
good 

117 
117 

US 
147 

581 

308 
493 

1518 
470 

6:35 

f.19 
4(>,3 

382 

620 
4(56 
546 

477 

418 
467 

White  Pippin         ..     .. 

White  Pippin 

White  Rambo               

White's  Lonor  Keeper. 

White  Seek-no-further 

White  Spitzenberg  

White  Sweet 

White  Sweeting  

Wh5  te  water  Sweet.            .    ... 

med. 
small 
med. 
med. 
small 
large 
large 
large 
large 
med. 

small 

large 
large 
large 
small 
large 
med. 

large 
large 
large 
med. 
med. 

Autumn  good 
L.Wint.  good  ? 
Winter  ;v.  good 
Autumn  good 
Winter  v.  good 
Winter  poor 
Snmm'r  good  ? 
Winter   "v.  gd." 
Winter  jv.  good 
Summ'r  .good 

Winter  Igood 

Autumn  good 
Winter  good? 
L.Wint.  good 
Winter  v.  good 
Winter  good 
Winter  'good 

E.Wint.  good? 
Autumn  v.  good 
E.Wint.  good 
Autumn  best 
Winter  Igood 

White  Winter 

Wh.   Wiiit.  Pearmaiu 

Whitmore  
Whitney  Russet 

Wiley's  

Willey's  

William  Perm           

William  Penn 

Williams'  Favorite.  .  .  . 
Willis  Russet  
Willis  Sweet 

Willow  Leaf.  
Willow 

Willson 

Wilson  

Wilson  Pippin  
Wilson's  Volunteer  — 

Winchell  Seedling  
Wine,  or  Hays 

Wine—  Fall  

\V  i  nrsa  )> 

Winfield 

W^ing  Sweet      

med. 

large 
large 
large 

N.  Y. 

Me. 

Va. 

N.  Y. 
South 
Va. 
(0.) 

•  •  Y  •  • 

j    i.  n.  i.  2,  < 

1  III.    I.  1.  2.   f 
HI.    1.2.3. 
III.    1.2.2. 
II.    I.  1.  1. 
I.    1.2.1. 
I.    1.2.2. 

n.  1.  1.  1. 

II.  II.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
II.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    1.2.2. 
II.    1.2.2. 
I.  II.  2.  1. 
III.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    1.2.1. 
III.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    I.  2.  2. 

in.  i.  2.  2. 

III.  II.  2.  2. 
IV.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    I.  1.  1. 

Autumn 

Spring 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
E.Wint. 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

good? 

good 
good? 
good 

good 
v.  good 

good?" 

Whin's  Russet  

Winslow  
Winter  Bou^h 

Winter  Brook  

Winter  Cheese  
Winter  Green 

large 
large 
atline. 

Winter  Grixan,  Synonjin  of  C 
Winter  Harvey  

Winter  Janet  

med. 

Winter  Maiden  Blush 

Winter  Nonsuch  

large 
med. 
large 
large 
large 
v.  lar. 
large 
med 

(Ills.) 

g11^ 

Ind. 
? 
Vt. 
Va. 

good 
poor 
good 
good 
good 
good 
good 
v.  good 
poor 

Winter  Pearmain  
Winter  Pippin  

Winter  Pippin 

Winter  Pippin  of  Mich.. 
Winter  Pippin  
Winter  Queen      .       .   . 

Winter  Rambo 

Winter  Red  

med. 

(S.I11) 
Mass. 

Winter  Strawberry 

Winter  Sweet  —  Danvers'  

large 

good 

CATALOGUE    AND   INDEX    OF   APPLES. 


737 


Name.                   \  Size. 

Orig. 

Class. 

Season.  Quality. 

P- 

Winter  Sweet—  Golden  

Winter  Sweet  —  (Milwads)  ...' 

(N.Y) 

I.   1.1.1. 

. 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 

509 

620 
621 

662 

418 

582 

649 

693 
468 

Winter  Sweet  Paradise  large 
Winter  Sweeting  

Penn. 

in.  i.i.i. 

good 

good 
good 

Wiiithrop  Greening  

large 
large 

Me. 
Me. 
South 
(Va.) 
N.  C. 
Ohio 
N.  J. 
Vt. 
Ky. 
South 
Engl. 
Kv 

Autumn 
Winter 

Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Winter 
Autumn 
Winter 

Winthrop  Pearmain  

ivV'i.'  2.  2.' 

III.    I.  2.  2. 
II.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.2.1. 
I.  II.  1.  2. 
II.    I.  2.  1. 

good  '?' 
good? 
good? 
good 
good? 

Woodland  
Woodside  Cider                   

med. 
med. 
med. 
large 
uied. 

med. 

Wood's  Greenin0" 

Woolfolks  

World's  Wonder             

Wormsly  Pippin  
Wreston's  Prolific 

m.  1.2.1. 

Autumn 

poor 

Wright's  Apple  
\Vri°'lit's  J  a  net 

med. 
med. 

large 
large 

Vt. 
Mo. 

Penn  . 
South 
South 
(0.) 
South 
N.  J. 
ink. 
Engl. 

South 
Engl. 

? 

South 
L.  I. 
South 
Eur. 

South 
Ga. 

Penn. 

lusset. 
Penn. 
Am. 
Penn. 
Ohio 

i.  i.  2.  i. 

Jill.    1.2.2.    \ 
1      I.    1.2.2.   f 
III.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.2. 
I.    1.2.1. 

Autumn 
Winter 

Winter 
Autumn 

good 
good 

good 
poor 

Yacht  .  .  . 

Va«ikiu  

Yahaula 

Yankee  JRns^et  

Yates  

I.    I.  2.  1. 
IV.  II.  2.  1, 

m.  i.  2.  i. 

I.    I.  2.  1. 
I.    1.2.1. 
III.    1.2.1. 
j      I.    I.  2.  1.   ) 
1      I.  II.  2.  1.   f 
I.    1.2.1. 
IH.  II.  2.  1. 
II.    I.  2.  1. 
III.    I.  2.  1. 
III.  II.  2.  1. 
I.    1.2.2. 
j      I.    1.2.1.   ) 
1    II.    1.2.1.   f 
J  IV.  II.  2.  1.   | 
•Jill.    1.2.2.   f 

I.    I.  2.  2. 
III.    1.2.1. 
I.    1.1.1. 

Yellow  Bellflower  
Yellow  Crank,  Synonym  of  Gr 
Yellow  English  Crab  

large 
sen  Cr 

E.Wint. 

Autumn 
Autumn 
Summ'r 

Summ'r 

E.Wint. 
Winter 
Wint  r 
Autumn 

Winter 
Summ'r 

best 

good 
good 
good? 

good 

good 
best 
good 
good 
good 
good? 

v.  good 
good 

good 
poor 

Yellow  Foster  

med. 
large 
small 

small 

large 
large 
med. 
small 
med. 
large 

large 

large 

pkiu  ] 
med. 
small 

Yellow  Horse     

Yellow  luges  trie 

Yellow  June  

Yellow  Meadow      

Yellow  Newtown  
Yellow  Pearmain  

Yellow  Siberian  Crab  
Yellow  Vandervere 

Yocomb's 

Yopp's  Favorite  

Yorlt  Imperial  

York  Russet,  Synonym  of  Pum 
Yost  

Winter 
Winter 

Zieber 

Ziesler's  Sweet 



Zaar  Greening  

::::;:::i::."::" 

GENERAL  INDEX. 


For  Index  to  the  Varieties  of  Apples  see  page  711.    The  names, 
given  below  in  small  caps,  refer  to  headings  of  chapters. 

Animals  in  the  Orchard 248 

Apex,  Definition  of 359 

Apple,  Botanical  Character  of 29 

"      Etymology  of 27 

"      History  of 26 

"      Native  Country  of 30 

"      Original  Sorts  of  Great  Britain 30 

Apples,  As  Food  for  Stock 18 

"       Gerard's  List  of  Seven 33 

"       How  Introduced 19 

"       In  Bread  Making 17 

"       The  Putnam  List 25 

Axis,  Definition  of 362 

Bark  Grafting 84 

Basin,  Definition  of 359 

Budding,  Advantages  of 102 

American Ill 

Conditions  Requisite 107 

Manner  of  Operating 110 

Philosophy  of 103 

Ring 114 

S.  S.  Jackson's  Method 112 

Season  for 106 

Buds,  After  Treatment 116 

Growth  from 53 

"     Individuality  of 53 

"     Removing 113 

"     Tying 114 

Callus 58 

Calyx,  Described 360 

Cavity,  Described 361 

Cell  Growth , 52 

CHARACTERS  OF  FRUITS 350 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  FRUITS .366 

Cleft  Grafting 79 

Clover  in  Orchard 228 

738 


GENERAL   INDEX.  739 

Cordon  Training 149 

CULTURE  OF  ORCHARD 342 

Cuttings,  French  Method 61 

"        Of  one  Eye 62 

"        Planting  of 131 

"        Preparation  of 57 

DESCRIPTION  OF  APPLES 381 

Diel's  Classification 369 

Digging  Holes 221 

Nursery  Trees 125 

"       Trees 233 

Distance  to  Plant 237 

DISEASES 160 

Disease,  Apple  Blight 177 

"        Bitter  Eot 178 

"        Black  Knot 188 

"        Cracked  Fruit 179 

'•        Dr.  Kirtland's  Views 179 

'        Effects  of  Frost 166 

"       Effects  of  Moisture 164 

"        Induced  by  Insects 185 

"        Induced  by  Wounds 185 

"        Influence  of  Soil 167 

"       Lankester's  Classification 163 

"       Mildew 179 

"       Parasitic  Plants  and  Fungi 173 

Pear  Blight 174 

"       Poisonous  Gases 171 

"       Rot  and  Mildew  on  Grape * 195 

Sunshine  in  Winter 171 

DochnaFs  Classification 374 

Draining 214 

DWARFING 144 

Dwarfing  the  Apple 156 

By  Pinching 152 

"         By  Root  Pruning 156 

"        By  Uncongenial  Stocks 150 

Dwarfing-Stocks 145 

Espaliers , 148 

Eye  in  Fruits 360 

Flavor ; 365 

Flesh,  Character  of 364 

Forms  of  Fruit 352 

Frozen  Trees 234 

Fruit,  Influence  on  Health 16 

"     Legislation  concerning 15 

Fruit  Rooms 290 

Gathering  Fruit 282 

Giradin  Side  Graft 82 

Girdled  Trees 85 

Grafting 74 

"       By  Approach 83 

Bark  ..  ..  84 


740  GENERAL   INDEX. 

Grafting,  Charlatan 31 

"        Cleft 79' 

Natural 77 

"        In  the  Nursery 87 

"       Physiological  Limits 75 

"       Ring 84 

"       Root 88 

Saddle 83 

"       Side 81 

"        Splice • 78 

"       Virgil's  Advice  on 34 

"       Whip 78 

Grafting  Wax 97 

Grasses  and  Grains  in  Orchard 343 

Growth  from  Buds 53 

Heading  Root  Grafts 94 

Heeling-in 235 

HISTORY  OF  THE  APPLE 26 

Hoed  Crops  in  Orchard 243 

Home  Nursery 136 

Hybrids  and  Crosses 38 

Illinois  Experiments 44 

Inarching 83 

Indian  Orchards 20 

Inoculating 102 

INSECTS 294 

^Egerians 341       Bark-lice 310 

Mgeria  exitiosa 341       Beautiful  Wood-Nymph 332 

poiistseformis 344  %  Beetles 297 

"        pyri 344       Blister-Flies 305 

tipuliformis 344       Bostrichus  bicaudatus 300 

Alypia  8-maculata 341       Bound  Tree-Bug , 321 

American  Blight 318       Brachytoenia  melania 338 

American  Currant  Borer :   299        Buffalo  Tree-Hopper 321 

American  Forrester 341        Bugs 309 

Anomala  lucicola 304       Calosoma  scrutator 307 

Aphides 312       Canker-Worms 336 

Aphis  cerasi 316       Carpocapsa  pomonella 338 

"     lanigera 318        Cecidomyia  grossulariae 349 

"     mali 314       Cecropia  Emperor  Moth 329 

"     persicse 317       Ceresa  bubalus 321 

"     prunifoliae 316  "     taurina 322 

"     ribis 318       Chaetochilus  pometellus 340 

"     vitis 317        Cherry  Leaf-Louse 316 

Apple  Bark-beetle 301       Cherry-Tree  Borer 299 

Apple  Bark-louse  . .  310       Chrysobothris  femorata 299 

Apple  Leaf-louse 314       Cicada  septendecim 320 

Apple-root  Blight 319       Clisocampa  decipiens 327 

Apple-tree  Borer 298        Coccidians 310 

Apple-twig  Borer 300       Coccinelidae 367 

Arctia  phalerata 325        Codling-Moth 338 

Arma  modesta 321       Coleoptera 297 

Aspidotus  concbiformis 310       Conotrachelus  Nenuphar 301 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


741 


Currant  Borer 344 

Currant-Moth 337 

Cut-Worms 334 

Datana  ministra 332 

Delta-Moths 337 

Desmia  maculalis 338 

Diccrca  divaricate 299 

Diptera 345 

Eight-Spotted  Forrester 341 

Erythroneura  tricincta 322 

vitifex 322 

"  vitis 322 

"  vulnerata 323 

Eilopia  ribearia 337 

Eudryas  grata 332 

"        iinio    ... 332 

Euryomyia  Inda 3<  2 

Fall  Web-Worm 325 

Gartered  Grape  Vine  Plume 340 

Gastrophaca  Americana 329 

Geometers 336 

Gooseberry  Midge 349 

Grape  Vine  Borer. 344 

Grape  Vine  Feeders 340 

Grape  Vine  Flea-Beetle 303 

Grasshoppers 308 

Green  Tree-Bug 321 

Haltica  chalybea 303 

Hand-Maid  Moth 388* 

Harnessed  Moth 325 

Hornet-Flies 309 

Hemiptera 309 

Horn  Beetle 300 

Hybernia  tilliaria 336 

Hymenoptera 345 

Hyphantria  textor 325 

Lachnosterna  fusca 302 

Lady-Birds 307 

Lappit-Caterpillar 329 

Leaf-Rollers 337 

Lecanium  persici 811 

"        pyri 311 

vitis 312 

Lepidoptera 324 

Leptostylus  aculiforus 301 

Loxotaenia  cerasivorana 338 

"         rosaceana 338 

Lucanus  dama 300 

Macrodactylus  subspinosus 364 

Mamestra  arctica 335 

May  Beetle 303 

Miller 325 

Modest  Tree-Bug 321 


Nest— Caterpillar 327 

Neuroptera 345 

Noctuse 334 

Ohis  myron 340 

Orygia  antiqua 325 

"      leucostigma 324 

Orthoptera 363 

Otiocerus  Coquebertii 323 

Owlet-Moth 334 

Paleothrips  mail ! 320 

Palmer- Worm 340 

Peach  Bark-Louse 311 

Peach  Tree  Borer 341 

Peach  Tree-Louse 317 

Pear  Bark-Louse 311 

Pear-Blight  Beetle. 300 

Pear  Blister-Fly. . . .' 302 

Pear  Slug 347 

Pearl  Wood-Nymph 332 

Philampelus  satellita 341 

"  Achemon 341 

Pelidnota  punctata. 303 

Pemphigus  pyri 319 

Pentatoma  ligata 321 

Penthia  oculana 338 

Plant-Lice 312 

Platysamia  cecropia 329 

Plum  Leaf-Louse 316 

Plum  Weevil 301 

Pomphopcea  Sayi 302 

Procris  Americana 341 

Prenocerus  supernotatus 299 

Psylla  pyri 319 

Pterophorus  periscelidactylus 340 

Raphigaster  sarpinus 321 

Reduvius  trinotatus 323 

Rose-Chafer 304 

Rustic  Vaporer  Moth 325 

Saperda  bivittata 298 

Scolytus  pyri 300 

Selandria  cerasi 347 

"        vitis 348 

Seventeen  Year  Locust 320 

Span -Worms 336 

Spilosoma  Virginica 325 

Spotted- Winged  Sable 338 

Single-Striped  Tree-Hopper 321 

Tent-Caterpillar 327 

Thelia  univittata 321 

Thick-legged  Bupestris » .299 

Three-banded  Leaf-Hopper 322 

Tomicus  mali 301 

Tortrices...  ...337 


742  GENERAL    INDEX. 

Tree  Hoppers 320       Vine  Dresser 340 

Tree-Pruners 304       Vine  Leaf-Hopper 322 

Vaporer  Moth 324       White  Grub 302 

Vine  Aphis 317       White  Moth 325 

Vine  Bark-Louse 312       Woolly  Aphis 318 

Vine-Destroying  Leaf-Hopper 322       Wounded  Tree-Hopper 323 

INTRODUCTION 9 

Johnny  Appleseed 20 

Kirtland's  Experiments 40 

Layering  the  Grape 67 

TheQuince 67 

Layers 66 

Manures 219 

Manuring  the  Nursery 127 

McKnight's  Experiments 36 

Mulching 227 

"        In  the  Orchard 246 

Nursery 120 

"       Animals  and  Insects  in 140 

"       Culture  of 130 

"       Grafting  in 87 

The  Home 136 

"       Laying  out 128 

"       Manuring 127 

"       Orchard . 138 

"       Preparation  of  Soil 128 

Site  and  Soil  for 123 

"       Trimmingin 134 

"       Winter  killing  in 138 

Nyce's  Fruit  Preserving  House 291 

Ohio  Purchase 22 

Orchard,  Aspect  of 203 

"       Belts  and  Screens  for 205 

"       Old,  Kegrafting 85 

"       Preparation  of  Soil 213 

"       Site  for r 198 

"        Soils  for 208 

Packing  Fruit ." 288 

PHILOSOPHY  OF  PRUNING 251 

Pinching  Root  Grafts 94 

Planting. . 223 

"       Age  of  Trees  for 135 

"       Cuttings 131 

"       Distance 237 

"       Mixed 238 

"        Quincunx 240 

"       Root-Grafts 93 

"        Season  for 226-236 

Plowing 216 

"'      In  the  Orchard 245 

"        Old  Orchards 250 

Pomatum 34 

Poultry  in  the  Orchard 248 


GENERAL   INDEX.  743 

PREPARATION  OF  SOIL  FOR  AN  ORCHARD 213 

Preparing  Trees  to  Plant 224 

Pronged  Hoe 131 

PROPAGATION,  SECT.  1 52 

PROPAGATION,  SECT.  IT. — GRAFTING 74 

PROPAGATION,  SECT.  III. — BUDDING 102 

PROPAGATION,  SECT.  IV. — THE  NURSERY 120 

Progagation  by  Cuttings 57 

"  Suckers 63 

"  Layers 66 

"  Seeds 70 

Pruning,  Objects  of 252 

"       Season  for '. 260 

il        Summer 259 

"        Young  Trees 256 

Puddling 233 

ouinciinx  Planting 240 

Redrafting  Old  Orchards 85 

Richard  Side  Graft 82 

Ring  Budding .' 114 

Ring  Grafting 84 

RIPENING  AND  PRESERVING  FRUITS 275 

Roots  Affected  by  Soil 123 

"     Fibrous,  Desirable 124 

Root  Cuttings 58 

Root-Grafting 88 

Root-Grafts,  Planting 93 

Treatment  of 94 

Root-Pruning 124-147 

Saddle  Grafting 83 

Scions 100 

"      Time  to  Cut 100 

"      Preservation  of. 100 

Season  for  Planting 236 

Seedlings,  Treatment  of 72 

Seeds,  Forms  of 364 

"      Preserving 70 

"      Sowing.  -. 71 

SELECTION  AND  PLANTING 229 

Shrivelled  Trees 236 

Side  Grafting 81 

Silas  Wharton 24 

SITE  FOR  AN  ORCHARD 198 

Size  of  Fruits 356 

' '    of  Trees 230 

Skin  of  Fruits,  Characters  of 356 

Small  Fruits  in  Orchard 238 

Splice  Grafting 78 

Stakes 221 

Stem,  Kinds  of. 362 

Stocks,  Dwarfing 145 

Stock-Grafting 95 

Stool-Layering 68 


744  GENERAL   INDEX. 

Storing  Fruit 2% 

Subsoiling 218 

Suckers r 63 

Swine  in  the  Orchard 248 

THINNING 263 

Thomas'  Classification 367 

Trees,  Age  for  Planting 135 

Tree  Digger,  Harkness' 126 

Trenching 216 

Trimming  in  Nursery , 134 

"          Root  Grafts 94 

Tying 79 

Value  of  Orchard  Products 10 

Van  Mons'  Theory 40 

Varieties  Running  Out 47 

Warder's  Classification. 379 

Wax,Grafting 97 

Whip-Grafting 78 

Winter-Killing 206 

**  In  Nursery 138 


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